骨髓间充质干细胞定向诱导移植修复关节软骨

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞在不同诱导条件下具有向中胚层组织细胞如成骨细胞、成软骨细胞、肌细胞、脂肪细胞等分化的能力。 目的：验证用组织工程方法诱导分化骨髓间充质干细胞修复兔关节软骨损伤的效果。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照动物实验,于2005-05-03/2007-12-30在沈阳医学院临床中心实验室完成。 材料：20只两三月龄的健康新西兰白兔,雌雄不限。 方法：①诱导分化体外培养的兔骨髓间充质干细胞。实验组加入地塞米松、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、维生素C培养1周,再将转化生长因子β替换碱性成纤维细胞生长因子培养3周;以不加诱导剂细胞做对照。②取20只兔,建立膝关节软骨缺损模型,随机分为3组。实验组10只膝关节内植入经诱导的骨髓间充质干细胞;对照组植入未经诱导的骨髓间充质干细胞;空白对照组植入生理盐水。分别于术后2,4,6,8周时处死实验组处死2只,对照组和空白对照组各处死1只进行各项指标检测。 主要观察指标：①细胞形态学。②碱性磷酸酶活性的测定。③大体标本观察。④X射线观察。⑤组织切片观察。 结果：①经诱导的骨髓间充质干细胞,细胞形态发生明显变化,逐渐由长梭形变为多角形,类似于软骨细胞样形态。②骨髓间充质干细胞经诱导4周后,其碱性磷酸酶活性明显增强(P < 0.05)。③术后8周,实验组标本修复组织表面光滑,与周围软骨间界限模糊不清;X射线表现为关节间隙变宽,软骨下骨质囊变得到改善;组织切片观察显示与正常软骨细胞基本上一致。 结论：自体间充质干细胞移植可修复关节软骨损伤。     

三七总皂苷对酒精诱导骨髓基质干细胞分化影响的实验研究*

目的：三七总皂苷能阻断受体操纵性钙通道，增强一氧化氮的扩张血管作用，改善微循环，具有抗缺血再灌注损伤的作用，关于三七总皂苷对酒精性骨坏死防治作用的研究尚少。实验拟观察三七总皂苷对酒精诱导兔骨髓基质干细胞成脂分化的抑制作用。 方法：实验于2006-11/2007-08在广西医科大学完成。①实验材料：三七总皂苷由江苏康宝制药有限公司提供（国药准字Z32020670）。4周龄大白兔由广西医科大学实验动物中心提供，清洁级，实验过程中对动物处置符合动物伦理学标准。②实验方法：采用密度梯度离心法与贴壁法相结合体外分离、培养兔骨髓基质干细胞。取第3代细胞,并随机分为3组：空白组：细胞在含10%胎牛血清DMEM培养基中培养,不加酒精和三七总皂苷；模型组:每次更换培养液时加酒精0.09 mol/L；50 mg/L三七总皂苷组:每次更换培养液时, 加0.09 mol/L酒精与三七总皂苷50 mg/L；100 mg/L三七总皂苷组:每次更换培养液时, 加酒精0.09 mol/L与三七总皂苷100 mg/L。③实验评估：检测细胞内三酰甘油含量与碱性磷酸酶活性。 结果：①干预14 d时,模型组细胞内碱性磷酸酶活性降低,明显低于三七总皂苷干预组和空白组（P < 0.05）。三七总皂苷干预两组细胞内碱性磷酸酶活性,与空白组比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。②干预21 d时,模型组脂滴最多,三七总皂苷干预两组较模型组明显减少(P < 0.05),空白组未见明显脂滴出现。③三七总皂苷干预组和空白组三酰甘油含量差异无统计学意义 (P > 0.05) ,三七总皂苷干预组和空白组细胞内三酰甘油含量低于模型组细胞内三酰甘油含量(P < 0.05)。 结论：三七总皂苷能抑制酒精诱导的兔骨髓基质干细胞成脂分化,而促进成骨分化,可能有治疗酒精性骨股头缺血性坏死的作用。     

瘦素对人骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的影响

背景：瘦素及其受体在中枢和外周多个部位均有表达,具有多种生物学功能,对于骨代谢有着重要的影响作用,但目前瘦素影响骨重建的机制尚未完全明了。 目的：探讨瘦素对人骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化能力的影响。 设计、时间及地点：细胞学体外观察,于2008-03/2008-09在山西医科大学生化与分子生物学实验室完成。 材料：健康志愿者髂骨骨髓由山西医科大学第二医院提供。瘦素为Sigma公司产品。 方法：采用全骨髓法体外分离培养人骨髓间充质干细胞,传至第3代以1×108 L-1密度接种至预置盖玻片的6孔培养板中,设立3组：成骨诱导组添加原代培养液后,再加入含10-8 mol/L地塞米松、10 mmol/L β-磷酸甘油、50 mg/L维生素C的成骨诱导培养基;成骨+瘦素诱导组添加成骨诱导培养基后,再加入50 nmol/L瘦素;空白对照组仅加入含体积分数为10%胎牛血清的LG-DMEM培养液。 主要观察指标：骨髓间充质干细胞表面标志表达、钙化结节染色结果、碱性磷酸酶活性、Ⅰ型胶原及骨钙素含量、骨保护素和RANKL蛋白的表达。 结果：第3代骨髓间充质干细胞CD44和CD71阳性率分别为95.21%,72.31%,CD34阳性率仅为0.39%。成骨诱导21 d后von Kossa染色可见呈棕黑色的细胞外基质钙盐沉积。诱导14 d与空白对照组比较,成骨诱导组、成骨+瘦素诱导组骨髓间充质干细胞内碱性磷酸酶活性及Ⅰ型胶原、骨钙素含量均明显升高(P < 0.05);且成骨+瘦素诱导组各指标升高幅度明显高于成骨诱导组(P < 0.05)。与成骨诱导组比较,成骨+瘦素诱导组骨髓间充质干细胞骨保护素蛋白的表达明显上调(P < 0.05),RANKL蛋白的表达明显下调(P < 0.05)。 结论：瘦素作用于人骨髓间充质干细胞后可促使其向成骨细胞分化,可能通过骨保护素/RANKL途径发挥对骨代谢的调节作用。     

骨髓间充质干细胞增殖与成骨分化中电磁场激活ERK通路的作用*

背景：研究表明电磁场可调节骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖和分化,但其具体机制尚不清楚。 目的：从ERK信号途径探讨电磁场诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞增殖与分化成骨的作用。 方法：取第3代生长良好的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,暴磁组给予15 Hz、1 mT的正弦波电磁场刺激,PD98059+暴磁组在电磁场刺激前给予20 μmol/L ERK阻断剂PD98059,PD98059组仅给PD98059不进行电磁场刺激,对照组正常培养。电磁场刺激后,收集各组细胞,Western blot法检测ERK通路的活性,MTT法检测细胞增殖活性,碱性磷酸酶试剂盒检测细胞碱性磷酸酶活性。 结果与结论：电磁场刺激后,细胞ERK1/2磷酸化水平、细胞的增殖活性、及碱性磷酸酶活性均明显升高(P < 0.01);PD98059可明显抑制ERK1/2磷酸化水平及细胞增殖活性的升高(P < 0.01),而在一定程度上提高细胞的碱性磷酸酶活性(P < 0.01)。说明电磁场刺激可通过激活骨髓间充质干细胞ERK信号通路,并且主要通过该途径促进骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖;而在脉冲电磁场促进骨髓间充质干细胞分化成骨的过程中,激活ERK信号通路所起的作用较小。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外向成骨细胞分化培养的生物学特性

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞因取材方便、对机体损伤小,是目前最为合适的骨组织工程种子细胞,但其体外培养的具体方法及生物特性仍无定论。 目的：建立一种简单有效的骨髓间充质干细胞的体外培养及成骨诱导方法,并探讨其体外培养的生物学特点。 方法：采用贴壁法分离提纯Wistar大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,传至第3代细胞后,分别在普通培养基(对照组)和成骨诱导培养基(实验组)中培养10 d,绘制细胞生长曲线。于培养第4,7,10,13,16天检测两组细胞碱性磷酸酶活性,并对细胞爬片行Von kossa染色。 结果与结论：采用贴壁法获得了均一性较好的骨髓间充质干细胞,对照组细胞生长速度明显快于实验组细胞。对照组细胞碱性磷酸酶活性明显低于实验组(P < 0.05)。实验组细胞Von kossa染色为阳性,对照组为阴性。说明贴壁筛选法是一种简单有效的骨髓间充质干细胞的分离纯化方法,骨髓间充质干细胞在体外可诱导分化为成骨细胞。     

土鳖虫干预激素诱导骨髓间充质干细胞Ⅰ型胶原mRNA的表达

研究表明激素性股骨头缺血性坏死的早期病理变化可能与激素诱导下骨髓间充质干细胞的成脂分化有关。 目的：观察土鳖虫含药血清对骨髓间充质干细胞成骨的促进作用。 方法：第3代骨髓间充质干细胞随机分为中药低剂量组、中药中剂量组、中药高剂量组、对照组和空白组。中药低、中、高剂量组分别加入用不同剂量含药血清配制的培养液(1 L培养基中含100 g含药血清),同时加地塞米松至终浓度10-6 mol/L;对照组加入含生理盐水血清的培养液,同时加地塞米松至终浓度10-6 mol/L;空白组加入含生理盐水血清的培养液,不加地塞米松。检测干预6 d后各组细胞内成骨标志物Ⅰ型胶原mRNA及碱性磷酸酶的表达。 结果与结论：干预6 d后,细胞内碱性磷酸酶活性及Ⅰ型胶原 mRNA表达对照组较空白组明显降低,而中药各组较对照组均有不同程度的增高,且差异均具有显著性意义(P < 0.01)。说明土鳖虫防治激素性股骨头缺血坏死的机制不仅是改善股骨头的微循环,还与其抑制激素诱导下的骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化减少有关。     

RNA干涉抑制破骨细胞分化因子表达对骨髓基质细胞成骨成脂分化的影响

背景：RNA干涉是目前分子生物学研究领域重要的基因下调技术,护骨素/κB受体活化因子/破骨细胞分化因子偶联系统是目前骨改建平衡研究中的热点。 目的：应用RNA干涉特异性抑制大鼠骨髓基质细胞内破骨细胞分化因子基因的表达,研究破骨细胞分化因子表达下调后对骨髓基质细胞成骨成脂分化的影响。 方法：获取骨髓基质细胞,转染前24 h按5×105/孔接种于6 孔培养板中,分为实验组、阴性对照组和空白对照组,前2组细胞分别转染针对破骨细胞分化因子的siRNA或阴性对照siRNA。观察骨髓基质细胞增殖活性、碱性磷酸酶活性及Real-Time PCR检测成骨成脂基因mRNA的表达。 结果与结论：实验组碱性磷酸酶活性降低,RunX-2,骨形态发生蛋白2,4表达降低,而PPAR-γ和C/EBP-α的表达升高(P < 0.05)。提示,通过RNA干涉使骨髓基质细胞的破骨细胞分化因子表达下调对骨髓基质细胞成骨分化有抑制作用,而对成脂分化有促进作用。     

血管化人工骨的体外构建和体内异位成骨*

背景：血管化在骨形成和改建中起重要作用,目前大的组织块难以获得充足的氧气和营养供应,因此组织工程中就出现了需要适当血管化的问题。 目的：建立体外血管化人工骨模型并且体内异位成骨的实验体系。 方法：分离培养鼠骨髓间充质干细胞和肾血管内皮细胞,体外构建鼠骨髓间充质干细胞和鼠肾血管内皮细胞直接接触培养血管化人工骨组,以间接接触三维培养体系和两种细胞单独培养体系作为对照。体外通过测定蛋白质含量,碱性磷酸酶活性和骨钙素,分析骨髓间充质干细胞在不同混合培养模型中的成骨能力。建立鼠骨髓间充质干细胞和肾血管内皮细胞的三维培养体系,再将两种细胞直接接触组材料和骨髓间充质干细胞单独培养组的材料分别植入鼠左右腿肌肉内,通过软X射线摄影和苏木精-伊红染色检测分析不同植入方法的血管形成和成骨能力。 结果与结论：当两种细胞混合培养时,具有很好的细胞兼容性。两种细胞单独培养碱性磷酸酶活性和骨钙素较间接接触混合培养降低,而两种细胞混合培养时,体系中碱性磷酸酶活性和骨钙素水平增加。动物实验结果显示在混合培养体系中的骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨能力高于单独培养(P < 0.05)。体内实验表明在血管化人工骨中的软X射线骨密度,血管数量和新形成的骨量均高于对照组(P < 0.05)。提示在两种细胞混合培养时骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨能力可以被细胞因子和细胞膜蛋白质调节,和传统的人工骨比较,血管化人工骨有加速骨髓间充质干细胞分化,增加了局部的血管微循环生存率,以及加速成骨和更好的抗感染能力。     

电针诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化

背景：目前经报道的成骨诱导方法很多,为骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨诱导提出很多新的思路及方法。但是电针是否能诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化尚不清楚。 目的：尝试应用电针治疗仪诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化,评价其作为骨组织工程种子细胞的可行性。 方法：从患者髂后上棘抽取骨髓,分离培养鉴定为骨髓间充质干细胞后,取第3代细胞进行培养。当细胞铺满培养瓶底90%以上时进行胰酶消化,分别以3.0×103/cm2的浓度接种于6孔培养板中。实验随机分为3组：空白对照组：加入2 mL体积分数为10%胎牛血清的L-DMEM/F12培养液;化学诱导组：每孔内加2 mL含10%胎牛血清的L-DMEM培养液,当细胞贴壁生长达到60%~70%汇合时,加入骨诱导剂;电针刺激组：加入2 mL体积分数为10%胎牛血清的L-DMEM/F12培养液,电针刺激,采取连续波输出,基波脉冲频率为50 Hz,基波脉冲宽度0.5 ms,持续作用30 min,共电针刺激28 d。相差倒置显微镜观察细胞形态变化;茜素红染色结果;细胞诱导14,28 d后碱性磷酸酶活性;RT-PCR测定细胞中骨钙素mRNA的表达;Western Blot测定细胞中骨钙素蛋白表达。 结果与结论：①在28 d的诱导过程中,化学诱导组5~7 d细胞汇合成单层,细胞突起互相连接,并可重叠生长而不发生细胞间的接触抑制现象;电针刺激组9 d或10 d发现细胞体积大,呈三角形、多角形或鳞形;空白对照组细胞形态仍然是纺锤状。②化学诱导组和电针刺激组28 d在倒置相差显微镜下均观察到有矿化结节出现,进行茜素红均呈阳性反应,而空白对照组呈阴性反应。③骨髓间充质干细胞在体外进行诱导时化学诱导组和电针刺激组碱性磷酸酶水平在14,28 d高于空白对照组(P < 0.05);且化学诱导组碱性磷酸酶14 d时高于电针刺激组(P < 0.05),但28 d时差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。④空白对照组骨钙素mRNA及蛋白含量均低于化学诱导组和电针刺激组(P < 0.05)。提示电针可定向诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化。     

DNA去甲基化对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞端粒酶反转录酶的调节

背景：DNA去甲基化是一种重要的表观遗传修饰,对肿瘤细胞的端粒酶具有重要调节作用,而对骨髓间充质干细胞端粒酶活性有何影响尚不清楚。 目的：观察DNA去甲基化对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖及端粒酶反转录酶蛋白表达的影响。 方法：全骨髓贴壁培养法分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞;按照下列分组加入5-杂氮胞苷,使各组5-杂氮胞苷终浓度分别为0,3,6,12,24 μmol/L。加入5-杂氮胞苷后第1,2,3,5,7天进行指标检测。 结果与结论：与对照组相比,5-杂氮胞苷干预24 h,各浓度组均显著促进细胞增殖活性(P < 0.05);干预48 h,6,12,24 μmol/L组显著促进细胞增殖活性(P < 0.05);干预72 h,12,24 μmol/L组显著抑制细胞增殖活性(P < 0.05);干预120,168 h,对照组与各浓度组间差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。5-杂氮胞苷干预48 h,6,12,24 μmol/L组端粒酶反转录酶蛋白IA值较对照组显著增加(P < 0.05)。提示在一定浓度范围及一定作用时间内,5-杂氮胞苷可以促进骨髓间充质干细胞增殖与端粒酶反转录酶蛋白的表达。     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Sense of coherence as a predictor of subjective state of health: results of 4 years of follow-up of adults

A number of cross-sectional population studies have shown that a strong sense of coherence (SOC) is associated with various aspects of good perceived health. The association does not seem to be entirely attributable to underlying associations of SOC with other variables, such as age or level of education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study reported here was to determine whether SOC predicted subjective state of health. METHODS: The study was carried out as a two-way panel mail survey of 1976 individuals with 4 years interval for two collections of data. The statistical method used was multivariate cumulative logistic modeling. Age, initial subjective state of health, initial occupational training level, and initial degree of social integration were included as potential explanatory variables. RESULTS: A strong SOC predicted good health in women and men. CONCLUSIONS: SOC can be interpreted as an autonomous internal resource contributing to a favorable development of subjective state of health. SOC data should, however, be regarded as complementary to and not a substitute for information already known to be associated with increased risk of future ill health.