Further studies of the oblique impact of a hard sphere against a ductile solid

The impact of hardened steel spheres against ductile mild steel targets has been studied both theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that a relatively simple computer model based on the assumptions that the sphere is rigid and the target an ideal rigid-plastic solid provides a surprisingly successful explanation of the observed variation of crater volume and projectile energy loss with impact angle and velocity. This model also explains satisfactorily the measured rebound velocity for oblique impact, but cannot account for the finite rebound velocity observed under normal impact conditions. Rebound angles also are under-estimated.     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Penetrator strength effect in long-rod critical ricochet angle

3D numerical simulations were performed in order to further investigate the role of penetrator strength in the interaction of long-rods and oblique targets. Three distinctive regimes resulting from oblique impact depending on the obliquity, namely simple ricochet, critical ricochet and target perforation, were investigated in detail. Critical ricochet angles were calculated with a full 3D explicit finite element method for various impact velocities and strength of target plates and projectiles. Numerical predictions were compared with existing two-dimensional analytical models and test results. It was predicted that critical ricochet angle increases with decreasing impact velocity and that higher ricochet angles were expected if higher strength target materials are employed. But there are differences between analytical models and 3D numerical simulation results or test results. The causes for these discrepancies are established by numerical simulations which explore the validity of the penetrator strength parameter in the analytical model as a physical entity. As a matter of fact, in this paper we first investigate the role of penetrator dynamic strength using two-dimensional simulation which resulted in different penetrator strengths out of different impact velocities. Next, by applying these amounts for penetrator strength in Rosenberg analytical model the critical ricochet angle is calculated. Finally, a comparison between the present analytical method with the 3D simulation and test results shows that the new analytical approach leads to modified results with respect to Rosenberg ones. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Jeonghoon Yoo Kamran Daneshjou, is University Professor at Iran University of Science and Technology. He studied his MSC and PhD at aeronautical Engineering de-partment of Imperial college of Science and Technology in London. His own research is at the interface of solid mechanic, finite element and electromagnetic lunchers to address the sustainable development of aerospace and solid mechanic projects. His publications include 7 books and over 100 scientific papers. This article has been retracted due to copyright issues that cannot be resolved.     

平头弹撞击角度对2A12-T4铝合金板失效特性影响的数值模拟

利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立模拟模型,开展38CrSi钢弹体撞击2A12-T4铝合金板数值模拟研究,分析撞击过程中弹体撞击角度对弹道姿态及靶体失效特性的影响。基于数值仿真和实验结果,分析靶体的失效特性,确立不同撞击条件下靶体主要失效模式的转变规律,以及由此对靶体抗撞击性能的影响。研究结果表明：弹体的弹道极限速度随其撞击角度的增大先减小后增大,弹道极限速度在撞击角度约为15°时达到最小值;弹体撞击角度对靶体失效模式存在很大影响,随着弹体撞击角度的增大,靶体主要失效模式由剪切破坏逐渐过渡到撕裂破坏,靶体的撕裂程度不断加剧;弹体初始撞击角度和速度对其在撞击过程中的弹道姿态存在影响,在弹道极限速度附近表现尤为显著。     

带弹序的弹幕武器立靶密集度测试

提出一种基于4个线阵TDI-CCD相机组成的三空间靶面结构对多弹丸着靶参数进行测试,以解决弹幕武器等高射速武器多弹丸同时着靶时的立靶密集度测试难题。测试时,2个CCD相机在空中交汇形成与预定弹道方向垂直的立靶靶面I;靶面II和靶面III分别由1个CCD相机的探测面形成,并分别与靶面I在竖直方向和水平方向上成一定夹角。根据三靶面的空间几何结构、飞行弹丸在4个线阵CCD相机上的成像时间和成像角度,分析了单发弹丸的着靶坐标、飞行速度和穿靶角度。根据多弹丸在三靶面间的成像位置关系以及弹丸飞行速度约束,推导出多发弹丸着靶时的时空散布参数,如弹序、弹丸存速和着靶坐标。仿真和实际试验验证显示测试的多靶面间目标匹配率达到100%。提出的测试方法有效地解决了多发弹丸同时着靶时出现的假目标问题并克服了单CCD立靶测试参数单一等缺点。     

基于小波分析的单个线圈靶速度测量

小波变换具有空间局部化性质，因此可利用小波变换的模极大值点检测动态测量信号的突变点。提出了用单个线圈靶测量水下弹丸初速的原理及方法，由实弹射击实验获得的线圈靶信号，利用小波变换分析了弹丸穿越线圈靶时产生的电动势，建立了弹丸穿越线圈靶时的时间间隔t及运动弹丸速度的计算方法，并与双线圈靶弹丸初速测试结果进行了比对，证明了该方法的可行性。     

抛物线弹道弹丸飞行参数测量模型与 精度分析

现有匀速直线弹道六光幕阵列测量模型无法满足终点抛物线弹道弹丸着靶坐标与飞行速度的测量需求。针对终点弹道测试试验中抛物线弹道的实际,提出一种变速抛物线弹道弹丸飞行参数的测量方法,建立六光幕阵列通用测量模型。综合考虑重力和空气阻力对弹丸运动轨迹的影响,建立弹丸的空间运动方程,结合光幕阵列平面方程和测量得到的弹丸穿过光幕阵列时刻序列,计算出弹丸在预定位置的着靶坐标和飞行速度矢量。对研究的抛物线弹道测量模型与现有的匀速直线弹道模型进行了比较分析,仿真计算了在不同靶距与不同飞行速度情况下2种模型测量数据的差值。对研究的测量算法进行了精度分析。采用六光幕阵列天幕靶和木板靶进行7.62 mm步枪弹的着靶坐标比对试验,结果表明在探测靶面内,着靶坐标测量误差不大于3.5 mm。建立的测量模型拓宽了六光幕阵列在终点弹道的测试领域的应用。     

用激光外差技术高精度测量目标速度

搭建了外差探测实验平台,分别选用漫反射目标及类简谐运动模型作匀转速运动及变速运动的测量目标,应用激光外差探测技术实现了对匀转速运动及变速运动物体的速度测量.在匀转速测量过程中,同时采用外差探测法和振幅调制法测量了漫反射目标正负两个方向转动的速度,共得到133组不同的转速结果.通过调整实验系统,亦实现了对类简谐运动目标的...     

Impact behaviour of GFRP and Kevlar/epoxy sandwich composite plate: Experimental and FE analyses

In this paper, dynamic response of GFRP composite plate under ballistic impact has been studied by experimental tests and also by an efficient FE model. Material characterization of GFRP composite is performed as required for progressive damage analysis of laminate due to impact. Shock effect of impact is considered in the material modeling of composite plate. The influence of the target thickness on the ballistic performance of the composite plate is also studied by considering 3.12, 6.24 and 9.36 mm thick targets. Moreover, sandwich composite plate consisting of GFRP and Kevlar/epoxy in three different combinations of laminate layers is considered to obtain suitable combination for structural application that offer better penetration resistance. Damage pattern, contact force histories and stresses in composite plate are studied in addition to residual velocity and acceleration of projectile. Numerical results from present FE model in terms of residual velocities and damage patterns in composite plate show good agreement with the experimental results.

     

The penetration of metal targets by conical projectiles

An investigation of the usefulness of the Taylor theory of ductile hole formation for the failure of metal targets shows that the model is a good lower bound on the work done provided a realistic flow stress is chosen for the target material; the use of the stress at a natural strain of 1·0 is found to give consistent results. It is observed, however, that strains in perforated targets are vastly different to expectations from the Taylor model. The Thomson model for dishing failure of thin plates predicts energies much lower than those observed. The inclusion of the work done in bending into the Thomson solution improves the energy calculation and gives an explanation for the transition from dishing to ductile hole formation as target thickness to projectile diameter ratio increases.     

Optimal profiles for one dimensional slider bearings under technological constraints

The optimal slider bearing profile for maximum bearing load is studied by using direct constrained optimal control techniques. The constraints include the Reynolds and the energy equations. The energy equation takes into account the shear strain rate in the lubricant. The dependence of lubricant viscosity on temperature is considered. Technological constraints such as the maximum lubricant pressure and temperature and the minimum lubricant film thickness are included into the model. The realistic problem considered here yields optimal bearing profiles which are much more complex than the classical Rayleigh step bearing profile. The optimal bearing profile consists of an alternation of regions of constant height and more or less abrupt height variations. The number of constant height regions depends on the type of the constraint and in many cases is larger than three. The minimum value of the bearing height is one of the most important constraints. Four levels of model approximations have been tested. The most important model improvement is to take into account the temperature dependence of the lubricant viscosity. Several bearing design and operation parameters, such as bearing length, inlet height, sliding velocity and lubricant inlet pressure and temperature, have been considered. They all have complex influence on the optimal bearing profile.     

水下可移动多弹气动发射系统设计与仿真分析

针对水下可移动多弹气动发射的研究需求,对水下可移动多弹气动发射系统进行了整体设计,重点研究了弹丸的气动发射技术,建立了水下可移动多弹气动发射结构模型。通过对发射单元的有限元分析,发现发射筒与分割气室上下接触面的应变和变形量最大,但最大应变和变形量数值较小,3个发射筒往中心微偏,对发射过程没有影响。最后进行了试验研究,通过分析图片中弹丸的移动距离,绘制了水下弹丸发射的位移-时间曲线和速度-时间曲线,验证了多弹发射系统设计的可行性及可靠性,对水下发射过程中的空化现象、多弹干扰技术、水下弹道控制以及流场显示等方面的研究有重要的意义。     

6061-T651铝合金动态力学性能及J-C本构模型的修正

为合理描述6061-T651铝合金的应力流动行为,利用万能材料试验机和霍普金森压杆,分别进行准静态、高温和高应变率下的材料力学性能测试,获得材料在不同条件下的应力应变曲线。基于试验结果,修正Johnson-Cook本构模型得到MJC(Modified Johnson-Cook)模型,并标定MJC模型各项参数。为校验MJC模型及参数的有效性,利用一级气炮发射直径为5.95 mm的圆柱弹体冲击刚性靶的Taylor杆试验以及直径为12.68 mm的刚性弹撞击厚度为2 mm靶板的试验。最后,采用ABAQUS/Explicit有限元软件建立Taylor杆和弹靶冲击试验的三维模型,基于MJC本构模型进行Taylor杆冲击、以及结合MMC(Modified Mohr-Coulomb)断裂准则进行弹靶冲击的数值模拟计算。研究结果表明,修正的MJC本构模型能够有效地描述6061-T651铝合金材料在大应变、高应变率和高温下材料的应力流动行为和变形行为。     

射弹打击下油箱燃油泄露研究

为了确定射弹击穿飞机油箱后附近干舱的引燃和燃烧,需要对燃油通过穿孔泄露过程中燃油的泄露质量及雾化液滴的数目和尺寸进行定量计算分析。该文建立了用于模拟高速射弹击穿油箱后燃油泄露过程的解析模型,给出了燃油初始泄露速度的定量计算方法,利用最大熵原理和质量守恒定律,推出了弹丸撞击条件下泄露燃油液滴尺寸数目分布函数和索特尔平均直径SMD的计算公式,并采用Harmon液滴索特尔平均直径经验计算公式定量计算泄露燃油的平均直径。研究结果表明燃油的初始泄露速度随射弹速度的增加而呈线性增加,液滴索特尔平均直径随穿孔直径的增加而增加,随射弹速度的增加而呈线性减小。研究结果为下一步进行油箱附近干舱引燃和燃烧提供理论基础。     

Penetration of targets by flat-ended projectiles

A model is presented which describes plug formation in the penetration of targets by flat-ended projectiles travelling at sub-sonic speeds. The model assumes that the plug is accelerated by elastic and plastic stress waves and that the plug-target shear and the projectile-target shear occurs at constant shear stress. The failure criterion adopted is based on the separation of the plug from the target by plastic shearing. Calculations of critical velocities for expulsion of the plug and of plug thickness at the critical velocities agree well with experimentally determined values. Above the critical velocities, the model predicts plug exit velocities well, although the plug thicknesses are less than experimental values obtained on the softer target materials. A discussion of this discrepancy and of the assumptions used in the model is given.     

爆炸反应装甲主动防长杆穿甲弹技术新探究

阐述了坦克在战场上发挥的作用,介绍了长杆穿甲弹的特点和毁伤。根据坦克爆炸反应装甲防护机理及主被动防护的成熟理论技术,提出了爆炸反应装甲主动防高速长杆穿甲弹理论模型。基于成型装药理论,利用大椎角楔形药型罩形成的高速弹板侧向打击长杆穿甲弹,改变其飞行稳定性甚至折断,降低侵彻能力,对装甲防护具有很高的理论和实际意义。     

易熔合金引信弹道安全的气动热力学建模仿真

为使易熔合金引信可靠延期解除保险以保证弹道安全,需要根据弹丸速度确定在安全时间和距离内引信易熔合金的熔点。以瑞士厄利空2ZLa/353式35 mm 双管自行高射炮爆破燃烧榴弹 KZVD 引信为例,从工程的角度出发,简化了外弹道,在初始弹速为1175 m/s 和误差范围为±15 m/s 的条件下,采用气动加热理论对榴弹外弹道起始阶段弹头驻点的温度进行了理论建模计算和仿真验证,通过分析相应弹速下的弹头驻点温度确定出满足安全距离要求的易熔合金熔点温度。仿真结果表明,理论计算与仿真试验确定出1160-1190 m/s 初始弹速范围内的易熔合金熔点温度的结果一致,因此可以利用该热力学模型并根据弹道安全要求来设计相应熔点的易熔合金引信,所用方法可以为高速飞行弹体的热力学研究提供参考。     

光幕靶探测灵敏度与响应时间测量方法

基于光幕阵列构建的光幕靶可用于弹丸的飞行速度、着靶坐标和飞行速度方向角的测量。光幕靶的探测灵敏度决定了其能探测飞行物体的最小尺寸,响应时间决定了可探测物体的最高飞行速度,是光幕靶的核心性能参数。通过分析光幕靶输出的过靶信号特征,建立光幕靶工作机理的数学表达式,提出了一种采用直流电机控制旋转码盘模拟辐射光能量的瞬态变化过程,可快速测量光幕靶的幅频特性参数。研究的方法也适用于其他光电探测仪器的动态响应特性测试领域。     

光电成像系统目标捕获率与目标毁伤关联研究

基于面阵相机CCD的光电探测系统对弹丸的捕获率在实际应用中常受到复杂背景的极大影响,而弹丸的捕获率与飞行目标毁伤有密切关系。为了研究弹丸对飞行目标的毁伤效能,基于目标成像探测原理,研究了光电探测系统探测区空间目标光学特性,利用面元网格化分析法,研究与建立了目标空间光谱特性模型,给出了空间目标成像总的光谱辐射亮度计算函数; 依据目标探测距离、目标尺寸、环境照度以及成像面阵CCD自身特性,建立光电成像系统目标跟踪捕获率的计算模型,基于弹丸目标捕获率模型,给出飞行目标毁伤概率模型。经过计算与分析,结果验证了所建立的弹丸捕获率模型和飞行目标毁伤概率计算模型的合理性。     

Thermomechanical coupling of rough contact asperities sliding at very high velocity

A model has been developed to study dry friction for a steel tribopair for a large range of sliding velocity. From the topology of two parts in contact, a true contact surface is defined as a set of asperities. Each adhesive junction is associated to a local heat source in the thermal problem that is solved by Green׳s function techniques. The mechanical problem is treated by considering the adiabatic shearing process of these asperities. The coupling of thermal and shearing effects is then performed by using a homogenisation approach. Outcomes, such as the average thermal response on the contact area, appear to be in good agreement with those of the literature. Velocity dependence of the heat flux distribution between parts in contact is highlighted. The temperature profile in both solids in contact, as well as the local shear stress field, is determined at any friction time.     

曲柄摆式飞剪剪切机构运动学性能分析

对曲柄摆式飞剪的剪切机构进行分析研究。采用复数矢量法建立曲柄摆式飞剪剪切机构的运动学模型并分析其运动学特性,求出剪切机构的剪切刃位置轨迹和水平方向上的分速度参数表达式,得出了上、下剪切刃的运动轨迹曲线和速度曲线。分析研究结果为同类产品以后的运动学研究提供了有力的参考数据和方法。