多孔介质中非均匀流动模式信息特性聚类分析

研究了多孔介质中非均匀流动描述方法和流动模式信息特性。依据流道宽度分布信息,对4组染色示踪试验的垂直剖面流动区域进行水平分层,将流道统计信息作为变量,对水平层进行系统聚类分析。结果表明,染色比例和染色区域内流动通道宽度分布是流动聚类分区的主要影响因素。聚类数目为3和8情况下,能够最为有效地表征非均匀流动模式。以垂直方向流动为主,且流动通道连续的情况下,流动分区主要包括全局性均匀流、局部均匀流、均匀流向非均匀流过渡区,以及优先流区。水平方向流动特性较为显著的情况下,则存在多个均匀流向非均匀流动的过渡区。     

多孔介质渗透特性的试验研究

本文通过理论和试验完整地对多孔介质(主要指粒状介质)进行了分析,并认为粒状介质的渗透规律是受外部因素(水力梯度)和内部因素(介质本身和流体)综合构成的属性,其渗透规律乃是一个完整的物理过程。通过理论分析给出了多孔介质的统一表达式,并通过试验着重研究了孔隙率和流态的关系。     

饱和孔隙介质中非均匀震电平面波

采用描述地下流体饱和孔隙介质中弹性波与电磁场耦合现象的Pride方程组,利用Helmholtz分解,求解了非均匀震电耦合平面波解,推导了流体饱和孔隙介质中传播的非均匀震电平面波的能流表达式,讨论了非均匀震电平面波的能量特征.结果表明,非均匀震电平面波的平均能流在传播矢量和衰减矢量构成的平面内传播,伴随电磁场对纵波模式的能流没有贡献.当动电耦合系数为0时,震电平面波的能流表达式可退化为Biot弹性波的能流表达式。     

饱和多孔介质中的非均匀平面波

讨论了两相饱和多孔介质中的非均匀平面波,在所采用的多孔介质模型中,利用了每种组分的微观密度保持不变而与体积分数相关的宏观密度是变化的假设。针对理想无粘流体充填的弹性多孔固体,深入讨论了两种非均匀平面波的传播特性以及质点运动的轨迹线。     

横流中多孔射流流动特性实验研究

横流中多孔射流的流动特性是揭示其输移扩散机理的基础。利用粒子图像测速技术PIV测量了横向流动条件下单孔、两孔和四孔射流的速度场,对射流主体范围内、射流的迎流面和各个射流之间的流场进行了研究。实验研究表明,多个射流中的第1个射流迎流面卷吸强度明显大于单个射流情况;两个射流之间的区域可分为两个部分,上游部分水体被卷吸进入上一个射流,下游部分水体被卷吸进入下一个射流;后面射流迎流面的横向流速明显低于第1个射流迎流面的横向流速,揭示了导致后面射流弯曲的横向有效流速沿程发展变化过程;揭示了横向有效流速的沿程变化规律。     

采用复合单元法模拟裂隙多孔介质变饱和流动

采用复合单元法建立了模拟裂隙多孔介质变饱和流动的数值模型。该模型具有以下特点:裂隙不需要离散成特定单元,而是根据几何位置插入到孔隙基质单元中形成复合单元;在复合单元中,分别建立裂隙流和孔隙基质流的计算方程,二者通过裂隙-基质界面产生联系并整合成复合单元方程;复合单元方程具有和常规有限单元方程相同的格式,因此,可以使用常规有限单元方程的求解技术。采用欠松弛迭代、集中质量矩阵以及自适应时步调节等技术,开发了裂隙多孔介质变饱和流动计算程序。通过模拟一维干土入渗和复杂裂隙含水层内的流动问题,验证了该模型的合理性和适用性。模拟结果为进一步认识非饱和裂隙含水层地下水流动特性提供了理论依据。     

多孔介质两相系统毛细压力与饱和度关系试验研究

两相系统毛细压力-饱和度(h~S)关系曲线的确定是多孔介质多相流动研究的基础。采用简易试验装置对理想和实际介质中水-气和油-水两相系统中的h~S关系曲线进行了测定。试验结果表明,对于相同两相系统,多孔介质孔隙度愈小,同一毛细压力对应的饱和度相应愈大;对于不同两相系统,理想介质的关系曲线在一定毛细压力以下平缓,较大毛细压力时陡直,实际介质关系曲线走势相对较陡。分析结果表明,水-气和油-水两相系统的实测数据符合Parker等提出的基于van Genuchten(1980)关系式的折算理论;应用折算理论,可以在同一多孔介质某一两相系统h~S关系已知的情况下较好地估计同一孔隙度条件下其它两相系统的h~S关系曲线。     

悬浮颗粒的浓度对其在饱和多孔介质中迁移和沉积特性的影响

多孔介质中悬浮颗粒迁移和沉积特性的研究对地下污染物净化、石油开采、核废料处置、水土保持等有很重要的意义。对4种不同浓度的悬浮颗粒在3种不同的渗流速度下进行室内试验,研究悬浮颗粒的浓度对其迁移和沉积特性的影响。结果表明,在一定的悬浮颗粒浓度下,随着渗流速度的增加,穿透曲线中的悬浮颗粒的相对浓度也增大。同时,渗流速度一定时,悬浮颗粒的浓度存在一个临界值,小于该临界值,穿透曲线中的相对浓度随悬浮颗粒的浓度增大而增大;大于该临界值时,相对浓度随悬浮颗粒的浓度增大而减小。另外,悬浮颗粒的临界浓度是与渗流速度相关的,随着渗流速度增加,悬浮颗粒的临界浓度也逐渐增大     

深部岩体多孔介质流变模型的研究

考虑到传统流变模型在反映载荷水平影响和描述加速蠕变阶段方面的缺陷,在改进传统流变元件模型的基础上,引入非理想黏性元件,建立了在数学上能体现载荷水平影响并能描述加速蠕变的新的改进流变模型;同时从定义出发,考虑到孔隙度的动态性,对孔隙度和通用有效应力公式进行修正;鉴于岩体的孔隙性和不均匀性,把岩体看作多孔介质,应用多孔介质理论中的有效应力代替改进岩土流变模型中的恒应力,计入温度和孔隙压的影响,最终建立了深部（高温度、高地压和高孔隙压）岩体多孔介质流变模型。     

多孔介质水油两相系统相对渗透率与饱和度关系试验研究

相对渗透率和饱和度定量关系是多孔介质多相流动系统中重要的动力学参数关系。使用设计的试验装置及试验方法测定了一维砂柱中油水两相动态流动系统的相对渗透率及饱和度数据,由试验结果分析表明:所测得的相对渗透率与实际情况吻合较好;细砂的强亲水性对不同先湿条件下的油、水相相对渗透率及饱和度有较大影响,并造成了不同先湿条件下流体间驱替机制的差异;相饱和度是影响相对渗透率的主要因素,孔隙空间中两种流体的分布方式和流体的饱和历史也影响各相相对渗透率。对试验结果用VGM模型(Parker-Lenhard模型)进行拟合所得结果较好;在水先湿条件下,将van公式拟合毛细压力-饱和度数据所得拟合参数用于VGM模型预测相对渗透率-饱和度曲线,所得结果与VGM模型直接拟合所得结果有差异,但两者所得结果均较好。     

基于图像法的多孔介质双分子反应溶质运移模拟

采用图像分析法确定溶质浓度,以硫酸铜和EDTA二钠作为双分子反应物,在多孔介质模型中开展了不同粒径(1.52.0,2.53.0,3.54.0 mm)和流量(1.0,1.5,2.0 mL/s)下反应性溶质运移实验,探讨了应用不完全混合的对流弥散模型(IM-ADRE)对双分子反应溶质运移的模拟和预测,并进行了参数敏感性分析。结果表明:图像分析法可准确获取多孔介质中显色反应性溶质的浓度,灰度值与浓度的决定系数R²大于0.96;用IM-ADRE模型能够准确预测双分子反应性溶质硫酸铜和EDTA二钠在3种不同多孔介质中的运移过程,误差低于3.71%;实验条件的改变对IM-ADRE模型参数D、m和β₀的影响显著,说明模型参数依赖于环境条件,其变化规律需要根据实际环境条件进一步率定,便于IM-ADRE模型的进一步推广应用。     

Simulations of solute transport in fractured porous media using 2D percolation networks with uncorrelated hydraulic conductivity fields

Two-dimensional percolation networks have been used to model a disordered and fractured porous medium. The advantage of percolation networks is that they allow the flow and transport properties of the system to be systematically studied as a function of the connectivity of the fractures and/or the permeable regions. The aim of this research is to study hydrodynamic dispersion in such networks, and to investigate the behavior of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient D_L with binary and log-normally distributed hydraulic conductivity fields. In particular, the study focuses on the behavior of D_L at the percolation threshold p_c, where the insufficiency of flow field homogenization and the limited number of tortuous paths for flow and transport force D_L to behave anomalously, i.e., to be scale- and time-dependent. The simulations indicate that the D_L population taken over a large number of the network realizations resembles a log-normal distribution, hence indicating that, unlike the hydraulic conductivity, D_L is not a self-averaged property whose variance should tend to zero when the size of the system tends to infinity. In addition, it was found that the power law that characterizes the scale dependence of D_L is contingent upon its computation method. Moreover, D_L is found to have a completely different behavior in networks with low and high connectivities.

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Resumen Simulaciones de transporte de solutos en medio heterogéneo utilizando redes de precolación 2D con campos de conductividad no correlacionados. Se han utilizado redes de percolación en dos dimensiones para modelizar un medio poroso fracturado y desordenado. La ventaja de redes de percolación es que permiten estudiar sistemáticamente las propiedades de flujo y transporte del sistema en función de la conectividad de las fracturas y/o regiones permeables. El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar la dispersión hidrodinámica en las redes mencionadas, e investigar el comportamiento del coeficiente de dispersión longitudinal DL con campos de conductividad hidráulica que tienen distribución log-normal y binaria. El estudio se enfoca particularmente en el comportamiento de DL cuando se alcanza el threshold de percolación pc, donde la insuficiencia de homogenización del campo de flujo y el número limitado de trayectorias tortuosas de flujo y fuerza de transporte DL se comportan de manera anómala, i.e., son dependientes del tiempo y la escala. Las simulaciones indican que la población DL tomada en un número grande en las redes realizadas se asemeja a una distribución log-normal, indicando por lo tanto que, a diferencia de la conductividad hidráulica, DL no es una propiedad auto-promediable cuya variación tienda a cero cuando el tamaño del sistema tiende al infinito. Se encontró además que la ley potencia que caracteriza la dependencia en escala de DL es dependiente del método de cálculo. Más aún, se encontró que DL tiene un comportamiento completamente distinto en las redes de alta y baja conectividad.

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Résumé Des réseaux de percolation bi-dimensionnels ont été utilisés pour modéliser des milieux poreux fracturés et désordonnés. Lavantage de ces réseaux est quils permettent détudier les propriétés découlement et de transport en fonction de la connexité des fractures et/ou des zones perméables. Lobjectif est dappréhender la dispersion hydrodynamique et dinvestiguer le comportement du coefficient de dispersion longitudinal D_L pour des réseaux ayant une distribution des conductivités hydrauliques binaire et log-normale. En particulier, le comportement de D_L a été étudié au seuil de percolation p_c, là où linhomogénéité des vitesses du fluide et le nombre limité de chemins tortueux disponibles pour lécoulement et le transport entraînent un comportement anormal de D_L, à savoir, une dépendance vis-à-vis des échelles de temps et despace. Les simulations montrent que les populations de D_L définies pour un grand nombre de réseaux ressemblent à des distributions log-normales, indiquant que, contrairement à la conductivité hydraulique, D_L nest pas une propriété dont la variance tend vers zéro lorsque la taille du système tend vers linfini. Il a également été trouvé que les lois de puissance qui caractérisent la dépendance déchelle de D_L découlent directement de la méthode de calcul. Enfin, les simulations engendrent un comportement très différent de D_L dans des réseaux faiblement ou fortement connectés.

     

Experimental study on the velocity-dependent dispersion of the solute transport in different porous media

The hydrodynamic dispersion is an important factor influencing the reactive solute transport in the porous media, and many previous studies assumed that it linearly varied with the average velocity of the groundwater flow. Actually, such linear relationship has been challenged by more and more experimental observations, even in homogeneous media. In this study, we aim to investigate the relationship between hydrodynamics dispersion and the flow velocity in different types of porous media through a laboratory-controlled experiment. The results indicate that(1) the dispersion coefficient should not be a linear function of the flow velocity when the relationship between the flow velocity and the hydraulic gradient can be described by Darcy's law satisfactorily;(2) Power function works well in describing the dispersion coefficient changing with the flow velocity for different types of porous media, and the power value is between 1.0-2.0 for different particle sizes.     

Experimental study on the velocity-dependent dispersion of the solute transport in different porous media

The hydrodynamic dispersion is an important factor influencing the reactive solute transport in the porous media, and many previous studies assumed that it linearly varied with the average velocity of the groundwater flow. Actually, such linear relationship has been challenged by more and more experimental observations, even in homogeneous media. In this study, we aim to investigate the relationship between hydrodynamics dispersion and the flow velocity in different types of porous media through a laboratory-controlled experiment. The results indicate that (1) the dispersion coefficient should not be a linear function of the flow velocity when the relationship between the flow velocity and the hydraulic gradient can be described by Darcy’s law satisfactorily; (2) Power function works well in describing the dispersion coefficient changing with the flow velocity for different types of porous media, and the power value is between 1.0-2.0 for different particle sizes.     

The use of laboratory experiments for the study of conservative solute transport in heterogeneous porous media

 Laboratory experiments on heterogeneous porous media (otherwise known as intermediate scale experiments, or ISEs) have been increasingly relied upon by hydrogeologists for the study of saturated and unsaturated groundwater systems. Among the many ongoing applications of ISEs is the study of fluid flow and the transport of conservative solutes in correlated permeability fields. Recent advances in ISE design have provided the capability of creating correlated permeability fields in the laboratory. This capability is important in the application of ISEs for the assessment of recent stochastic theories. In addition, pressure-transducer technology and visualization methods have provided the potential for ISEs to be used in characterizing the spatial distributions of both hydraulic head and local water velocity within correlated permeability fields. Finally, various methods are available for characterizing temporal variations in the spatial distribution (and, thereby, the spatial moments) of solute concentrations within ISEs. It is concluded, therefore, that recent developments in experimental techniques have provided an opportunity to use ISEs as important tools in the continuing study of fluid flow and the transport of conservative solutes in heterogeneous, saturated porous media. Received, December 1996 · Revised, July 1997 · Accepted, August 1997     

非均质土柱中溶质迁移的连续时间随机游走模拟

非均质介质中溶质迁移往往出现非费克现象,传统的对流弥散方程(ADE)则难以较好地描述这种现象.采用连续时间的随机游走理论(CTRW)研究1250cm长一维非均质土柱中溶质运移问题,探讨CTRW模型中参数及非费克迁移的变化特征.研究结果表明,β值的大小与介质的非均质特征有关,非均质性越强,β值越小,但β值具有相对的稳定性,然而ADE的弥散系数则具有随尺度增大而增大的现象.对于介质非均质性较强和非费克现象较明显的溶质穿透曲线,尤其是在拖尾部分,与ADE相比,CTRW具有较高的模拟精度.     

JHomogenizer: a computational tool for upscaling permeability for flow in heterogeneous porous media

This paper presents an object-oriented programming approach for the design of numerical homogenization programs, called JHomogenizer. It currently includes five functional modules to compute effective permeability and simple codes for computing solutions for flow in porous media. Examples with graphical output are shown to illustrate some functionalities of the program. A series of numerical examples demonstrates the effectiveness of the methodology for two-phase flow in heterogeneous reservoirs. The software is freely available, and the open architecture of the program facilitates further development and can adapt to suit specific needs easily and quickly.     

连续时间随机游动理论模拟多孔介质中溶质运移的研究进展

近年来,基于连续时间随机游动(Continuous Time Random Walk, CTRW)理论所建立的模拟非均质多孔介质中溶质运移的方法已在大量的数值实验、室内实验、野外实验中得到了广泛的验证,为非均质多孔介质中的溶质运移行为提供了一种有效的模拟方法。简述了提出和发展CTRW的研究背景、基础理论以及与经典的对流-弥散方程等其他模拟方法的关系,综述了该理论在模拟溶质运移中的发展和应用,分析了实际应用中的关键问题,并展望了将其进一步发展应用于模拟反应性溶质运移的前景。     

Calculating the internodal transmissibilities using finite analytic method and its application for multi‐phase flow in heterogeneous porous media

In the traditional numerical reservoir simulations, the internodal transmissibility is usually defined as the harmonic mean of the permeabilities of the adjacent grids. This definition underestimates the phase flux and the speed of the saturation front, especially for the strong heterogeneous case. In this article, the internodal transmissibility is recalculated according to the nodal analytic solution. The redefined internodal transmissibility can be used directly to calculate the multiphase flow in the numerical reservoir simulations. Numerical examples show that, compared to the traditional numerical methods, the proposed scheme makes the convergences much faster as the refinement parameter increases, and the accuracy is independent of the heterogeneity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.