塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩表生岩溶分布特征及主控因素

奥陶系碳酸盐岩是塔中地区最主要的储集层位，岩溶作用是影响奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层发育的重要因素．塔中地区遭受了多期构造运动，发育多个风化面．由于只有碳酸盐岩才会发育岩溶作用，而碳酸盐岩地层直接暴露地表的范围可能仅限于局部地区，因此不能简单的将风化壳下的构造形态当作古岩溶的地貌，而是要分层系的研究各期次岩溶作用的发育情况．在塔中隆起带上，     

Heavy metals distribution in Jamaica Bay sediments

Ninety-two sediment samples collected at 53 stations in Jamaica Bay from November 1970 to October 1973 were analyzed for Pb, Cr, V, Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni, Co, and percent organic carbon (ORC). Selected samples were analyzed for Hg. The concentrations of all metals correlate with each other and with organic carbon. Vanadium, cobalt, and nickel stand out as a separate component and are enriched relative to other metals in areas affected by petroliferous pollution. The metal concentrations are strongly influenced by the strength of tidal currents and proximity to pollution sources. Amount of rainfall and/or season affects metal concentrations in Grassy Bay (a deep restricted body of water within Jamaica Bay).     

The facies distribution of carbonate sediments on Porcupine bank, northeast Atlantic

Porcupine Bank (51–54°N, 12–15°W), approximately 10,000 km² in area and 150–500 m deep, is effectively removed from present-day terrigenous sedimentation by the broad Irish Shelf to the east, and deep water to the north, west and south. Water temperatures range from 10° to 14.5°C. Carbonate sediments presently accumulate on the bank, mixing with relict quartz sands and lithic pebbles, cobbles and boulders of glacial origin. Traction current structures are absent but biogenic hollows, pits, mounds and trails are prevalent. The lithofacies have a crudely concentric zonation with pelagic foraminiferal oozes in the deepest waters ( > 500 m), passing to foraminiferal (pelagic and benthic) glauconitic quartz sands over the bulk of the bank (500-200 m) where scattered patches of Lophelia pertusa coral branches are found, which in turn pass into a narrow zone associated with the lithic boulder field at the bank crest (< 200 m) which has coarse sands composed of quartz and skeletal fragments of benthic organisms-molluscs, echinoids, bryozoans and serpulids. This facies pattern is closely similar to that on Rockall Bank, 500 km to the north, and supports the construction of a depth-related facies model for modern open-sea temperate carbonate sediments: > 500 m, pelagic foraminiferans; 500-200 m, benthic foraminiferans plus Lophelia coral patches; 200-100 m, bivalve-echinoderm; 100-50 m, bryozoan-bivalve-gastropod-serpulid; <50 m, calcareous red algae-bivalve-gastropod-barnacle.     

Diagenetic processes in Holocene carbonate sediments: Florida Bay mudbanks and islands

The sedimentology, mineralogy and pore fluid chemistry of seven cores from the Holocene sediments of Florida Bay were studied to determine the physical processes and diagenetic reactions affecting the sediments. The cores were taken in a transect from a shallow mudbank onto a small adjacent island, Jimmy Key. Steady state models of pore fluid chemistry are used to estimate the rates of various reactions. In the mudbank sediments, little carbonate mineral diagenesis is taking place. No change in sediment mineralogy is detectable and pore water profiles of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Sr²⁺ show only minor variation. Chloride concentrations indicate substantial biological mixing of seawater from the bay into the sediments in one of the cores. Pore water analyses of sulphate and alkalinity show only a low degree of sulphate depletion and a decreasing extent of sulphate reduction downcore. Models of sulphate reduction in the mudbank show that there is substantial chemical exchange between the sediment pore fluids and water from the bay probably as a result of bio-irrigation. The sulphate and alkalinity data also suggest that the underlying Pleistocene rocks contain water of near normal seawater composition. Stratigraphic analysis and δ¹³C analyses of the organic carbon in the sediments of the island cores show that the sediments were primarily deposited in a subtidal mudbank setting; only the upper 20–30 cm is supratidal in origin. Nevertheless, island formation had a significant effect on pore fluid chemistry and the types of diagenetic reactions throughout the sediment column. Chloride in the sediment pore fluids is more than twice the normal seawater concentrations over most of the depth of the cores. The constant, elevated chloride concentrations indicate that hypersaline fluids which formed in ponds on the island are advected downward through the sediments. Models of the chloride profiles yield an estimate of 2·5 cm yr^?1 as a minimum advective velocity. Changes in pore water chemistry with depth are interpreted as indicating the following sequence of reactions: (1) minor high-Mg calcite dissolution and low-Mg calcite precipitation, from 0 to 35 cm; (2) Ca- or Mg-sulphate dissolution and low-Mg calcite precipitation, from 5 to 35 cm; (3) dolomite or magnesite precipitation together with sulphate reduction, from 35 to 55 cm; and (4) little reaction below 55 cm. In addition, one or more as yet unidentified reactions must be taking place from 5 to 55 cm depth as an imbalance in possible sources and sinks of alkalinity is observed. The imbalance could be explained if chloride is not completely conservative. Despite the pore fluid chemical evidence for diagenetic reactions involving carbonate minerals, no changes in sediment mineralogy were detected in X-ray diffraction analyses, probably because of the comparatively young age of the island.     

Quantitative mineralogical analysis of carbonate sediments by X-ray diffraction: a new, automatic method for sediments with low carbonate content

A new X-ray diffraction method has been developed whereby the weight percentages of aragonite and low and high-magnesium calcite are determined from the integrated peak areas of samples. Peak areas are measured by a step scanning method. The weight percentages of MgCO₃ in calcite are determined from the angular position of the calcite peak. This technique uses a direct calculation method which simplifies the preparation of the samples and the calibration processes and increases the quality of the results. The fully automatic method uses a desk-top computer to guide the diffractometer and to carry out the necessary calculations. Tests on precision and accuracy of the method indicate that results with less than ± 4% error (mineral %) and ± 0.6% error (MgCO₃%) are obtainable for all samples even those with a low (10%) carbonate content.     

碳酸盐岩台地类型、特征及主控因素

在总结前人工作的基础上,结合作者对塔里木盆地和四川盆地碳酸盐岩的研究,根据地理位置、坡度、封闭性和镶边性把碳酸盐岩台地分为以下类型:缓坡开放型无镶边台地、缓坡封闭型无镶边台地、陡坡开放型无镶边台地、陡坡封闭型无镶边台地、缓坡开放型有镶边台地、缓坡封闭型有镶边台地、陡坡开放型有镶边台地、陡坡封闭型有镶边台地、礁滩型孤立台地、岩隆型孤立台地。总结了不同类型碳酸盐岩台地沉积特征并建立了沉积模式,用以指导当前碳酸盐岩的油气勘探。最后,探讨了不同类型台地形成和发育的主控因素,认为构造运动所形成的古地形(貌)和水体能量控制台地和沉积物的类型,海平面的升降控制台地类型及沉积物的变化。     

渤海湾西部海域表层沉积物重金属含量分布与评价

通过分析测定渤海湾100个站位表层沉积物中重金属元素的含量,探讨其分布特征及富集状况,并通过地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对渤海湾西部岐口凹陷海域底质环境进行了评价。结果表明：渤海湾西部海域表层沉积物中As、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd的平均含量分别为12．9×10－6、0．031×10－6、29．5×10－6、27．4×10－6、0．159×10－6。结合5种元素的地球化学图及地累积指数法分析表明,研究区表层沉积物整体上未受到As、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd的污染,而在高值区Pb和Cu达到轻度污染的水平;潜在生态危害指数法的评价结果指明,重金属元素的潜在危害程度顺序是Hg＞Cd＞As＞Pb＞Cu,研究区重金属的潜在生态危害轻微,只有在高值区,Hg和Cd才达到中等程度的生态危害。     

珠江口黄茅海河口湾表层沉积物中有孔虫和介形虫的分布及其影响因素*

珠江口黄茅海河口湾的表层沉积物100个站位样品中共发现有孔虫21属36种、介形虫16属20种。优势种组合分别为Ammonia beccarii-Quinqueloculina akneriana rotunda-Cavarotalia annectens-Elphidium advenum和Neomonoceratina delicata-Sinocytheridea impressa-Bicornucythere bisanensis。有孔虫及介形虫的丰度和分异度均表现出“北低南高”,即口门低、向海高的特点。样品中有孔虫和介形虫属种的去趋势对应分析（DCA）表明,盐度是影响该区有孔虫和介形虫分布的最重要因素,其次是水动力条件,水深对有孔虫和介形虫的分布也有一定影响,但并非主要控制性因素。由于受径流影响较大,河口湾北部的水体盐度较低、径流动力较强,不利于有孔虫和介形虫的生存,导致其丰度及分异度均较低。河口湾南部水体盐度升高,潮流动力较强,同时受众多岛屿屏障作用,环境较为稳定,有孔虫和介形虫的丰度和分异度均迅速上升。     

The behaviour of manganese in Atlantic carbonate sediments

Manganese porewater and solid phase data are considered from two different Atlantic carbonate sediments, both with good geochemical characterisation. The first case is a continuously accumulated alternating pelagic marl/carbonate ooze, where there is a correlation in post-oxic conditions between Mn(II) porewater levels and an acetate leachable Mn fraction of the sediment. This leachable Mn appears to have an association with calcite and, in this example, the leached residue Mn content approximates to that of shale.In the second case, a very recent, compositionally homogeneous calcareous turbidite is underlain by Mn oxyhydroxide at the former sediment surface which is now acting as a source of Mn(II) by reduction. Sorption of Mn by the turbidite sediment and shale-like leached residue Mn levels in anoxic conditions are again observed as Mn(II) diffuses towards present oxic conditions, although no unique equilibrium is achieved. Similar older buried turbidites have concentration decreases in solid-phase Mn content preserved from bottom to top as relict evidence that this process has occurred. In these turbidites 54–64% of the total Mn is leachable by the acetate method and therefore presumed to be sorbed by calcite. The oldest example has persisted for 125 kyr.It is suggested that the slow breakdown of metastable Mn oxyhydroxide and Sorption of Mn(II) to calcite surfaces are important controls on the behaviour of Mn in pelagic carbonates in mildly reducing conditions. Where accumulation fluctuations occur, these processes act together with accumulation to limit overall Mn migration and to prevent the large Mn enrichments seen near the sediment surface in more reducing environments.     

The geochemistry of iodine in near-shore carbonate sediments

The total concentration of I is commonly higher in surface terrigenous sediments relative to more deeply buried material. Diagenetic release, loss of dissolved I during burial, and back-reaction of I with the solid phase under oxidizing conditions contribute to I enrichment near the sediment/water interface. In order to differentiate between scavenging of dissolved I by organic matter or metal oxides, the diagenetic behavior of I was examined in the Fe-poor carbonate sediments of Florida Bay, Florida. In this environment I is released by organic decomposition at I/C ratios similar to terrigenous environments (~0.5 mmole/mole), transported to the oxygenated sediment/water interface, and lost to the overlying water. The dissolved I flux from these deposits is roughly equivalent to the production rate within the deposit (~10 μmole/m²/day at 28°C). No significant enrichment is observed in the solid phase.Dissolved iodine transport within the sediment column may also be controlled by non-steady-state lateral diffusion into burrows. These observations, together with laboratory experiments which demonstrate IO^?₃ scavenging by Fe-oxyhydroxides at pH ≤ 8, imply that enrichment of I in terrigenous surface sediments results predominantly from the initial oxidation of I^? to IO^?₃ by microorganisms, followed by sorption on Fe oxides. Upon burial and reduction during anaerobic decomposition, this metal-associated I is released to solution, in a manner similar to phosphate.     

钦州湾海底沉积物Hg元素分布及其影响分析

钦州湾是广西最大的海湾,有丰富的港口资源,是广西海洋产业发展主要支柱区域之一.近年来的开发建设活动,加强了人为地质作用,地质环境问题越来越复杂,发展给环境带来了越来越大的压力.2006-2010年,中国地质调查局广州海洋地质调查局在北部湾广西沿海执行"北部湾广西近岸海洋地质环境与地质灾害调查"项目,对研究区进行了地质环境及人类活动影响的调查研究.论文根据海底表层沉积物和柱状样品测试资料,分析了钦州湾海底沉积物中有害元素Hg的平面分布和垂向分布特征,表明Hg污染主要来自于船舶影响.钦州湾口门内的Hg污染小于口门外,向外海则污染逐渐降低;Hg含量愈近海底,其值愈高.通过分析,认为Hg值在海底70 cm以下趋于稳定,确认约700年前开始,钦州湾受人类活动影响增加;约130年前,人类活动影响加剧.总体上,Hg测量值均低于标准值,说明钦州湾环境目前尚好.但环境已受到经济发展的影响.因此,必须加大保护环境的力度,防止污染程度加深.     

柴达木盆地石灰沟地区 下古生界碳酸盐岩储层特征及控制因素

基于对柴达木盆地石灰沟地区下古生界野外剖面的踏勘实测及样品采集,综合应用薄片观察、扫描电镜,以及常规物性分析方法,对下古生界碳酸盐岩储层的储集特征及控制因素进行了研究。研究结果表明:储层原生孔隙不发育,物性相对较差,但次生孔隙,如溶蚀性孔洞、裂缝及孔洞-裂缝等孔隙类型优势发育;储层性质的控制因素主要为岩石组构、成岩演化和构造运动等。通过对各种因素的综合分析,认为储层的孔喉结构是以原生孔隙为基础,经后期复杂的成岩作用及多期构造叠加改造而成的;先期的溶蚀是受岩石组构控制的选择性溶蚀,而后期构造运动产生的缝隙是溶蚀性储层发育的关键因素。     

Geochemical distribution of hydrocarbons in sediments from mid-Narragansett Bay,Rhode Island

The concentration of hydrocarbons (saturated and aromatic) and synthetic chlorinated compounds (Chlordane, DDT, and PCBs) decreased with depth in sediment cores from mid-Narragansett Bay and reached background levels at different depths. These depths were in general agreement with those expected based on the chronological inputs of these materials to the Bay. Although the total hydrocarbons concentration decreased with depth, the biogenic n-alkanes (n-C_{25,27,29,31,33}) showed a fairly constant concentration with depth as did the organic carbon content of these sediments. The n-alkane odd/even ratio increased with depth in the cores. Size fractionation (> 45 μm and < 45 to > 0.3 μm) of two core sections showed more hydrocarbons associated with the smaller size fraction in the surface section, while the lower section had approximately equal concentrations in both fractions. These trends suggest that over the time period covered by these cores the inputs of biogenic materials has remained relatively constant, while the input of anthropogenic hydrocarbons has increased dramatically during the last 100 yr. This increase is probably due to the expanded use of petroleum over this time period and subsequent chronic inputs to this estuarine environment.     

碳酸盐沉积物的成岩作用

化学沉淀碳酸盐矿物在沉积后很容易受到各种作用的影响,其中最重要的是其在成岩阶段所经历的成岩作用.碳酸盐沉积物在成岩过程中主要受大气降水、海水和埋藏过程中孔隙流体的控制,经历一系列压实、溶解、矿物的多相转变、重结晶、胶结等成岩作用,逐渐转变为固结的岩石.在成岩过程中,由于孔隙流体与沉积流体之间的异同以及温度的变化,碳酸盐沉积物的原始矿物成分、地球化学特征可能会很好的保存下来,但在许多情况下,也可能会改变,从而使我们无法准确反演碳酸盐沉积物在沉积时水体的特征.因此,我们在应用碳酸盐岩重建相关古环境和古气候变化的时候,必须要通过有效的方法来对碳酸盐岩是否受到成岩作用的影响进行鉴定.     

The geochemistry of manganese carbonate in Panama Basin sediments

The Mn distribution in Panama Basin area sediments and interstitial waters is discussed. Striking surficial Mn enrichments produced by a well-known diagenetic recycling process characterize the sediments of the region. Thermodynamic solubility calculations indicate that in at least one core interstitial waters approach saturation with respect to MnCO₃. A mixed carbonate phase of composition (Mn₄₈ Ca₄₇ Mg₅)CO₃ was recovered from an ash band in the same core. The association of this material with the coarse volcaniclastic debris is thought to result from facile manganous carbonate precipitation in sediment horizons of coarser mean grain size. Since sulphate reduction in the upper two metres of Panama Basin sediments is fairly minor, little increase in alkalinity is observed, and it is postulated that significant production of carbonate alkalinity is not a prerequisite for manganous carbonate generation in hemipelagic sediments. A more important factor appears to be the availability of Mn oxides for solution during early diagenesis. Stable C isotopic analyses indicate that little C of organic origin is used in the precipitation reaction in either Panama Basin or Loch Fyne (Scotland) sediments.     

Vertical distribution of infauna in sediments of a subestuary of central Chesapeake Bay

The vertical distribution of infauna was quantified in eight strata from 0–35 cm in sand and mud sediments of a lower mesohaline subestuary of Chesapeake Bay. Large numbers of small polychaetes, amphipods, and clams occurred in the upper 5 cm of both sediment types, whereas large clams (Macoma balthica in mud andMya arenaria in sand) extended down to 30 cm and comprised most of the biomass in their respective sediment types. There was extensive overlap of the species inhabiting both sediment types. Vertical stratification within and among species apparently reflected constraints on burrowing depth related to body size rather than resource partitioning among competitors. The maximal sediment penetration of 35 cm, which was exhibited byHeteromastus filiformis, was considerably less than the maximal penetration for deep burrowing species in some marine infaunal communities. Several species which burrowed deeper than 5 cm exhibited significant temporal shifts in their vertical distribution.     

Heavy metal concentrations in roadside-deposited sediments in Kuwait city

In the present study, roadside-deposited sediment samples collected from Kuwait city district, in Kuwait, were analyzed for specific heavy metals (As, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn). Contamination assessment status of heavy metals in roadside sediments was made using mathematical models in terms of enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (I _geo), and contamination factor (CF). The sediments showed remarkably high levels of all the metals, except Ni, above background concentrations in the following order (As, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, and Cr). CF and I _geo revealed overall moderately uncontaminated and moderate contamination, respectively, but the EFs for all metals ranged between moderate and significant enrichment.     

An investigation of geochemical factors controlling the distribution of PCBs in intertidal sediments at a contamination hot spot,the Clyde Estuary,UK

The concept that total organic C (TOC) is the main factor dominating the sorption of PCBs to sediment is over simplified. Numerous discrepancies are found when trying to compare concentrations predicted from laboratory observations to field concentrations. Some studies show a lack of correlation between PCB and TOC or particle size, but state that it is the origin of the organic matter or the clay swelling that is most important in determining the partitioning to sediment. It may also be argued that the discrepancies are merely a reflection of localised inputs of PCBs. An evaluation of the influence of these factors was undertaken at an intertidal site in the Clyde Estuary, previously highlighted as being highly contaminated by PCBs. Analysis of a series of sediment samples failed to show a strong correlation of PCB content with TOC or particle size. Separation into grain-size fractions and subsequent analysis suggested that both variation in organic matter source and mineralogical composition exerts an influence on congener distribution with implications for the mobility of PCBs within intertidal sediments.     

金矿区河水和底泥中重金属含量分布与耦合关系

河流中河水与底泥中重金属含量之间的关系对于河流污染防治意义重大。对某金矿区3种典型河流的河水与底泥中的重金属含量进行分析,发现4条河流均有超过国家标准限值的情况,河水中7种重金属元素均出现超标,Cr、As元素超标不严重;底泥中Hg、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn超标,其中Hg超标最严重,河水和底泥中Hg最大超标倍数分别达到3099倍和244倍。河流中重金属主要赋存形态为沉积态,底泥的吸附解吸作用是河流底泥和河水中重金属沿程变化的主控因素;金矿区区域上河水和底泥中重金属很好地服从Langmuir等温吸附模式。矿业活动、地层岩性均会影响底泥对重金属的平均最大吸附容量,流径黄土区的双桥河平均最大吸附容量最大。研究结果为矿山河流污染防治与预警提供了参考依据。