隧道衬砌的火灾损伤程度试验与检测方法研究

本文采用不同火灾温度场与不同燃烧时间对隧道衬砌混凝土和构件进行实际 烧损的试验手段,探讨了衬砌在高温作用后力学性能的变化规律与损伤程度;分析了隧道高温受损后,衬砌残余强度与超声波速之间的关系,以及超声法检测技术用于测试隧道火灾损伤的适用性和可靠性。     

THE MECHANISM OF EXPLOSIVE SPALLING OF HIGH STRENGTH AND HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE EXPOSED TO ELEVATED TEMPERATURE

高强高性能混凝土已得到广泛应用,然而高温或火灾下的性能衰减与爆裂成为制约其应用的瓶颈问题,高温爆裂破坏机理尚不清楚. 该文对国内外高温或火灾下高强高性能混凝土爆裂机理的研究进行综述,阐述了蒸汽压、热应力、热开裂3 种热爆裂机理及其影响因素,分析了目前研究存在的困难与挑战. 提出建立一个以蒸汽压致爆机理为主,热应力和热开裂机理为辅的多因素耦合的爆裂模型来定量分析高强高性能混凝土的高温爆裂机理.     

高温作用下钢管混凝土构件侧向撞击性能

通过耦合ABAQUS有限元软件中的隐式静态分析和显示动态分析，提出钢管混凝土构件在火灾与撞击联合作用下的数值计算方法，分别对已有钢管混凝土构件的温度场试验、火灾下轴向撞击试验和常温下侧向撞击试验进行数值模拟，以验证本文方法的合理性。在此基础上建立了钢管混凝土构件在不同温度下的侧向撞击有限元模型，分别对不同温度下的挠度和撞击力时程曲线进行对比，采用极值后平均撞击力和吸能系数对高温作用下构件的抗侧向撞击性能进行量化分析，并分析了600 ℃下构件撞击全过程。结果表明:温度对钢管混凝土构件的侧向撞击性能影响明显，随着温度升高，构件跨中挠度大幅增加，撞击时程变长；高温下构件的撞击力时程曲线与常温下差异明显，高温下曲线可分为震荡阶段、下降阶段和卸载阶段；构件主要通过整体弯曲变形吸收落锤的动能，随着温度升高，极值后平均撞击力和吸能系数逐渐降低，表明构件的抗撞击性能逐渐降低，当温度超过400 ℃后，构件抗撞击性能损失严重。     

高温下混凝土化学塑性-损伤耦合本构模拟及破坏分析

提出了一个用于模拟高温下混凝土中化学-热-湿-力学耦合行为的化学塑性-损伤耦合本构模型.发展了用于积分率形式的耦合本构方程的三步算子分裂算法.导出了化学-热-湿-力学(CTHM)耦合本构模型的一致性切线模量矩阵,以保证对于全局耦合控制方程Newton迭代过程的二阶收敛率.算例数值结果显示了本文发展的化学塑性-损伤耦合本构模型在重现火灾和热辐射条件下的混凝土中化学-热-湿-力学耦合行为的有效性.     

受损钢结构力学分析模型研究

通过对8组不同受损程度的Q235钢材进行力学性能实验研究,分析了不同损伤程度对钢材二次加载和卸载时加载弹性模量和卸载弹性模量的影响,提出了受损钢材的力学模型。基于受损截面的应力-应变关系,通过定义受损受弯构件截面的无损高度比K,推导了不同受损程度下构件截面的平均弹性模量和损伤指标的计算公式。用转动弹簧来模拟受损截面的力学性能,根据受损微段的应力-应变关系,推导了受损截面的弯矩-转角关系和截面转动刚度计算公式,提出了可用于受损钢结构力学分析的计算模型。算例分析表明,截面受损降低了结构的刚度,在实际工程应用时不容忽视。     

火灾下混凝土结构破坏模拟的纤维梁单元模型

为分析和模拟结构构件在火灾下的失效破坏过程,本文基于建筑结构分析中常用的纤维梁单元模型,建立了钢筋混凝土梁、柱构件的火灾破坏数值模型.此模型将构件截面划分成多个纤维,从而可以模拟构件截面的不均匀温度场分布以及高温下混凝土材料的开裂、压碎和钢筋屈服等行为.并根据全拉格朗日描述方法,推导了纤维梁单元的切线刚度矩阵,建立了纤维梁单元的增量求解方程.最后,将本文模型的模拟结果和多个具体试验结果进行了分析比较,进一步验证了模型的可靠性.     

高温影响的钢管混凝土柱抗爆性能研究

火灾与爆炸通常相伴发生,对工程结构安全造成了严重威胁。为研究高温下钢管混凝土柱抗爆性能,采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立了ISO 834标准火灾作用下钢管混凝土柱抗爆模型。在验证有限元模型可靠性基础上,首先分析了标准火灾作用下钢管混凝土柱抗爆工作机理;其次重点研究了受火时间、材料强度、含钢率以及爆炸当量对构件在标准火灾下抗爆性能的影响。研究结果表明:火灾作用下两端固结的钢管混凝土柱受爆炸荷载时,柱两端首先发生剪切破坏,随后整体发生受弯破坏;随着受火时间增加,钢管耗能占比降低,混凝土塑性变形逐渐成为主要耗能机制;混凝土强度、爆炸当量与轴压比对钢管混凝土柱高温下抗爆性能影响明显,当混凝土立方体抗压强度从30 MPa增加到50 MPa,常温与受火90 min构件抗爆性能分别提高约21%与42%。     

火灾升降温模式对高温后钢筋混凝土轴压力学性能影响的试验研究

为研究实际火灾与标准火灾对高温全过程作用后钢筋混凝土力学性能的影响程度,进行了6根大尺寸钢筋混凝土短柱经历不同火灾模式的高温全过程作用后轴压力学性能试验。选择一典型住宅房间,根据欧洲规范得到了模拟火灾温度-时间曲线,利用等效曝火时间方法获得等效标准火灾,考察火灾模式、轴压比对高温全过程作用后钢筋混凝土承载力、刚度和延性的影响规律。试验结果表明:随着轴压比(n0.4)增大,高温后剩余承载力、刚度和延性损伤程度降低;火灾升降温模式影响显著。根据等能量法进行的火灾试验结果和模拟实际火灾试验结果吻合较好,而等面积法过于保守。建议相关规范采用基于能量的等效曝火时间方法进行抗火设计和火灾后剩余力学性能评估。     

高温条件下混凝土墙体的非线性分析研究

本文建立了一个弹塑性-损伤耦合本构模型用于数值模拟高温下混凝土的真实破坏过程。导出了一个利用Newton-Raphson迭代的一般的直接应力返回映射算法。同时求解应力向量和塑性、损伤的内状态变量。并推导了用于化学-热-湿-力学耦合分析的全局守恒方程Newton-Raphson迭代过程的一致性切线模量矩阵。建议了一个用于弹塑性-损伤耦合分析的两级求解过程。给出的数值例题结果显示了所提出的数法和公式的正确性,表明了所发展的弹塑性-损伤耦合本构模型在模拟高温下混凝土墙体中复杂破坏过程的能力。     

高温环境下纤维复合材料蠕变损伤的细观机理研究

首先利用复合材料纤维断裂单胞模型，编制蠕变损伤子程序，对单胞模型进行蠕变损伤分析。分析了纤维／基体弹性模量比对蠕变变形、蠕变损伤以及应力场的影响。从计算结果发现，蠕变损伤首先在纤维断裂尖端起始，然后沿着一定的角度向基体外围延伸，直至完全损伤，而且纤维／基体模量比对高温环境下的复合材料蠕变损伤产生很大的影响；纤维与基体的模量相差越大，复合材料越容易变形，抵抗蠕变变形的能力就越小，蠕变损伤越严重。经过对不同韧性的基体材料进行研究，发现基体韧性低的复合材料蠕变损伤明显高于高韧性基体复合材料，表明低韧性基体复合材料抵抗蠕变破坏的能力较低。     

Study on mechanical characteristics and safety evaluation method of steel frame structure after fire

Mechanical characterization of steel frame structure after fire are analyzed based on fire dynamics, heat transfer theory, structural mechanics, and finite element theory. We study the temperature characteristics and mechanical properties of steel frame structure under different fire locations and propose a safety evaluation method. We also analyze damage level of main frame components, maximum temperature of fire, thermal characteristics of frame components, firing duration, etc. to provide useful information for fire resistance design of the steel frame structure and post-disaster safety evaluation.     

A fully generalised approach to modelling fire response of steel–RC composite structures

A three-step model for the performance-based numerical simulations of the fire response of steel–RC two-layered beam-like composite structures is presented and validated. The first step consists of the determination of the evolution of temperatures in the structure׳s surroundings. Moisture and the heat transfer through the RC layer and the conduction of heat over the steel layer are obtained in the second step. In concrete, the transfer of water vapour, dry air, and free water is discussed as well as the evaporation and liquefaction phenomena and the dehydration of concrete and its thermal and mechanical degradation. Within the framework of the third step, a geometrically and materially non-linear mechanical response of the structure is proposed accounting for interlayer slips and uplifts as well as for various material-related phenomena such as the material hardening/softening and creep. The governing equations are solved numerically. An efficient, novel strain-based finite element formulation is introduced for the mechanical analysis. Due to its generality and consideration of several different possible non-linear material, geometrical, and interlayer contact phenomena and their couplings the model can be of a use to a broader fire science community for exploring the impact of different physical parameters on the results of the addressed numerical simulations, thereby providing directions for further research. In the paper a case of such a study is also demonstrated exploring the contribution of the steel sheet and the flexibility of the interlayer connection of a standard trapezoidal steel–RC slab to its ultimate fire resistance. A reasonable contribution of the sheet is proved if the stiffness ratio between the integrated and the external tensile reinforcement of the RC plate is low provided that the contact connection is sufficiently stiff.     

A multiaxial constitutive model for concrete in the fire situation: Theoretical formulation

This paper aims to develop a multiaxial concrete model for implementation in finite element software dedicated to the analysis of structures in fire. The need for proper concrete model remains a challenging task in structural fire engineering because of the complexity of the concrete mechanical behavior characterization and the severe requirements for the material models raised by the development of performance-based design. A fully three-dimensional model is developed based on the combination of elastoplasticity and damage theories. The state of damage in concrete, assumed isotropic, is modeled by means of a fourth order damage tensor to capture the unilateral effect. The concrete model comprises a limited number of parameters that can be identified by three simple tests at ambient temperature. At high temperatures, a generic transient creep model is included to take into account explicitly the effect of transient creep strain. The numerical implementation of the concrete model in a finite element software is presented and a series of numerical simulations are conducted for validation. The concrete behavior is accurately captured in a large range of temperature and stress states. A limitation appears when modeling the concrete post-peak behavior in highly confined stress states, due to the coupling assumption between damage and plasticity, but the considered levels of triaxial confinement are unusual stress states in structural concrete.     

调质42CrMo钢的棘轮-疲劳交互作用及其耦合损伤粘塑性本构模型

对调质42CrMo钢的棘轮-疲劳交互作用的实验结果进行了分析,揭示了材料在非对称应力循环下的全寿命棘轮变形特征和低周疲劳损伤演化特性.在统一粘塑性循环本构模型框架下,基于连续损伤力学理论,提出一个耦合损伤的牯塑性本构模型.该模型中将损伤分为宏观弹性损伤和塑性损伤两部分,并采用不同的损伤演化方程来描述这两类损伤.针对材料不同的失效模式,分别采用损伤变量门槛值和最大应变作为失效判据.将模型应用于调质42CrMo钢单轴应力循环下全寿命棘轮行为的描述和低周疲劳寿命预测中,模拟结果和实验结果吻合较好.     

火灾与撞击联合作用下钢管混凝土柱力学性能研究

为研究火灾高温与撞击联合作用下钢管混凝土柱的力学性能,基于ABAQUS建立了高温作用下考虑轴力影响的钢管混凝土柱侧向撞击有限元模型。首先,对高温与撞击联合作用下考虑轴力影响的钢管混凝土柱的破坏模式与受力全过程进行了分析,探讨了高温下钢管混凝土柱的抗撞性能与工作机理;其次,重点研究了受火时间、材料强度、含钢率以及撞击能量对抗撞性能的影响,并给出了相关设计建议。研究结果表明:高温与撞击联合作用下,钢管混凝土柱主要发生受弯破坏;受火15 min后,构件抗撞性能明显降低。轴压力对构件抗撞性能产生不利影响,轴压比从0增加到0.2,受火60 min构件抗撞性能下降了7.8%;混凝土强度对高温下钢管混凝土柱抗撞性能有显著影响,受火90 min后,混凝土强度由30 MPa增加到50 MPa,构件抗撞性能提高约85%;外钢管强度与含钢率对高温下抗撞性能影响不大。     

Modelling of the blanking process of high-carbon steel using Lemaitre damage model

This paper presents a methodology to model a blanking process using a continuum mechanical damage model. A variant of the Lemaitre model, in which the quasi-unilateral conditions are taken into consideration to modify the damage behavior under compressive stress states, is selected as material model. S45C high-carbon steel is analyzed experimentally. To characterize the damage behavior of the material, notched round bar tensile tests with three different notch radii (6 mm, 10 mm, and 20 mm) using image analysis are performed. Using digital image processing, the strain at the deformation zone can be computed for the load–strain curves. Those curves are used as an objective function to determine the parameters of the Lemaitre damage model. The experimental results are compared with the results of the FE analysis of the tensile test. The identified model parameters are used in numerical investigations of axisymmetric blanking. The effect of the model's extension to quasi-unilateral damage evolution is discussed. The crack progress in high-carbon steel sheet during blanking and the final sheared part morphology are predicted and compared with the experimental results. Sheared surface and burr height obtained by the analysis coincide with the results of the blanking experiment.     

基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA的钢板混凝土墙冲击实验的有限元分析

运用经典的显式非线性动力分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,分析了1/7.5缩尺飞机模型撞击钢板混凝土墙的冲击实验。选用两种不同的混凝土材料本构模型(Winfrith模型、CSCM模型)模拟混凝土的非线性破坏过程,将钢板混凝土墙的破坏模式以及飞机模型的残余速度等与实验结果进行了对比。结果表明,有限元分析结果与实验吻合较好,且Winfrith材料模型能够更好地模拟混凝土的大应变、高应变率的非线性性能,验证了钢板混凝土墙和飞机材料本构模型的选取以及整个分析方法的适用性和有效性。     

Comparison of computational predictions of material failure using nonlocal damage models

In computational analysis of damage failure the strain delocalizations are of great importance in predicting assessment of structure integrity. In this paper we are investigating effects of the intrinsic material length on computational prediction of material failure using both cell model, i.e. the conventional micro-mechanical damage model with the constant–sized finite elements for the damage zones, and nonlocal damage model based on the gradient plasticity. The corresponding experiments performed for an engineering steel are taken as reference for verification. The experimental observation has revealed that reducing the specimen size will arise the specific strength of small notched specimen which cannot be predicted using the cell damage model. The nonlocal damage model based on the strain gradient-dependent constitutive plasticity theory reproduces the experimental records. The material length affects evolution of the material porosity and gives an understandable explanation of the size effect.