钒钛磁铁矿含碳球团直接还原研究

以转底炉工艺为基础,在实验室模拟条件下,进行了钒钛磁铁矿含碳球团直接还原高温焙烧试验。通过XRD分析,讨论了配碳量(wC/wO)、还原温度、还原时间对球团金属化率和残碳量的影响。结果表明:随着还原温度的升高金属化率不断升高,而残碳量不断降低;在1 350℃之前,随着温度的升高,金属化率迅速升高,然后趋于平缓;当还原温度为1 350℃时,金属化率可达90%以上,随着还原时间的增加,球团的金属化率呈现先升高后降低的趋势,残碳量逐渐降低,还原时间为30 min时,球团的金属化率达到最大(91.37%);随着配碳量(wC/wO)的增加,球团还原速率加快,球团还原充分,球团的金属化率升高,当wC/wO为1.3时达到最大(94.28%)。     

含锌尘泥中锌铅及碱金属脱除研究

文章考察了不同碳氧比和温度条件下,直接还原过程中的铁还原率、金属化率、还原脱锌和脱铅率、KCl和Na Cl挥发脱除率。通过实验可知,含锌粉尘制备的含碳球团可以脱除锌、铅、钾和钠,同时有效利用粉尘中的碳资源还原铁氧化物得到金属化球团;在1200～1330℃范围内,温度对铁氧化物还原,锌和铅的还原脱除,KCl和Na Cl的挥发脱除影响明显;当粉尘碳氧比为1. 0,还原温度为1300℃,还原时间大于18min时,反应接近最终平衡点,可获得金属化率大于80%,锌铅几乎完全脱除,钾钠脱除率大于90%的金属化球团。     

NaOH对钒钛磁铁精矿直接还原的影响研究

为了实现钒钛磁铁矿的低温还原,提高金属化率,以NaOH为钠化剂处理钒钛磁铁矿,钒钛磁铁精矿中配加煤粉和NaOH进行直接还原,试验研究了配碳比、直接还原温度、还原时间、Na/Si对直接还原的影响,直接还原后金属化球团利用化学分析法和XRD进行分析。研究结果表明:NaOH可以大幅降低钒钛磁铁矿的直接还原温度、显著改善还原效果。当Na/Si=0时,1 150℃、还原时间50 min,球团金属化率仅为79.87%;当Na/Si=5.0时,1 150℃,仅需30 min,球团金属化率可达93.17%。通过XRD检测结果可知,金属化球团内已形成钛、硅、铝相应的钠酸盐。NaOH的加入可以促进含铁矿物的还原,大幅降低能耗。     

含锌粉尘内配碳球团还原模型

以转底炉处理钢铁厂含锌粉尘为背景,结合转底炉实际生产工艺条件,建立了含锌粉尘内配碳球团直接还原一维非稳态数学模型.模型不仅考虑了铁氧化物的还原反应和碳的气化反应,还加入了氧化锌的还原反应,并通过实验验证了模型的准确性.利用计算结果分析讨论了炉温、球团半径及孔隙率对球团还原的影响.炉温对球团的金属化率和脱锌率均有显著影响,孔隙率和球团半径仅对球团的金属化率影响较小,而对脱锌率基本没有影响.      

基于直接还原熔分的赤泥综合利用试验研究

以赤泥、煤粉为主要原料制成含碳球团,通过高温直接还原熔分工艺提取金属铁及其他有价金属,考察了配碳量、时间、温度对还原和熔分的影响。结果表明:煤粉配加量为赤泥量的13.3%,球团金属化率可以达到62%,赤泥球团转底炉直接还原时间控制在40~60min之间,直接还原温度为1200℃左右,赤泥含碳球团达到最佳的还原率,金属化率达到64%。     

钒钛磁铁矿含碳球团直接还原试验研究

基于转底炉直接还原工艺,通过正交试验,研究了配碳量、还原温度、还原时间对钒钛磁铁矿含碳球团金属化率的影响,并对其影响规律进行了分析。结果表明:配碳量是影响金属化率最重要的因素,还原时间次之,还原温度的影响不显著。在配碳量为1.0、还原温度为1 350℃、还原时间25 min的工艺条件下,金属化率最高为94.59%。     

钒钛铁精矿竖炉预还原的热力学计算和试验研究

采用热力学计算软件HSC对攀枝花钒钛铁精矿内配碳球团竖炉预还原进行了平衡组分、金属化率和还原度的计算;试验研究了内配碳球团不同的竖炉预还原工艺下的金属化率和还原度。研究结果表明:随着反应温度升高,内配碳球团的金属化率和还原度呈现升高的趋势,当温度达到800℃左右,体系中金属化率达到最大值为99.2%;温度升高到1 000℃,还原度达到最大值87.2%;试验得到的金属化率和还原度变化规律与理论相符。在1 200℃时,获得最大金属化率和还原度分别为:85.23%和80.15%。当底部吹入还原性气氛(10%N_2+30%H_2+60%CO)时, 1 200℃达到的最大金属化率和还原度分别为:88.43%和90.42%。因此,在体系中通入还原性气体,还原过程被明显强化。     

工艺参数对含锌球团直接还原冶金性能的影响

对以含锌尘泥为原料的球团直接还原,研究了球团配碳量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间对球团脱锌率、金属化率和还原后球团强度的影响。焙烧最佳工艺参数如下:配碳量w(C)/w(O)=1.0、焙烧温度为1 250℃、焙烧时间为25min。此时球团可获得脱锌率大于90%、金属化率大于70%、每个球的抗压强度大于600N的综合性能指标,完全满足球团脱锌和作为高炉原料的基本要求。     

温度对红土矿球团直接还原的影响

在还原时间90min、氧化钙配比10%、复合剂配比11%、还原碳配比5%的条件下制成球团进行焙烧、磁选。考察球团还原过程温度的变化对球团产生镍铁颗粒金属化率和镍品位的影响。结果表明:还原的最佳温度1 200～1 250℃,此温度下镍的金属化率达到89%以上、铁的金属化率85%以上。镍的品位达到5%。     

高炉含锌粉尘还原性影响因素分析

为充分利用高炉粉尘中的铁、碳等有价资源,以水钢烧结除尘灰、高炉重力灰和高炉布袋灰为主要原料,根据配碳量的不同压制成冷固球团,不仅可以弥补单一成分成球性的劣势,还可以充分利用粉尘中的有价资源进行自还原反应。结果表明,随着还原温度的升高和反应时间的延长,球团的金属化率和脱锌率逐渐增加,反应温度为1 200 ℃时已达到了理想的试验效果,反应10 min后,金属化率和脱锌率分别为87.13%和95.25%;随着配碳量的增加,金属化率和脱锌率呈现不同的趋势,当碳氧摩尔比在1.3左右时,金属化率和脱锌率的指标较理想。     

电弧炉烟尘球团焙烧-洗涤脱卤制备低卤含量氧化锌的试验研究

针对电炉弧烟尘处理利用,进行了电弧炉烟尘球团焙烧-洗涤脱制备低卤含量氧化锌的试验研究,取得了满意的结果,在最佳球团焙烧工艺条件下,锌的挥发率>94%、铅的挥发率>90%,氟主要以难挥发的MnF2形式留在窑渣中,挥发氧化锌烟尘中难溶氟化物含量少,洗涤脱卤效果明显,洗涤后含锌62.14%,氟0.011%、氯0.20%,基本满足株冶氧化锌系统浸出原料的要求。     

EAF and secondary dust characterisation

Abstract

The basic knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of the electric arc furnace (EAF) and secondary dust (SD) obtained by the characterisation provides important information on the potential problems that could be encountered during the processing of such materials. EAF dust consists mainly of very fine spherical particles. The most common phases in the EAF dust are solid solution of iron spinels generally enclosed into a matrix of calcium–iron silicate glass. Leaching tests show that as the Zn/Fe ratio increases, there is an increase in the zinc extraction, whereas the iron extraction decreases as the Zn/Fe ratio increases. It was possible to produce a SD containing 55.8% zinc by means of charging EAF primary dust–coal composite pellets into an induction furnace. SD consists of very fine particles presenting a mean particle size of 0.26μm. In addition, SD contains significant levels of iron, chloride and fluoride. The iron content in the SD was identified as being iron droplets ejected from the bath caused by high intensity gas generation during the smelting of the EAF primary dust–coal composite pellets.     

电炉直接利用Cr Ni不锈钢除尘灰的试验分析

 Cr Ni不锈钢冶炼过程中每吨不锈钢产生30~40 kg的除尘灰,其中含有大量氧化铬、氧化镍、氧化铁等金属氧化物,研究回收除尘灰中金属元素的技术具有重要意义。在分析研究国内外除尘灰回收利用技术的基础上,通过热力学计算分析,提出将除尘灰压球后,直接装入电炉,利用碳硅还原除尘灰中的金属元素。对此技术在160 t电炉内进行前期试验研究,由试验结果可知,铁的回收率与试验熔清碳含量、硅铁加入量、渣碱度、温度等没有直接的关系,铬、镍的还原率受上述因素影响较大。     

电炉炼钢钢铁原料的现状分析与展望

 电炉炼钢作为短流程的核心工艺,具有铁元素循环利用率高、能源消耗低及环境效益良好的特点,推动电炉炼钢健康发展符合中国实现“碳达峰”、“碳中和”目标对钢铁绿色发展的要求。电炉炼钢入炉的钢铁原料种类较转炉多且结构灵活,并且对电炉冶炼的工艺过程控制有直接的影响。为创造充分挖掘和发挥电炉炼钢优势的良好起始条件,针对目前电炉炼钢的主要入炉钢铁原料的情况和特点,从其生产储备、工艺过程操作、能源消耗、环境保护等方面入手,分析了废钢、铁水和直接还原铁作为主要原料的使用现状及优缺点,并着重对比分析了直接还原球团特点和技术指标,为探究和优化合理的电炉炼钢入炉钢铁原料结构提供了理论依据。从资源消耗、环境保护等方面考虑,废钢和直接还原球团将成为今后短流程炼钢的主要原料。结合钢铁循环利用技术和产业专业化的逐渐成熟,以及更加绿色环保的氢冶金技术的发展,废钢综合回收利用技术、高品位洁净球团生产技术、氢气竖炉直接还原技术将会是未来电炉入炉钢铁原料生产技术的发展方向,配套新型高效智能电弧炉冶炼技术将会是未来短流程炼钢的发展方向。     

含铁量高的电弧炉烟尘固体废物综合表征

进行含铁量高的电弧炉烟尘物料的固体废物鉴别时,首先应利用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)确认物料的主要成分及其质量分数、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和矿相显微镜分析物料的主要物相组成等基本理化性质指标;当物料的基本理化性质指标与含铁量高的电弧炉烟尘相同时,再利用矿相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和激光粒度分析仪分析物料的特征性理化性质指标,包括金属铁和铁氧化物的存在形态、微粒的微观形态和粒度分布,如果至少有一个特征性指标与含铁量高的电弧炉烟尘相同,即可确定物料的产生来源为含铁量高的电弧炉烟尘;最后,根据《固体废物鉴别标准 通则》(GB 34330—2017)得出物料的固体废物鉴别结论。试验研究指出了含铁量高的电弧炉烟尘物料的三大特征性理化性质指标和固体废物鉴别流程,为含铁量高的电弧炉烟尘物料的固体废物鉴别和监管提供参考,对将其堵在国门之外具有重要意义。     

转底炉直接还原铜渣回收铁、锌技术

采用转底炉直接还原工艺,将铜渣含碳球团在高温条件下直接还原得到金属化球团和高品位氧化锌粉尘,再通过熔分或磨矿磁选方式将铁回收,得到的铁产品可作为冶炼含铜钢的原料.转底炉中试结果表明:采用"转底炉直接还原—燃气熔分"流程处理铜渣,可获得TFe品位94%以上、铁回收率93%以上的熔分铁水;采用"转底炉直接还原—磨矿磁选"流程处理铜渣,可获得TFe品位90%以上、铁回收率85%以上的金属铁粉;采用两种流程处理铜渣,均可获得锌品位60.02%的ZnO粉尘.结果表明,经过转底炉直接还原,铜渣中的铁橄榄石Fe_2SiO_4和磁铁矿Fe_3O_4相转变为含有金属铁Fe、二氧化硅SiO_2和少量辉石相Ca(Fe,Mg)Si_2O_6的金属化球团,具备通过磨选或熔分进行进一步富集的条件.     

Direct reduced iron production using cold bonded carbon bearing pellets Part 1 – Laboratory metallisation

Abstract

A new cold bonding technology for producing coal bearing composite pellets was developed. Alumina cement was used as binder, which gave high mechanical strength to the pellet even at elevated temperatures. Laboratory test results showed that the metallisation rate of the pellets was high owing to the intimate contact of the particulates of coal and the iron ore in the pellet. The developed cold bonding method can also be used to recycle electric arc furnace (EAF) dust, from which valuable zinc and lead can also be recovered.     

Hydrogen Reduction of Zinc and Iron Oxides Containing Mixtures

Zinc is a metal of significant technological importance and its production from secondary sources has motivated the development of alternative processes, such as the chemical treatment of electrical arc furnace (EAF) dust. Currently, the extraction of zinc from the mentioned residue using a carbon-containing reducing agent is in the process of being established commercially and technically. In the current study, the possibility of reducing zinc from an EAF dust sample through a H₂ constant flux in a horizontal oven is studied. The reduction of a synthetic oxide mixture of analogous composition is also investigated. The results indicated that the reduction process is thermodynamically viable for temperatures higher than 1123 K (850 °C), and all zinc metal produced is transferred to the gas stream, enabling its complete separation from iron. The same reaction in the presence of zinc crystals was considered for synthesizing FeZn alloys. However, for the experimental conditions employed, although ZnO reduction was indeed thermodynamically hindered because of the presence of zinc crystals (the metal’s partial pressure was enhanced), the zinc metal’s escape within the gaseous phase could not be effectively avoided.     

Caustic roasting and leaching of electric arc furnace dust

Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust is produced when iron and steel scrap is remelted in an electric arc furnace. There are still significant problems associated with the pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical processes for the treatment of this dust. In the present research, the dust was roasted with caustic soda at low temperatures. It was found that the zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄) in the dust was converted into sodium zincate (Na₂ZnO₂) and iron oxide (Fe₂O₃). In the subsequent dilute caustic leaching process both the zincite (ZnO) and the sodium zincate were soluble and the hematite was relatively insoluble. After roasting and leaching, the zinc recovery was found to be about 95%, while the majority of the iron oxide remained in the leach residue. The lead, cadmium and chromium recoveries were approximately 85, 89 and 37%, respectively, for roasting tests in which moisture was added. Without a moisture addition in roasting, the lead recovery decreased to 63% while the chromium recovery increased to 81%. Based on the experimental results, a hybrid low temperature roasting and dilute caustic leaching process followed by zinc cementation and electrowinning is proposed and discussed. This proposed hybrid EAF dust treatment process provides some potential advantages in comparison to the other hybrid processes which have been described in the literature.     

电炉炼钢烟尘的综合利用

电炉炼钢烟尘(电炉烟尘)是一种颗粒极细且含有某些有毒有害、限制排放的重金属的固体废弃物，采取堆放、填埋等方法处理，不仅对环境造成污染，也是金属资源的浪费．本文针对韶钢电炉烟尘中铅、锌等金属含量较高的特点，综合分析了从电炉烟尘中提取有价金属的可行性．