广西近海海水溶质稀释扩散现场实验与COD潮扩散数值模拟

海水的稀释扩散是一个十分复杂的问题.在近岸海域,弯曲的海岸线、不同的水深、变化的天气、随机的海浪和周期性的潮汐潮流都对海水的扩散产生直接影响.Joseph和Sendner[1],Okubo[2],及国内的张法高[3]、李培泉[4]、周家义[5]、姜太良[6]等进行了现场实验或数值方面的研究.1992～1996年,我们对广西近海海洋环境进行了8个航次的综合调查,并在广西廉州湾和铁山港进行了数次海水稀释扩散现场实验.     

长江口近岸表层海水污染因子的分类判别与环境质量综合评价

根据2003—2008年进行的对长江口近岸海域表层水质12个航次的监测统计结果,采用参评因子动态排序法,对近年来长江口近岸海域表层海水中的主要污染因子进行了分类判别,综合评价了长江口近岸海域表层海水环境质量状况。结果表明,近5年来长江口近岸海域表层海水环境中CODMn为常态因子,DIN、PO4-P、Hg和Pb为关键因子,As和Cd为预警因子;近5年来长江口近岸海域表层海水环境质量总体上处于三类海水水质水平,且海水环境质量有恶化趋势,但幅度不大。此外,参评因子动态排序法的各参评因子的权重值的确定完全建立在监测数据的客观基础上,综合评价结果不受人为主观因素的影响,反映海水环境综合质量的时空变化特征比较客观,具有普适性,值得在海洋环境评价领域推广。     

天津近岸海域海水富营养化评价及其主成分分析

于2013年7月对天津近岸海域海水营养盐和叶绿素a等水质因子进行采样调查,运用营养状态质量指数法和富营养化指数法对该海域海水富营养化水平进行评价,采用主成分分析法得出海水富营养化的驱动因子。结果表明,调查海域80.95%站位的无机氮以及61.90%站位的活性磷酸盐为劣四类海水水质;营养状态质量指数法评价与富营养化指数法评价结果基本一致:在北塘入海口周围近岸海域指数最高,其次为子牙新河入海口周围近岸海域,远岸海域的指数较低;影响调查海域海水富营养化的驱动因子为总氮和总磷。     

江苏近岸海域水质变化趋势与成因浅析

近年来,江苏省对可能影响近岸海域海水水质的相关区域实施了全面监测。文章首先指出了江苏近岸海域水环境质量现状,进而依据2008—2012年连续5年所取得的大量监测数据,详细分析了江苏近岸海域海水水质主要污染物指标变化趋势。提出了造成近岸海域海水水质污染的主要成因。     

海水中超低含量活性磷酸盐的Mg(OH)2共沉淀法测定研究

活性磷(正磷酸盐)是海洋浮游植物生长所必需的物质基础[1-8],磷的生物可利用性直接影响全球的初级生产力水平.磷在特定的海洋环境中还可能限制固氮作用,成为限制海洋初级生产力的重要因素[1,3,6].海水中磷酸盐含量的测定也是海洋污染调查的重要指标之一[4,9].农业和工业废水中磷的过度排放导致河口和近岸海水富营养化,引起浮游植物异常繁殖,造成“赤潮”现象[4].因此,海水中磷的准确测定对深入理解生物地球化学过程及海洋环境保护具有重要理论和实际意义[4-6,9].磷钼蓝分光光度法是海水中活性磷的经典测定方法,检测限为324 nmo1/dm3[5],但在一些寡营养盐海域,例如在南海、地中海     

渤海湾海岸带开发对近海水环境影响分析

应用水动力学、水质数学模型,以渤海湾海岸带的几种典型开发活动--围海造地、海水淡化和河口建闸为例,模拟分析海岸带开发活动对渤海湾近岸海域水环境的影响.研究沿海围垦造成的潮通量、近岸流场水动力条件和污染物输移的变化;分析海水淡化工程浓缩海水的排放,高盐度高浓缩污染物对局部生态环境的影响;分析河口建闸后蓄积的污水排放方式对河口及近岸海域造成的影响,大量污水一次性排放会增大河口及近岸海域污染面积和污染程度.     

渤海湾天津近岸海域水质特征及评价

根据2004-2012年对渤海湾生态监控区进行的水质监测得到的数据,对该海域的无机氮(DIN)、磷酸盐(P0_4-P)以及N/P值的水季变化特征展开了分析。结果表明,渤海湾近岸海水中DIN、PO_4-P年均浓度整体呈上升趋势,超过国家一类海水水质标准,DIN、PO_4-P已成为影响近岸海域水质的主要污染物。运用有机污染评价指数法、潜在性富营养化评价法、营养指数法分别对渤海湾近岸海域营养状况进行评价得出的富营养化评价结果基本相同,均表明渤海湾天津近岸海域正处于富营养化状态。     

钦州湾东部近岸海域秋季水质模糊综合评价

基于2011年秋季钦州湾东部近岸海域的水质调查数据,利用单因子标准指数法及模糊综合评价模式对钦州湾东部近岸海域海水水质现状进行综合评价。结果表明:钦州湾东部近岸海域秋季海水中DO,COD,BOD5,PO4-P,DIN,石油类,Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Cr,As,Hg的平均浓度分别为:6.34 mg/L,1.10 mg/L,0.74 mg/L,0.02 mg/L,0.26 mg/L,0.023 mg/L,2.2μg/L,1.1μg/L,4μg/L,0.14μg/L,0.2μg/L,0.68μg/L,0.036μg/L。该海域海水中DO,COD,BOD5,石油类,Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Cr,As,Hg的平均浓度均符合国家一类海水水质标准,PO4-P和DIN的平均浓度超出了一类海水水质标准。以单因子标准指数法进行评价,钦州湾东部近岸海域水质级别为II级。以模糊综合评价模式进行评价,钦州湾东部近岸海域水质级别为I级。PO4-P和DIN是钦州湾东部近岸海域秋季海水中的主要污染物。     

海洋工程对天津近岸海域环境的影响研究

文章根据2014年在天津近岸海域海水水质调查成果和收集资料的基础上,分析了现阶段天津近岸海域水质状况,并结合近几年大规模海洋开发活动,分析天津近岸海域环境变化趋势。研究表明:除营养盐浓度明显增加外,其他因子没有明显变化,说明近期的海洋工程对天津近岸海域的环境影响不大。     

春、夏季惠州市海水环境质量及其有机污染评价

为加强惠州市海洋生态环境保护工作,并为其提供科学依据,文章利用2016年春季和夏季惠州市海洋环境综合调查数据,选取溶解氧、化学需氧量、无机氮和活性磷酸盐4个环境因子,分析其近岸海域和海洋基本功能区的海水环境质量,并评价海水有机污染状况。研究结果表明:春季近岸海域海水环境质量优于夏季,无机氮和活性磷酸盐为主要超标因子;港口航运区海水环境质量良好,其他功能区均有环境因子超标现象;近岸海域受到有机污染,旅游休闲娱乐区在2个季节均受到有机污染;海水环境尚未对海洋生物产生影响。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.