Vapor Condensation Heat Transfer in a Thermoplate Heat Exchanger

The heat transfer and pressure drop in a thermoplate heat exchanger operating as a condenser have been investigated experimentally. In order to separate the heat transfer resistances in the condensation process, the single phase forced convection has been studied using distilled water and Marlotherm oil in the thermoplate and correlations developed for the Nusselt number and the friction factor. For the condensation experiments, an apparatus has been constructed comprising two identical condensers composed of the same thermoplate type as employed in the single phase experiments. Isopropanol is used as a test fluid at pressures below atmospheric pressure. The heat transfer resistances in the condensation experiments are separated and expressions for the condensation heat transfer and pressure drop are developed with the aid of the results obtained in the single phase studies.     

Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement of Water/Salt Mixtures on Roll‐Worked Enhanced Tubes in Compact Staggered Tube Bundles

An experimental study was performed for the boiling heat transfer enhancement of water/salt mixtures on both plane and roll‐worked enhanced tubes in compact staggered tube‐bundle evaporators under atmospheric and increased pressure conditions. The effects of tube spacing, position of tubes, test pressure and salt‐water concentration on the boiling heat transfer characteristics in restricted spaces of compact tube bundles consisting of plane and roll‐worked tubes were investigated. The experimental results indicate that the single roll‐worked tubes in a bulk liquid have a greater boiling heat transfer promotion than the single plane tubes. For the plane tubes in compact tube bundles, the effect of tube spacing on the boiling heat transfer is very significant. The boiling heat transfer has a maximum enhancement when the optimum tube spacing is selected. For the roll‐worked tubes in compact bundles, the effect of tube spacing on the boiling heat transfer is also significant as the tube spacing is small. The boiling heat transfer still has a maximum value and a compound enhancement effect of the boiling heat transfer from both the optimum tube spacing and the surface treatment is observed for the enhanced tube bundles.     

气体生产中冷凝冷却器的设计计算

介绍了气体净化装置的冷凝冷却器详细设计计算、试用情况及设备设计注意事项。准确地解决了生产中的设备选择困难，得到用户的好评。其传热机理比较复杂。     

Spatial Evolution of CO2-Contaminated Water Bubble Flows in a Vertical Pipe

Experiments on CO₂-water bubble flows in a vertical pipe were carried out for clean water, an aqueous NaCl solution, and an aqueous NaCl solution with 1-octanol to obtain databases of spatial evolutions of the flows with the impurities. Mass transfer correlations for bubbles in these liquids were implemented into a one-way bubble tracking method. Numerical predictions of the spatial evolution, e.g., transition from a bubbly to a slug flow, depending on the impurities agreed well with the experiments.     

The condensation/polymerisation of dimethyl siloxane fluids in a three-phase trickle flow monolith reactor

For the production of siloxane fluids, the viability of using a multi-channel monolith as a catalyst support system in a three-phase reactor has been studied. The catalyst was tripotassium phosphate (K₃PO₄). Experiments were performed in a single-channel flow reactor (15 mm i.d. and 500 mm catalyst coated length). The rate of reaction was followed by monitoring the disappearance of the hydroxyl group (–OH). Reaction experiments were performed at a hydroxyl group concentration range from 150 to 170 mol m⁻³, T=373–413 K and P=7.9 kPa with a nitrogen purge. The maximum temperature of operation was restricted to 413 K to avoid the formation of undesirable by-products. In the regime controlled by chemical kinetics, reaction was of an apparent first order with respect to –OH concentration, and in the apparent rate constant, the pre-exponential factor was 4.19×10⁻⁴ ms⁻¹, and the apparent activation energy was 16.1 kJ mol⁻¹. These are only valid for the operating pressure and purge gas flowrate used, as both of these are shown to affect water removal from the liquid phase and, hence, reaction rates. Mass transfer coefficients from the liquid to the catalyst surface were estimated and these increased rapidly with flowrate and were higher than expected for a falling liquid film.     

Preparation,Surface Activities,and Biodegradability of a Bola‐Type Collagen Hydrolysate‐Based Siloxane Surfactant

2 bola‐type collagen hydrolysate‐based siloxane surfactants (CBES) were prepared via grafting of an epoxy‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane oligomer onto 2 collagen hydrolysates with different molecular weights. Their structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy, and the degree of grafting was determined by calculating the free amino content, which confirmed the successful synthesis of CBES. Subsequently, their physicochemical properties, such as particle size and isoelectric point, were evaluated. Besides, surface activities, application functionalities, and biodegradability of CBES were investigated. The results showed that CBES‐1, prepared with the lower‐molecular‐weight collagen hydrolysate, possessed superior surface activity, excellent foaming ability, and good emulsifying capacity comparable to those of a typical emulsifier such as the fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO‐9). In addition, their BOD₅/COD_Cr value and CO₂ evolution demonstrated that the CBES are readily biodegradable. There is, therefore, great potential for the bola‐type CBES to be applied in fields such as leather treatment and textile industries.     

蒸汽凝结水回收工艺中二次蒸汽的利用

介绍凝结水回收方式的基础,分析在闭式凝结水回收中二次蒸汽产生机理,以及在现场二次蒸汽的应用。并提出了二次蒸汽在现场回收利用过程中存在的不足,根据现场工艺及设备条件提出了改造意见。     

非共沸混合工质在花瓣形翅片管管束上的冷凝传热及强化

1实验系统本文选定花瓣形翅片管作为强化管型,并探讨非共沸混合工质在其管束上的冷凝传热性能。实验系统如图1所示。本实验系统设计成既可进行大空间内的自然对流冷凝传热实验研究,又可进行套管空间内的强制对流冷凝传热研究。实验工质民;和R;。在蒸气发生器中由电加热器加热沸腾后所产生的蒸气分两路进入冷凝器空间内,并在管束上冷凝。实验管（管参数如表1所示）内的冷却水来自调温水箱,实验时控制三条管内水流量基本上相同。对于大空间内的自然对流,分别研究了光管和花瓣形翅片管管束直列与错列下的冷凝传热性能对比。对于套管空…     

Experimental study of the evaporation of a falling film in a closed cavity

This article concerns the experimental study of heat and mass transfer in a distillation cell. This latter is a parallelepiped, of large form factor, whose active walls are vertical. The cell is fed with salt water, and pure water is evaporated from a thin film that falls along a heated wall while the opposite wall is maintained at a lower temperature and is used as a condensation surface. The experimental results show that the heat transfer in the distillation cell is dominated by the latent heat transfer associated with evaporation. A parametric study of the behavior of the distillation cell has been performed. A convenient choice of the operating parameters is suggested to optimize the distillation yield.     

硅橡胶膜强化传热管的制备及其滴状冷凝传热研究

实验采用热处理法制备了滴状冷凝传热的硅橡胶膜强化传热管,107硅橡胶为最佳的制备材料,其水接触角为106.8°。传热效果较好传热管的制备条件为4%硅橡胶铸膜液、热处理温度350℃及惰性环境中处理1h,其热通量比沟槽管提高了约10%,比普通管提高了约80%左右;冷凝侧传热系数比沟槽管提高了30%,比普通管提高了约4倍左右。采用红外对制备的107硅橡胶膜强化传热管进行了表征,经过热处理硅橡胶会产生交联缩合。     

纳米流体应用于热管的前景

纳米流体作为一种新型传热冷却工质已成功应用于热管强化传热领域。分析了纳米流体及热管的技术进展,指出纳米流体应用于热管可以明显降低热阻,强化传热性能,增大最大功率。从目前的研究情况来看,需要从热管的使用寿命、可靠性和经济性等技术问题开展进一步的工作,有必要对纳米流体热管及其传热机理和传热性能进行深入研究与完善。     

Condensation heat transfer characteristics and flow regime in a horizontal rectangle channel of a multichannel cylinder dryer

The present study investigates the phenomenon of steam condensation in a rectangle horizontal channel with a mass flux range of 20–70?kg/m²/s and a vapor quality of 0.2–0.8. Mass flux and vapor quality were presented to primarily affect the heat transfer coefficient in shear-dominated flow regime, such as the mass flux is greater than 40?kg/m²/s. At the low mass flux, only slug flow, plug flow, and wave flow were observed. At the high mass flux, the wave flow and annular flow were observed even at the low-vapor quality, and the slug and plug flow were not found during the entire condensation process. Observed flow patterns agreed with Tandon’s flow pattern map. Four kinds of correlations are employed to predict the condensing heat transfer coefficient, and the result reveals that Cavallini’s correlation agrees with the experimental results relatively well. The measured pressure drop has a good agreement with the Lockhart–Martinelli correlation.     

Simulation of condensation flow in a rectangular microchannel

The condensation flow of the refrigerant FC-72 in a rectangular microchannel with a 1-mm hydraulic diameter is numerically studied using the volume of fluid (VOF) model. The heat transfer related to the condensation is taken into account by a thermal equilibrium model assuming the interface temperature is at saturation. The numerical method is validated against experiments from the literature and well predicts the flow patterns along the microchannel. The vapor phase in the microchannel forms a continuous column with a decreasing diameter from upstream to downstream. Slugs are periodically generated at the head of the column. Decreasing the wall cooling heat flux or increasing the flow mass flux increases the vapor column length. Waves along the interface cause necks in the column and locally increase the vapor velocity and decrease the pressure, facilitating breakage of the vapor column into slugs. The liquid temperature is close to saturation near the interface and lower downstream and in the thin liquid layer close to the cooling surface. The initial bubble size increases with increasing flow mass flux or decreasing cooling heat flux.     

Isolation of a Target Component from a Multi‐component Mixture by Coupling Batch and Continuous Countercurrent Chromatography

A typical situation in preparative chromatography is that a certain target component elutes somewhere in the middle of a train of other components present in the feed. In order to isolate efficiently this target component the operating conditions of conventional batch chromatography have to be optimized carefully. Nevertheless, the achievable production rates and recovery yields are frequently low. Recently a possible alternative was suggested [1] based on using batch chromatography just as a first step providing fractions where the target component has the highest or lowest retention time. Subsequently, these fractions could be processed using continuous countercurrent chromatography in order to isolate the target component. Such a coupled process is analyzed theoretically for the case of linear adsorption isotherms. Based on results of simulations using a) the ideal model of chromatography and b) the equilibrium dispersive model it is demonstrated that the coupled process arrangement could possess advantages, compared to the application of batch chromatography alone.     

Experimental study of the performance of a cooling tower used in a solar distiller

In this work, we investigated experimentally the thermal performance of a forced cooling tower used in a solar desalination system based on humidification-dehumidification of air. The cooling tower is a counter flow wet one filled with film packing materials.The measured variables were obtained for wide ranges of mass flow rates of air and water as well as for several inlet water temperatures; the tower characteristic and efficiency were then evaluated and expressed in terms of water to air mass flow rate ratio.     

Enhanced Heat Transfer Characteristics of Upward Flow Boiling of Kerosene in a Vertical Spirally Internally Ribbed Tube

Experiments of upward flow boiling of kerosene in a vertical spirally internally ribbed tube and a vertical smooth tube were conducted, respectively, in the present study. The spirally internally ribbed tube has an inner diameter of 11 mm (an equivalent inner diameter of 11.6 mm) and an outer diameter of 22 mm. The smooth tube has an inner diameter of 15 mm and an outer diameter of 19 mm. The test tubes were uniformly heated by passing an electrical current along the tubes with an available heated length of 2500 mm. At the outlet of the test section, the experimental pressure was 3 bars. The experimental heat flux ranged from 28.5 to 93.75 kW/m². The experimental mass flux was 410, 610, and 810 kg/m²s, respectively. Both local and average flow boiling heat transfer coefficients were measured in the test tubes. The enhanced heat transfer characteristics of the flow boiling of kerosene in the spirally internally ribbed tube are presented by comparing the experimental heat transfer coefficients with those obtained in the smooth tube. It shows that the flow boiling heat transfer coefficients in the spirally internally ribbed tube are 1.6 to 2 times greater than those in the smooth tube. The physical mechanisms of the enhanced heat transfer characteristics of flow boiling in the spirally internally ribbed tube are analyzed. According to the experimental data, an expression for the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient of kerosene was found in terms of the Martinelli number for the spirally internally ribbed tube. The correlation is applicable to the design of heat exchange equipment, using the spirally internally ribbed tube as a heat transfer element under these test conditions.     

垂直管内不互溶液滴群直接接触汽化传热

在一气升式外循环实验设备中研究了冷剂正戊烷与热流体水在垂直管内直接接触汽化传热过程。根据单液滴不互溶冷剂汽化关联式，推导出多液滴汽化过程中局部和平均体积传热系数表达式，表达式较好地解释了实验结果。讨论了冷剂表观流速、冷剂与热流体间的传热温差对体积传热量ｑｖ和体积传热系数ａｖ的影响；以及冷剂表观流速对冷却温差的影响。     

Heat Transfer from Immersed Vertical Cylinders in Gas‐Liquid and Gas‐Liquid‐Solid Fluidized Beds

The heat transfer coefficient, h, was measured using a cylindrical heater vertically immersed in liquid‐solid and gas‐liquid‐solid fluidized beds. The gas used was air and the liquids used were water and 0.7 and 1.5 wt‐% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) aqueous solutions. The fluidized particles were sieved glass beads with 0.25, 0.5, 1.1, 2.6, and 5.2 mm average diameters. We tried to obtain unified dimensionless correlations for the cylinder surface‐to‐liquid heat transfer coefficients in the liquid‐solid and gas‐liquid‐solid fluidized beds. In the first approach, the heat transfer coefficients were successfully correlated in a unified formula in terms of a modified j_H‐factor and the modified liquid Reynolds number considering the effect of spatial expansion for the fluidized bed within an error of 36.1 %. In the second approach, the heat transfer coefficients were also correlated in a unified formula in terms of the dimensionless quantities, Nu/Pr^1/3, and the specific power group including energy dissipation rate per unit mass of liquid, E^1/3D^4/3/ν_l, within a smaller error of 24.7 %. It is also confirmed that a good analogy exists between the surface‐to‐liquid heat transfer and mass transfer on the immersed cylinder in the liquid‐solid and gas‐liquid‐solid fluidization systems.     

Condensation enthalpies of <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-hexane in micelle-templated mesoporous silicas

The isosteric enthalpies of adsorption of n-hexane on ordered mesoporous silica of pore diameter between 3 and 10 nm have been measured. The heat of capillary condensation increases when mesopores are smaller. Capillary condensation of n-hexane in 3 nm mesopores is 20% more exothermic than the condensation on a flat liquid surface. The results are in good agreement with a model which takes into account the energetic contribution of the interface between the adsorbed layer and the vapour phase.