基于3种模型的猕猴桃重要栽培品种需冷量研究

以父本中华猕猴桃‘磨山4号’、母本毛花猕猴桃品系6113及杂交子代品种‘金艳’和‘满天红’为试材,利用动力学模型、犹他模型和0~7.2℃模型评估其叶芽和花芽需冷量。结果表明:这些品种(系)不同模型的叶芽需冷量分别为30.5~55.2 CP(动力学模型)、489.0~1 005.7 CU(犹他模型)、357.4~848.8 CH(0~7.2℃模型),花芽需冷量分别为36.9~60.1 CP、612.0~1 117.7 CU、487.8~944.5 CH;母本6113和子代‘金艳’叶芽和花芽需冷量均显著高于父本‘磨山4号’和子代‘满天红’。本研究中,动力学模型首次运用于我国猕猴桃需冷量研究,其评估结果与犹他模型、0~7.2℃模型一致。研究结果为猕猴桃品种的引种和栽培提供理论依据,也为了解猕猴桃需冷量的遗传规律提供参考。     

山西晋中甜樱桃主栽品种需冷量研究

以‘龙冠’‘雷尼尔’‘大紫’‘红玛瑙’‘先锋’‘龙旭’‘红灯’等7个山西省晋中地区主栽甜樱桃品种为材料,采用花枝田间直采水培及低温处理后水培2种方法,分别采用≤7.2℃模型、0~7.2℃模型、犹他模型对其需冷量进行分析。结果表明:所有品种叶芽需冷量均低于花芽,甜樱桃需冷量研究应以花芽需冷量为准;在3种计算模型中,≤7.2℃模型需冷量数值年际间差异最大,犹他模型需冷量数值年际间差异次之,0~7.2℃模型需冷量数值年际间差异最小;初步选用0~7.2℃模型计算7个甜樱桃品种需冷量:‘龙旭’386 h,‘龙冠’‘雷尼尔’428 h,‘大紫’‘红玛瑙’466 h,‘先锋’481 h,‘红灯’493 h。     

66个甜樱桃品种需冷量的评价与聚类分析

【目的】研究不同甜樱桃品种需冷量。【方法】2008—2013年应用7.2℃模型、0~7.2℃模型和犹他模型对11个甜樱桃品种的需冷量进行比较分析后认为,0~7.2℃模型作为需冷量的评价标准比较适宜,利用此模型对中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所樱桃种质资源圃保存的66个甜樱桃品种的花芽和叶芽需冷量进行评价,采用系统聚类法对甜樱桃品种进行分类,K-S检验法进行正态性检验。【结果】供试的66个甜樱桃品种需冷量值介于516~852 h,51个品种花芽的低温需求量低于叶芽;聚类结果显示,≤549 h的品种属于低需冷量品种,573~716 h的品种属于中需冷量品种,≥740 h的品种属于高需冷量品种,其中中需冷量品种占比约为88%;K-S检验结果显示,需冷量性状符合正态分布。【结论】以0~7.2℃模型评价国内各甜樱桃栽培区广泛栽培的品种大多属于中需冷量品种,需冷量值主要集中于550~720 h,甜樱桃品种需冷量的评价为国内栽培区的引种以及设施栽培确定扣棚控温时机提供了关键依据。     

浙西南地区李主要品种花芽休眠需冷量研究

在浙西南地区气候条件下,采用0～7.2℃模型、7.2℃模型、犹他模型和0～9.8℃模型4种低温模型对主要李品种花芽休眠需冷量进行估算。试验结果表明:采用犹他模型估算需冷量年际间差异小,本地区李需冷量研究宜采用犹他模型。以犹他模型测定结果显示,试验品种中低温需冷量低的品种为芙蓉李和红心李,约为660～720c.u;其次是贵阳李、黑宝石、红肉李、皇家宝石、佛来索、李王和盖县大李,约为720～800c.u;再次是黑琥珀、凯尔斯和玫瑰皇后,约为800～830c.u;需冷量最高的品种为早美丽、红晶李、大石早生、金滴李,约为900～930c.u。     

四川成都早熟梨需冷量研究

2008—2010年连续3年,分别采用0～7.2℃模型、≤7.2℃模型和犹他模型估算四川省成都地区早熟梨品种翠冠和爱甘水的需冷量。结果表明,采用3种模型估算的2个早熟梨品种不同年际间需冷量差异较大;相同模型下,估算爱甘水需冷量数值大于翠冠;在四川省成都地区,适宜选择犹他模型估算2个早熟梨品种需冷量,估算的数值在年际间差异较小,翠冠顶花芽和叶芽需冷量分别为716～952、696～782 C.U,爱甘水顶花芽和叶芽需冷量分别为869～952、831～952 C.U,2个梨品种自然休眠结束期在1月3—17日。建议四川省成都地区翠冠和爱甘水梨设施栽培时,扣棚时间为1月上旬至中旬。     

103份桃种质在南京地区的需冷量和需热量研究

【目的】用不同模型估算南京资源圃103份桃种质花芽和叶芽的需冷量和需热量,筛选花芽和叶芽需冷量和需热量的最佳估算模型,探讨需冷量、需热量与开花展叶的关系。【方法】连续2 a(年)(2018年11月—2019年4月和2019年11月—2020年4月),采用3种需冷量估算模型和2种需热量估算模型对103份桃种质(南京地区)的花芽和叶芽需冷量和需热量进行估算,并对不同年际间、不同模型间、不同种质间、花芽与叶芽间、需冷量与需热量间,以及需冷量和需热量与开花期和展叶期之间的关系进行了分析。【结果】0~7.2℃模型和有效积温模型为南京气候区域桃需冷量和需热量估算的最优模型。绝大部分桃种质的花芽和叶芽需冷量基本一致,仅‘帚形山桃’和‘红花山桃’2份种质的叶芽需冷量约为花芽的5倍。桃花芽需热量基本低于叶芽需热量;桃芽需冷量与需热量之间无显著相关关系。需冷量和需热量与盛花期和展叶期均存在相关关系,需冷量和需热量低的种质开花展叶早;需冷量和需热量高的种质开花展叶晚。【结论】适宜南京气候区域桃需冷量和需热量估算的模型分别是0~7.2℃模型和有效积温模型;103份桃种质花芽和叶芽的需冷量和需热量值范围广,分别为151~1 264 h和187~1 108 h,256~391 D·℃和267~498 D·℃;花芽需冷量与叶芽较一致,需热量则基本低于叶芽;需冷量与需热量无相关关系,二者对开花、展叶均起重要作用。     

豫东地区设施杏需冷量监测及扣棚升温时期研究

为研究适宜在豫东地区设施栽培中杏的需冷量及其扣棚升温时期,在2013—2014年对豫东地区9个杏品种用犹他(Utah)模型、0~7.2℃模型、≤7.2℃模型进行了需冷量测定。结果看出,若以≤7.2℃模型进行估算则介于800~1 300h之间;若以0~7.2℃模型进行估算,则介于620~900h之间;若以犹他模型进行估算,则介于550~800CU。相比而言,豫东地区杏需冷量的研究采用犹他模型较为适宜。综上所述,结合当地生产实践,一般设施杏适宜升温时间为该品种结束休眠时间向后推迟5~7d为宜。     

鲁西南地区果树需冷量的研究

2000～2001年,采用Utah加权模型,先后对鲁西南地区常见的葡萄、桃和油桃、杏品种的需冷量进行了研究。结果表明:不同树种、品种的需冷量差异显著。葡萄的需冷量最高,为1010～1840c.u。桃和油桃最低,花芽为620～910c.u,叶芽为500～890c.u。杏介于二者之间,花芽和叶芽均为790～910c.u。各树种、品种的需冷量年际间均有差异。葡葡、杏不同品种需冷量的高低与本品种果实成熟期早晚的关系表现为成熟期早,需冷量低;成熟期晚,需冷量高。但桃树不同品种的需冷量高低与本品种的果实成熟期无明显相关关系,果实成熟期早,但需冷量较高的情况普遍存在。同一品种其花芽、叶芽的需冷量不一,基本趋势是花芽的需冷量高于叶芽。     

几种适宜设施栽培果树需冷量的研究

 1996～1999 年, 采用Utah 加权模型, 先后对5 个树种、65 个常见设施栽培果树品种的需冷量及相关特性进行了研究。结果表明: 不同树种、品种的需冷量差异显著, 葡萄、西洋樱桃的需冷量最高, 桃最低, 李、杏居中, 而且年际间有较大差异, 说明作为一种遗传特性, 需冷量亦受环境因素的调节; 同一树种不同品种的需冷量高低与本品种果实的成熟期无明显关系, 果实成熟期早而需冷量较高的情况普遍存在; 同一品种其需冷量基本趋势是花芽高于叶芽; 根系在低温需求进程中起调控作用, 与地上低温同步的根际高温减少了花芽的需冷量, 而根系低温则没有效果。晚秋根外喷布6-BA 降低了油桃和杏的低温需求量, GA₃ 则有增加低温需求量的趋势, 而ABA 无明显效果。     

设施葡萄常用品种的需冷量、需热量及2者关系研究

用3种不同的需冷量估算模型(≤7.2℃模型、0～7.2℃模型和犹他模型)和2种不同的需热量估算模型(生长度小时模型和有效积温模型)分别对22种设施葡萄常用品种的需冷量和需热量进行测定,同时分析2者的相互关系。结果表明,葡萄解除休眠的需冷量和萌芽展叶的需热量因品种和种不同而异。需冷量值品种间差异较大,介于573～1 246 h(≤7.2℃模型)或573～971 h(0～7.2℃模型)或917～1 090 C.U(犹他模型),且欧美杂种品种需冷量值普遍高于欧亚种品种;而需热量值品种间差异较小,介于9 976～12 541 GDH℃(生长度小时模型)或253～353 D℃(有效积温模型),且欧美杂种品种略低于欧亚种品种。同时研究表明葡萄的需冷量和需热量与其果实成熟期没有必然联系。无论以何种估算模型估算葡萄的需冷量和需热量,我国设施葡萄常用品种的需冷量和需热量之间均呈负相关关系。     

Effect of artificial chilling on the depth of endodormancy and vegetative and flower budbreak of peach and nectarine cultivars using excised shoots

Stem cuttings were obtained from 12 peach and nectarine cultivars during leaf fall, placed in plastic bags at 3.0 ± 0.1 °C to simulate 0–800 h of chilling and forced to budbreak at 20.0 ± 1.0 °C for a period of 6 weeks. Some cultivars showed high blooming and leafing without exposure to chilling; chilling enhances leafing and blooming but the percentage increment was higher in leaf buds. In general, maximum budbreak was reached with less chilling accumulation (<100–200 h) in flower buds compared with leaf buds; excessive chilling caused a reduction of the percentage budbreak in flower but not in leaf buds. Additionally, chilling modified the proportion of blooming that occurred before leafing. In non-chilled shoots, blooming occurred earlier than leafing, except in cv. ‘San Pedro 16–33’ but the proportion of blooming before leafing decreased significantly with chilling in most cases. By studying the mean time to budbreak, we conclude that the flower bud generally has a lower intensity of rest; the intensity of rest declines at a slower rate in flower than in leaf buds with chilling; flower buds had greater heat requirements than leaf buds when the chilling requirement had been covered, so that each peach cultivar had a point of critical chilling accumulation below which blooming tended to occur earlier, and above which leafing tends to occur first. Flower and leaf buds had different depths of endodormancy but similar chilling requirements in the majority of peach and nectarine cultivars studied. Finally, different varieties with similar chilling requirements showed different responses to chilling. Therefore, the cutting test measuring the response of vegetative and floral buds provides considerable information on the characterisation of the variety, compared with the sole and traditional data of chilling requirements.     

枣若干品种需冷量测定

对枣不同品种冬季休眠的阶段性、需冷量进行了测定,结果表明:枣不同品种度过自然休眠的低温需求量不同。从12月10日到翌年1月20日自然休眠结束,之后进入被迫休眠期。主栽品种中梨枣于12月上旬,金丝小枣于1月中旬结束自然休眠。根据≤7.2℃模型、0～7.2℃模型、犹它模型测定枣的低温需求量。供试品种的低温需求量以平均值计算,≤7.2℃模型、0～7.2℃模型与犹它模型分别为1066h、440h和442CU。把犹它模型作为晋中地区枣品种需冷量的低温标准较为合适。供试的24个枣品种的需冷量为399～580CU。     

桃品种耐寒性研究

用电导法、萌芽生长法和组织变褐法对82个桃品种或优系的耐寒性评价,结果表明：桃一年生休眠枝的耐寒温度为-19．0～-27．0℃,叶芽为-18．5～-26．1℃,花芽为-17．0～-24．0℃;枝、叶芽和花芽三者间耐寒性呈显著正相关,抗性强弱的顺序为：枝＞叶芽＞花芽;枝组织的耐寒力顺序为：韧皮部＞木质部＞形成层＞髓;品种间、品种群间及变种间抗寒性也有不同程度的差异。提出在很少发生-23．0℃以下低温的地区为桃适宜经济栽培区。     

Influence of three contrasted climatic conditions on endodormant vegetative and floral peach buds: analyses of their intrinsic growth capacity and their potential sink strength compared with adjacent tissues

Three treatments with various temperature-photoperiod combinations (LDW: long-day warm; SDW: short-day warm; SDC: short-day cold) were applied to endodormant vegetative and floral peach buds. In order to analyze the effect of these factors on their dormancy state, the following complementary methods were used: (1) for vegetative buds, the ‘single-node cutting' test that measures the growth capacity of the buds connected to the shoot and integrates endo- and short-distance paradormancy; (2) for floral buds, growth rate of the primordia that integrates endo- and all paradormancy. For both kinds of buds: (3) the ‘nucleotides' test that reveals the intrinsic growth capacity of the isolated bud, i.e. endodormancy, by measuring the potential of converting adenosine to non-adenylic nucleotides; (4) the intracellular pH measurement of primordia and adjacent tissues (cushion and shoot) which is supposed to reflect their relative sink strength for nutrients and the competition between them. This is a possible element of short-distance paradormancy.

Temperature, and not photoperiod, strongly determined the evolution of dormancy in vegetative and floral buds. Exposure to temperatures >20°C, prevented the buds recovering any intrinsic growth capacity, but they did it with notable rapidity under 10–18°C temperature regime (SDC). After one month, under all treatments, consistent with the poor chilling effect (nil under LDW and SDW, one third of the normal requirement of chilling units computed with the ‘dynamic' model under SDC), a residual inhibition of the vegetative bud growth was shown to exist at the cutting level. It must be hypothesized as strong short-distance paradormancy. In the floral buds, growth of the primordia started shortly after exposure to SDC conditions. This is possible provided it is assumed that only very weak residual short-distance paradormancy, if any, remained. Intracellular pH values of the studied tissues were influenced by temperature and photoperiod, but the corresponding gradients of the potential sink strength did not fit well with the paradormancy patterns that had been assumed for the vegetative and floral buds, especially under SDC treatment.     

The effect of chilling on the termination of rest and flower bud development of the chinese gooseberry

Chinese gooseberry (Actinidia chinensis Planch.) cuttings were collected from two pistillate cultivars and one staminate clone at regular intervals throughout the winter, and chilled for various periods up to 50 days, before being forced into growth.The Chinese gooseberry had a low chilling requirement for bud break although chilling enhanced this process. Flower evocation occurred at least two months prior to leaf fall and before natural chilling commenced. Chilling, however, enhanced floral development by preventing the premature abortion of flower buds. There was a differential chilling response between the pistillate cultivars and the staminate clone.     

桃品种需冷量评价模式的探讨

 通过1986～2001年对450余份桃品种需冷量的7．2℃模式、0～7．2℃模式(不包括0℃)和犹它模式比较分析，归纳出桃品种需冷量的评价模式为：以秋季日平均温度稳定低于7．2~C的日期为需冷量测定的起点，以0～7．2℃累积低温值作为需冷量的评价标准比较适宜；犹它模式在中需冷量和长需冷量范围内能有效预测休眠的结束，而不适宜低需冷量品种的测定；7．2℃模式不适宜作为需冷量的评价模式。品种的需冷量与叶芽开放和始花期的相关系数分别为0．52和0．58，均达到极显著水平。提出了桃品种需冷量评价的系列标准参照品种。     

温度对设施桃花器官发育的影响

以盆栽早红珠与瑞光5号为试材,研究花前不同升温处理对设施桃花朵直径、花柱长度、花药减数分裂、花粉粒数量及花粉粒大小的影响。结果表明:随着处理温度的提高,花药的解剖结构出现异常,部分花粉粒败育。