Alkali release characteristics of blended cements

This paper presents results of an experimental program conducted to investigate the capacity of hydration products of different cementing materials to retain “bound” alkalis when the alkalinity of the surrounding solution drops. The study covered paste samples containing high-alkali Portland cement and various levels of silica fume and/or fly ash. The results showed that the ability of the hydration products of cement-fly ash systems to bind alkalis is a function of the CaO content of the fly ash, the binding increasing as the calcium content decreases. High-alkali fly ashes (Na₂O_e > 5.0% and CaO in the range of 15% to 20%) showed considerable amounts of alkali contributed to the test solutions. Silica fume does not have a high capacity to retain alkalis in its hydration products; however, ternary blends containing silica fume and fly ash have excellent capacity to bind and retain alkalis.     

活性掺合料对环氧树脂修补砂浆综合性能的影响

为了探究活性掺合料对环氧树脂修补砂浆的改性效果,为修补工程应用提供依据。研究硅灰和粉煤灰对环氧树脂修补砂浆力学性能、粘结强度、尺寸稳定性和抗冻性的影响,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和压汞法探究和分析影响机理。结果表明:环氧树脂使砂浆抗压强度降低,掺入硅灰可补偿强度损失,掺粉煤灰砂浆的强度随龄期增加而增加,但其中28 d和56 d强度低于对照组;硅灰和低掺量(≤10%,质量分数)粉煤灰可以提高修补砂浆粘结强度;硅灰对修补砂浆尺寸稳定性有不利影响,粉煤灰则相反;砂浆的抗冻性随着硅灰掺量增加先增加后降低,随着粉煤灰掺量增加而降低。     

Pozzolanic activity of various siliceous materials

The accelerated pozzolanic activity of various siliceous materials, like silica fume, fly ash (as received and fine ground), quartz, precipitated silica, metakaolin and rice husk ash (RHA; various fineness and carbon content), has been determined. The compressive strength of accelerated tests has been compared with cubes cured in water at 7 and 28 days. Maximum activity has been observed in case of RHA (<45 μ), followed by quartz and silica fume. The 10% replacement of cement by sand has shown accelerated pozzolanic index of 92% compared with 85% required in ASTM for silica fume as mineral admixture.     

The effect of pozzolans and slag on the expansion of mortars cured at elevated temperature: Part II: Microstructural and microchemical investigations

The microstructural and microchemical development of heat-cured Portland cement mortars containing silica fume, metakaolin, blast-furnace slag, and fly ash were analysed using pore solution analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Incorporation of these materials into the mixture modifies the composition of the C-S-H gel, the quantities of the hydration products, and the microstructure. Ettringite was formed during moist storage in all specimens, but was not accompanied by expansion where a sufficient amount of metakaolin, blast-furnace slag, or a suitable fly ash replaced a proportion of the Portland cement; replacement with silica fume was not as effective at eliminating expansion. The different behaviour of silica fume from the other supplementary cementing materials is believed to reflect a difference in the way ettringite is formed in the presence of Al₂O₃-bearing mineral admixtures.     

几种火山灰质掺合料的火山灰活性研究

采用酸溶法测定并比较几种典型的火山灰质掺合料的火山灰活性,探讨其火山灰反应程度对浆体强度的影响。试验结果表明,硅灰的火山灰活性最大,明显高于煤矸石和粉煤灰;煤矸石和Ⅱ级磨细粉煤灰的火山灰活性比Ⅰ级分选粉煤灰较大;酸溶法测定的煤矸石或硅灰的火山灰活性误差较大,活性偏低;掺合料火山灰的活性与其浆体强度有一定相关性。     

外加剂对混凝土收缩与开裂性能影响的试验研究

针对传统混凝土中加入矿物外加剂会导致混凝土开裂的问题,提出在传统方法上加入粉煤灰和硅灰。为验证方法的可行性,采用不同实验配方比,并结合单掺和复掺方式,对上述方法进行验证。实验表明:复掺30%~40%的粉煤灰和矿粉可有效降低混凝土的开裂面积;硅灰与粉煤灰和矿粉在二元或三元复合下可降低砂浆自收缩和干燥收缩,且混凝土强度不会降低。由此得出混凝土收缩与开裂和砂浆收缩存在显著相关性,砂浆的自收缩和干燥收缩是影响开裂的主要因素。     

Investigation of blended cement hydration by isothermal calorimetry and thermal analysis

Hydration of portland cement pastes containing three types of mineral additive; fly ash, ground-granulated slag, and silica fume was investigated using differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA) and isothermal calorimetry. It was shown that the chemically bound water obtained using DTA/TGA was proportional to heat of hydration and could be used as a measure of hydration. The weight loss due to Ca(OH)₂ decomposition of hydration products by DTA/TGA could be used to quantify the pozzolan reaction. A new method based on the composition of a hydrating cement was proposed and used to determine the degree of hydration of blended cements and the degree of pozzolan reaction. The results obtained suggested that the reactions of blended cements were slower than portland cement, and that silica fume reacted earlier than fly ash and slag.     

植生型多孔混凝土性能影响因素的试验研究

研究了灰集比、水灰比和矿物掺合料对植生型多孔混凝土性能的影响,分析了相应的影响规律。试验结果表明,植生型多孔混凝土灰集比应控制在1:6～1:7之间,且水灰比为32%～35%之间较适宜;矿物掺合料对植生型多孔混凝土pH值的影响次序:粉煤灰﹥硅灰﹥矿渣,其最适掺合比例:粉煤灰15%～20%,矿渣10%～15%,硅灰4%～5%。     

海水和矿物掺合料对硫铝酸盐水泥砂浆性能的影响

本文研究了不同拌和水以及海水拌和时粉煤灰和硅灰掺量对硫铝酸盐水泥(SAC)砂浆力学性能和表观孔隙率以及净浆凝结时间、化学收缩、孔溶液pH值和氯离子结合能力等的影响,并通过XRD、SEM和EDS分析水泥水化产物和微观结构。结果表明,海水能加快SAC早期水化并提高其早期强度,但后期强度和淡水拌和时无明显差别。粉煤灰和硅灰均会延长SAC凝结时间,对早期抗压强度不利,而掺加质量分数为5.0%和7.5%的硅灰能提高SAC砂浆28 d抗压强度。硅灰掺量增加时会提高用水量和表观孔隙率,降低流动性,使水泥化学收缩增大,降低净浆pH值且减少氯离子结合量;粉煤灰能够提高砂浆流动性,减少水泥化学收缩,但掺量越大对SAC砂浆抗压强度和抗折强度越不利,掺质量分数为10%的粉煤灰可小幅提高氯离子结合量且减小表观孔隙率。     

复合微粒高性能混凝土的二级界面显微结构及耐久性研究

将天然纳米纤维材料及活性球形掺合料复合应用于高性能混凝土中,用以改善高性能混凝土的二级界面,探讨胶凝材料的颗粒紧密堆积及显微结构。对混凝土力学性能的研究表明:改善混凝土的二级界面,可以大幅度提高其抗弯强度和弹性模量;对耐久性的研究表明,由于加入了纳米纤维材料,改善了体系颗粒级配及二级界面显微结构,增加了体系密实度,是提高混凝土抗冻性、抗渗性的有效途径。因而,研究高性能混凝土的二级界面显微结构,对于提高高性能混凝土的宏观物理力学性能及耐久性存在巨大潜能。     

Pozzolanic activity of clinoptilolite: A comparative study with silica fume, fly ash and a non-zeolitic natural pozzolan

Pozzolanic activity of clinoptilolite, the most common natural zeolite mineral, was studied in comparison to silica fume, fly ash and a non-zeolitic natural pozzolan. Chemical, mineralogical and physical characterizations of the materials were considered in comparative evaluations. Pozzolanic activity of the natural zeolite was evaluated with various test methods including electrical conductivity of lime-pozzolan suspensions; and free lime content, compressive strength and pore size distribution of hardened lime-pozzolan pastes. The results showed that the clinoptilolite possessed a high lime-pozzolan reactivity that was comparable to silica fume and was higher than fly ash and a non-zeolitic natural pozzolan. The high reactivity of the clinoptilolite is attributable to its specific surface area and reactive SiO₂ content. Relatively poor strength contribution of clinoptilolite in spite of high pozzolanic activity can be attributable to larger pore size distribution of the hardened zeolite-lime product compared to the lime-fly ash system.     

Curing requirements of silica fume and fly ash mortars

The curing requirements of silica fume and fly ash mortars were investigated in this study. Silica fume and fly ash mortar specimens were moist cured for periods of 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. After each of the five periods, the moist curing was interrupted by oven-drying the specimens at a temperature of 110°C for 3 days. The specimens were later tested for compressive strength and absorptivity. In this study, it was also determined whether the losses in strength and impermeability of silica fume and fly ash mortars due to an interruption in curing could be regained by recuring. The test results clearly indicate that the curing requirement of silica fume mortar is less than that of plain cement mortar, while in the case of fly ash mortar it is hogher than that of plain cement mortar.     

Use of recycled copper slag for blended cements

Copper slag is a by‐product generated during smelting to extract copper metal from the ore. The copper slag obtained may exhibit pozzolanic activity and may therefore be used in the manufacture of addition‐containing cements. In this paper the effect of the incorporation of the copper slag in cement is measured. Blends of copper slag with Portland cement generally possess properties equivalent to Portland cement containing fly ash, but very different to the silica fume incorporation. Copper slag and fly ash reduce the heat of hydration more effectively than silica fume in mortars. The replacement of 30% cement by copper slag reduces the flexural and compressive strength in a similar way to fly ash; however, after 28 days, the reduction is less than the percentage of substitution. Hydrated calcium aluminate phases were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The pozzolanic activity of copper slag is similar to that of fly ash and higher than silica fume. In the presence of low water/cement ratios, certain pozzolanic materials produce a very compact cement paste that limits the space available for hydration products, a determining factor in the formation of hydrated calcium aluminates. SEM was found to be a useful analytical technique when aluminates are formed and can be clearly detected by XRD. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

严苛侵蚀作用对优化导电混凝土性能的影响

干湿交替和硫酸盐腐蚀引起的损伤严重影响导电混凝土服役时的长期稳定性。本研究以碳纤维、石墨作为导电相材料,掺入粉煤灰和硅灰制备导电混凝土,在干湿交替和硫酸盐腐蚀耦合作用下,讨论粉煤灰、硅灰掺量对导电混凝土力学性能与电学性能的影响。综合导电混凝土的力学性能与电学性能衰变定义了服役性能劣化指标。结果表明：掺入粉煤灰和硅灰后提升了导电混凝土在干湿交替和硫酸盐腐蚀下的耐久性和导电稳定性;当粉煤灰和硅灰的总掺量一定时,提高粉煤灰占比能够有效降低干湿交替和硫酸盐腐蚀造成的强度损失,并提高导电混凝土的导电稳定性。     

The effect of mechanically and chemically activated fly ashes on mortar properties

Fly ash is a waste material from coal-burning power plants that consume pulverized solid fuels. Two fly ashes from Asturias (Spain) were activated mechanically by wet milling and chemically by leaching with sulfuric acid. The activated fly ashes were characterized in terms of physico-chemical characterization, granulometry, density, blaine, BET, XRD and SEM.A comparative study was carried out of several mortars, in some cases using different additions of silica fume or activated fly ash. The influence that these additives have on the mechanical resistance of the mortars was studied. As well as the possible use of these activated fly ashes as a replacement for silica fume in producing high-strength mortar or concrete. It was found that mortars containing activated fly ash presented higher compressive strengths.A mercury intrusion porosimetry study was carried out on cement mortars made with mineral additives such as silica fume and activated fly ashes. In general, the porosities values of these mortars showed that mineral admixtures improved mechanical resistance due to the decrease in pore size.     

矿物掺合料对UHPC性能的影响

传统超高性能混凝土(UHPC)的硅灰用量一般都比较高,导致其制作成本较高,而且自收缩比较大,对实际工程应用造成了一定的影响。本文用粉煤灰和矿粉部分或全部替代硅灰制备UHPC,并对其工作性能、力学性能、自收缩及孔结构特征进行了试验研究。结果表明:采用粉煤灰或矿粉替代硅灰可以改善UHPC拌合物的流动性,替代率越高,拌合物的流动度越大;当采用粉煤灰或矿粉替代50%(质量分数)硅灰时,在标准养护下,对28 d抗压强度的影响较小,而在高温蒸养下,则会导致28 d抗压强度下降,当替代率达到100%(质量分数)时,无论是标准养护还是高温蒸养,都会显著降低28 d抗压强度;采用粉煤灰或矿粉替代硅灰能降低细孔的占比,增大孔径,减少自收缩,且粉煤灰对于自收缩的抑制效果优于矿粉。     

The influence of mineral admixtures on sulfate resistance of limestone cement pastes aged in cold MgSO4 solution

The influence of slag (S), fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) on the sulfate resistance of limestone cements was evaluated. Hardened pastes were exposed to MgSO₄ solution at 5 °C. Visible changes of the samples during the exposure were followed. Absorption of sulfate was measured and changes in mineralogical composition were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that among admixtures used, only the addition of silica fume to limestone cement significantly improved its sulfate resistance. Cement with lower contents of C₃A and C₃S also showed favorable performance compared to cement having higher contents of these minerals.     

Utilization of fly ash with silica fume and properties of Portland cement-fly ash-silica fume concrete

This paper reports the normal consistency, setting time, workability and compressive strength results of Portland cement-fly ash-silica fume systems. The results show that water requirement for normal consistency was found to increase with increasing SF content while a decrease in initial setting time was found. Workability, measured in term of slump, was found to decrease with silica fume content (compared to blends without silica fume). However, it must be noted that despite the reduction in the slump values, the workability of Portland cement-fly ash-silica fume concrete in most cases remained higher than that of the Portland cement control concrete. Furthermore, the utilization of silica fume with fly ash was found to increase the compressive strength of concrete at early ages (pre 28 days) up to 145% with the highest strength obtained when silica fume was used at 10 wt%. Moreover, scanning electron micrographs show that utilization of fly ash with silica fume resulted in a much denser microstructure, thereby leading to an increase in compressive strength.     

粉煤灰/硅灰复合掺合料对水泥净浆性能的影响

研究了水泥标准稠度用水量、粉煤灰掺量、硅灰掺量、粉煤灰与硅灰双掺对水泥净浆性能的影响.结果表明,硅灰使水泥净浆需水量明显增加,粉煤灰、硅灰双掺可克服单掺粉煤灰早期强度低的缺点,短期内能提高水泥净浆的抗压强度.     

新型混凝土表面防护材料的研究

以纳米SiO2、硅灰、粉煤灰作为矿物掺和料对水泥基材料进行改性,形成混凝土表面防护层.利用RCM法测定氯离子扩散系数,并通过SEM、XRD、DSC等手段研究改性水泥基材料的水化产物组成及微观结构,分析改善机理.结果表明:混凝土表面砂浆防护层能将混凝土抗氯离子侵蚀能力提升56.75％,并且这种提升效果随着粉煤灰、硅灰、纳米SiO2的掺入更加明显,且其提升能力依次增加;粉煤灰依靠其微集料效应及填充效应,增强了水泥石的密实程度;纳米SiO2、硅灰依靠其火山灰活性促进水泥的水化并产生二次水化,进而提升抗氯离子侵蚀能力.研究结果说明了利用无机矿物掺合料对水泥基材料进行改性形成防护层可明显提升混凝土的抗氯离子侵蚀能力,为进一步研究无机混凝土表面防护体系提供了研究基础.