Antihypertensive effect of bioactive peptides produced by protease-facilitated lactic acid fermentation of milk

Milk was fermented for up to 5 h at 43 °C with two lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus). A protease, flavourzyme, was added at the beginning of fermentation. The whey fraction was separated from the fermented milk and freeze-dried. During the 5 h of fermentation, the soluble protein content increased from 4.9 to 57.4 mg/g and peptide content increased from 2.1 to 32.8 mg/g, while inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) increased by a decrease of IC₅₀ from 0.708 to 0.266 mg/ml, respectively. The whey was fractionated into four fractions by size exclusion chromatography on a Sephadex G-15 column. The fourth fraction of the whey showed the highest inhibitory efficiency ratio (IER) being 1329%/mg/ml. The amino acid sequence of the inhibitory peptide was Tyr-Pro-Tyr-Tyr, of which the IC₅₀ was 90.9 μM. The whey showed mixed-type inhibition kinetics, while Captopril, the positive control showed competitive inhibition on ACE. Their K_i values were 0.188 mg/ml and 0.0067 μg/ml, respectively. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was reduced to 15.9 and 15.6 mm Hg, respectively, in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), after 8 weeks of oral administration of diluted whey (peptide concentration 4.9 mg/ml).     

Novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from soya milk

Inhibitors of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) are useful in treating hypertension, and many have been derived from food products, including soybeans. Using the industrial protease PROTIN SD-NY10, we developed a processed soya milk (PSM) with enhanced ACE inhibitory activity. The ACE inhibitory activity of PSM (IC₅₀ = 0.26 μg/ml) was greater than that of regular soya milk (IC₅₀ = 8.75 μg/ml). Eight novel ACE inhibitory peptides were purified from PSM by reversed-phase chromatography: FFYY (IC₅₀,1.9 μM), WHP (4.8 μM), FVP (10.1 μM), LHPGDAQR (10.3 μM), IAV (27.0 μM), VNP (32.5 μM), LEPP (100.1 μM), and WNPR (880.0 μM). The IC₅₀ values of these peptides are comparable to those reported for other ACE inhibitory peptides derived from wheat, chicken, bonito, wine, etc. Due to the relatively low IC₅₀ values of several peptides identified in this study, they may serve as ideal base components of food supplements for patients with hypertension.     

Novel probiotic-fermented milk with angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides produced by Bifidobacterium bifidum MF 20/5

In previous research, we have demonstrated that Bifidobacterium bifidum MF 20/5 fermented milk possessed stronger angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity than other lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus helveticus DSM 13137, which produces the hypotensive casokinins Ile-Pro-Pro (IPP) and Val-Pro-Pro (VPP). The aim of this study is to investigate the ACE-inhibitory peptides released in B. bifidum MF 20/5 fermented milk. The novel ACE-inhibitory peptide LVYPFP (IC₅₀ = 132 μM) is reported here for the first time. Additionally, other bioactive peptides such as the ACE-inhibitor LPLP (IC₅₀ = 703 μM), and the antioxidant VLPVPQK were identified. Moreover, the peptide and amino acid profiles, the ACE-inhibitory activity (ACEi), pH, and degree of hydrolysis of the fermented milk were determined and compared with those obtained in milk fermented by L. helveticus DSM 13137. The sequences of the major bioactive peptides present in fermented milk of B. bifidum and L. helveticus were identified and quantified. B. bifidum released a larger amount of peptides than L. helveticus but no IPP or VPP were detected in B. bifidum fermented milk. Also the lactotripeptide concentrations and ACEi were higher in L. helveticus fermented milk when the pH was maintained at 4.6. This may represent a technical advantage for B. bifidum that reduces the pH at a slow enough rate to facilitate the peptide generation without the need for pH control. Thus these findings show the potential for the use of this probiotic strain to produce fermented milk with a wider range of health benefits including reduction of blood pressure.     

Identification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from koumiss, a traditional fermented mare's milk

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities in untreated koumiss and koumiss digested with ACE, pepsin, trypsinase, and chymotrypsin were compared and analyzed. Four novel ACE inhibitory peptides (P_I, P_K, P_M, and P_P) were purified using ultrafiltration and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The classification study showed that these 4 peptides were of the true inhibitor type. The amino acid sequences of these peptides are YQDPRLGPTGELDPATQPIVAVHNPVIV, PKDLREN, LLLAHLL, and NHRNRMMDHVH, respectively. Their individual IC₅₀ (50% inhibitory concentration) values were as follows: 14.53 ± 0.21 μM, 9.82 ± 0.37 μM, 5.19 ± 0.18 μM, and 13.42 ± 0.17 μM. From sequence analysis, we determined that P_I was part of β-casein in mare's milk. The 3 peptides P_K, P_M, and P_P did not correspond with any known milk protein. The results suggest that koumiss is rich in ACE inhibitory peptides, and the ACE inhibitors in koumiss are of the pro-drug type or a mixture of the pro-drug type and the true inhibitor type. These results may provide evidence about the beneficial effects of koumiss, especially on cardiovascular health.     

特异性蛋白酶酶解虾副产物制备ACE抑制肽

ACE抑制肽构效关系(QSAR)的研究认为小肽C末端氨基酸的疏水性和其ACE抑制活性之间呈正相关关系。针对性地选择胰凝乳蛋白酶和脯氨酸蛋白酶两步酶解虾副产物制备ACE抑制肽。在一定温度、pH和加酶量条件下,以蛋白质的水解度和ACE抑制率为指标,确定胰凝乳蛋白酶、脯氨酸蛋白酶的最佳酶解时间均为4h。两步酶解产物ACE抑制的IC50值为1.645mg protein/mL。经透析后,得到0~500u(组分1)和500~1000u(组分2)两个组分,组分1和组分2的IC50值分别降为0.333mg peptide/mL和1.320mg peptide/mL。质谱分析结果表明组分1中含有10个肽,分别由5~14个氨基酸组成;组分2中含有15个肽,分别由7~14个氨基酸组成。25个已知序列多肽中有22个多肽的羧基端是脯氨酸或芳香族氨基酸,与预期相符。      

Purification and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides of small red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) hydrolysates

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity was investigated for small red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) protein hydrolysate produced by sequential digestion of Alcalase, papain followed by in vitro gastrointestinal simulation. The hydrolysate had ACE inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ of 67.2 ± 1.8 μg protein/mL. Peptides responsible for potent ACE inhibitory activity were isolated by a three-step purification process, including ultrafiltration, gel filtration and preparative reverse phase high performance chromatography (RP-HPLC). The fraction obtained after RP-HPLC fractionation with the highest activity yielded an IC₅₀ of 19.3 ± 1.4 μg protein/mL. Enzymatic kinetic studies using this fraction demonstrated competitive inhibition with K_i of 11.6 ± 1.7 μg protein/mL. Mass spectrometric characterization identified for the first time the octapeptide PVNNPQIH which demonstrated an IC₅₀ value of 206.7 ± 3.9 μM. The results expand the knowledge base of ACE inhibitory properties of small red bean protein hydrolysate and should be useful in further identification of specific ACE inhibitory peptides in beans.     

Isolation and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from wheat gliadin hydrolysate

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide was isolated from wheat gliadin hydrolysate prepared with acid protease. Consecutive purification methods were used for peptide isolation including ion-exchange chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The amino acid sequence of this peptide was identified as Ile-Ala-Pro, and the ACE inhibitory activity (IC50 value) was 2.7 microM. The hypotensive activity of Ile-Ala-Pro on spontaneously hypertensive rats was investigated. This peptide inhibited the hypertensive activity of angiotensin I with intravenous injection, and decreased the blood pressure significantly with intraperitoneal administration.     

益生菌发酵制备金针菇血管紧张素转化酶抑制肽

为了获得高活性的金针菇血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）抑制肽,该研究对益生菌发酵制备金针菇ACE抑制肽的工艺条件进行了优化,并采用超滤法对ACE抑制肽进行了分级分离和活性鉴定。试验以ACE抑制率为评价指标,对枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）和黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）三种益生菌进行了筛选,优选出沉淀分离活性肽的最适pH,然后采用单因素和响应面设计对发酵条件进行了考察。结果表明,确定枯草芽孢杆菌为最适菌种;沉淀ACE抑制肽的最适pH为6;最佳发酵条件为蒸馏水与金针菇粉液料比5∶1(mL∶g)、发酵时间16 h、发酵温度37℃、金针菇粉用量35 g/500 mL三角瓶,于此条件下ACE抑制率实测值为（51.25±1.02）%;截留分子质量<3 kDa的ACE抑制肽活性最强。     

菲律宾蛤仔血管紧张素转化酶抑制肽大孔 树脂脱腥工艺研究

目的确定菲律宾蛤仔血管紧张素转化酶(angiotensin I-converting enzyme,ACE)抑制肽最佳脱腥工艺。方法采用大孔树脂脱腥法,选取7种大孔树脂,以感官评定作为指标,利用静态吸附和动态吸附2种方法分别对菲律宾蛤仔酶解液进行脱腥效果的研究,从中选取最佳脱腥工艺,并对脱腥前后酶解液ACE抑制率进行测定。结果最佳脱腥工艺为:AB-8型号大孔树脂,静态吸附,大孔树脂:酶解液=1:10(V:V),35℃,吸附脱腥时间2 h;动态吸附,大孔树脂:酶解液=1:10(V:V),流速3 m L/min。在该优化条件下,静态吸附和动态吸附的抑制率分别为46.09%、52.1%。结论此工艺可为大规模工业化生产及产品开发提供技术参考。     

合成二肽ACE抑制活性及抗高血压初步研究

目的:对合成二肽的ACE抑制活性进行系统地筛选,寻找具有高ACE抑制活性的二肽并研究其在动物体内的降血压作用。方法:利用可见光分光光度法对35种合成二肽的ACE抑制活性进行测定,并对具有高ACE抑制活性的二肽进一步测定其IC50值。选取ACE抑制效果最佳的二肽进行原发性高血压大鼠（SHR）降血压实验。实验采用灌胃方法分别以1、10、25、50、100 mg/kg的剂量溶于1 m L生理盐水进行给药,分别于给药后2 h和4 h测量大鼠血压变化。结果:研究发现大部分二肽都具有一定程度的ACE抑制活性,其中以氨基酸序列为半胱氨酸-丙氨酸（Cys-Ala,CA）和半胱氨酸-组氨酸（CysHis,CH）的二肽ACE抑制活性最高,其ACE抑制率分别达到84.38%和70.79%。经测定CA和CH的IC50值分别为23.22μmol/L和61.17μmol/L。SHR大鼠降血压实验表明CA在体内的降压效果显著。给药后4 h CA降压效果优于给药后2 h,给药后2 h CA降压效果与给药剂量呈较好的正相关性（R2>0.8）。结论:体外ACE抑制率测定及SHR大鼠降血压实验发现合成二肽CA具有较高的ACE抑制活性和较好的体内降血压效果,提示CA可以作为降血压保健食品的添加成分,值得进一步研究。      

Characterisation of a new antihypertensive angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from Pleurotus cornucopiae

This study describes the characterisation of a new angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide from the fruiting body of Pleurotus cornucopiae which could be used as a functional food or nutraceutical compounds. After purification of the ACE inhibitor in an ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, successively C₁₈ and SCX solid-phase extraction and reverse-phase HPLC, two types of the purified ACE inhibitors with IC₅₀ values of 0.46 and 1.14 mg/ml were obtained. The two purified ACE inhibitors were analysed, showing two types of oligopeptides. The amino acid sequences of the two purified oligopeptides were found to be RLPSEFDLSAFLRA and RLSGQTIEVTSEYLFRH. The molecular mass of the purified ACE inhibitors was estimated to be 1622.85 and 2037.26 Da, respectively. Water extracts of P. cornucopiae fruiting body showed a clear antihypertensive effect on spontaneously hypertensive rats at a dosage of 600 mg/kg.     

Hypotensive effect of a sweetpotato protein digest in spontaneously hypertensive rats and purification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides

We have investigated angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity in an enzyme digest of sweetpotato protein, the antihypertensive effect of the digest in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and the identification of an ACE inhibitory peptide. Protein was prepared from squeezed juice of sweetpotato by isoelectric focusing precipitation. Three kinds of proteases were selected for effective protein digestion. The digest, sweetpotato peptide (SPP), exhibited strong ACE inhibitory activity (IC₅₀: 18.2 μg/ml). SPP was orally administered by gavage to SHR at a dose of 100 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg. The systolic blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure were measured at 0 (before administration), 2, 4, 8, and 24 h after administration. A dose-dependent decrease in systolic blood pressure in SHR was observed after oral administration of SPP. Significant differences between SPP-administered rats and control rats were observed 4 and 8 h after administration in the 500 mg/kg-administered group and 8 h after administration in the 100 mg/kg-administered group. Diastolic blood pressure also decreased in the SPP-administered groups, although the difference between SPP-administered rats and control rats was not significant. These results suggest that SPP may be useful in the prevention or treatment of hypertension. Peptides with ACE inhibitory activity were purified from SPP by absorption chromatography and preparative HPLC using an ODS column. The amino acid sequences of isolated peptides were I-T-P, I-I-P, G-Q-Y and S-T-Y-Q-T; their ACE inhibitory activities (IC₅₀) were 9.5 μM, 80.8 μM, 52.3 μM and 300.4 μM, respectively. In conclusion, I-T-P is a novel, strong ACE inhibitory peptide.     

Purification and identification of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from beef hydrolysates

Sarcoplasmic protein extracts from beef rump (biceps femoris) were hydrolyzed (for 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h) with three enzymes or their paired combinations. Ultrafiltration, gel-filtration, and RP-HPLC were used to separate angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from the hydrolysates. The highest ACE inhibitory activity of enzyme hydrolysates resulted from 4 h incubation with enzymes or their paired combinations. The activities of gel filtrated fractions from these hydrolysates were assayed in vitro, demonstrating that the 3rd peak of enzyme thermolysin + proteinase A hydrolysate had the highest ACE inhibition activity (52.8%). The 3rd peak of this hydrolysate was separated by RP-HPLC into five peaks, of which peak 3 showed 30.1% ACE inhibition activity. Its peptide sequence was determined to be Val-Leu-Ala-Gln-Tyr-Lys. The results suggested that this peptide may be a potent ACE inhibitor which might perhaps be used to develop beef with a bioactive peptide to lower blood pressure.     

Purification and characterisation of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from lysozyme hydrolysates

Hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) was hydrolysed with trypsin, papain and a combination of the two. The prepared hydrolysates exhibited ACE inhibitory activity. The hydrolysates were fractionated using ultrafiltration and reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Three fractions, which showed the highest ACE inhibitory activities, were purified by RP-HPLC. They were the F₇ (from papain-trypsin hydrolysate), F₈ (from papain hydrolysate) and F₃ (from trypsin hydrolysate) fractions. The IC₅₀ values were 0.03, 0.155 and 0.23 mg/ml for F₇, F₈ and F₃, respectively. The F₇ fraction was the most potent ACE inhibitor peptide, and was composed of 12 amino acids, Phe-Glu-Ser-Asn-Phe-Asn-Thr-Gln-Ala-Thr-Asn-Arg (MW: 1428.6 Da). Lineweaver-Burk plots suggest that the F₇ peptide acts as an uncompetitive inhibitor against ACE. The kinetic parameters (K_m, V_max, and K_i) for the F₇ peptide were measured and compared to the control.     

源于食品蛋白质的血管紧张素Ⅰ转换酶抑制肽

血管紧张素I转换酶(ACE)是一种重要的血压调节因子,该酶的一些抑制剂有较好的降压效果,并作为预防和治疗高血压的食品和药物被广泛地使用。本文对不同食品来源的ACE抑制肽降压机理、结构和功能关系、应用前景进行了概述。     

Production of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) peptides during milk fermentation and their role in reducing hypertension

Fermented milk is a potential source of various biologically active peptides with specific health benefits. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) peptides are one of the most studied bioactive peptides produced during milk fermentation. The presence of these peptides is reported in various fermented milk products such as, yoghurt, cheese, sour milk, etc., which are also available as commercial products. Many of the ACE-I peptides formed during milk fermentation are resistant to gastrointestinal digestion and inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the rennin angiotension system (RAS). There are various factors, which affect the formation ACE-I peptides and their ability to reach the target tissue in active form, which includes type of starters (lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeast, etc.), substrate composition (casein type, whey protein, etc.), composition of ACE-I peptide, pre and post-fermentation treatments, and its stability during gastrointestinal digestion. The antihypertensive effect of fermented milk products has also been proved by various in vitro and in vivo (animal and human trials) experiments. This paper reviews the literature on fermented milk products as a source of ACE-I peptides and various factors affecting the production and activity of ACE-I peptides.     

Novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide derived from bovine casein

Bovine lactic casein was hydrolysed using a combination of three enzymes, namely, subtilisin, bacillolysin, and trypsin, and the resulting preparation was coined CH-3. CH-3 showed angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity (IC₅₀: 74 μg/mL). A single oral administration of CH-3 led to a transient but significant decrease in the systolic blood pressure (SBP) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), while daily oral administration of CH-3 for 28 consecutive days led to a lower rate of SBP increase. The CH-3 preparation was then fractionated and the _αS2-casein-derived tripeptide Met-Lys-Pro (or MKP) was identified as a novel peptide with strong ACE-inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 0.12 μg/mL, 0.3 μM). The MKP peptide constituted only 0.053% of CH-3 but its activity was accounted for 33% of the total ACE-inhibitory activity of CH-3. In addition, a single oral administration of MKP also led to a transient but significant decrease in the SBP of SHRs.     

Purification and hypotensive activity of rapeseed protein-derived renin and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptides

Rapeseed protein isolate (RPI) was hydrolyzed with Alcalase followed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) purification of bioactive peptides. The rapeseed protein hydrolysate (RPH) obtained after 4 h digestion with Alcalase had a degree of hydrolysis (DH) of ～11%. Gel permeation chromatography separation showed high contents of low molecular weight peptides in the RPH when compared to the RPI. After preparative and analytical RP-HPLC separations, three peptides (LY, TF and RALP) were purified and amino acid sequence determined by tandem mass spectrometry. LY (IC₅₀, 0.11 mM) was the most potent (p < 0.05) against ACE activity when compared to TF (IC₅₀, 0.81 mM) and RALP (IC₅₀, 0.65 mM). However, RALP (IC₅₀, 0.97 mM) was the most potent (p < 0.05) against renin activity when compared to LY (IC₅₀, 1.87 mM) and TF (IC₅₀, 3.1 mM). Single oral administration (30 mg/kg body weight) to spontaneously hypertensive rats showed LY and RALP to be the more effective hypotensive agents with maximum blood pressure reduction of ?26 and 16 mmHg, respectively when compared to TF (?12 mmHg). The results suggest that the higher number of hydrophobic amino acid residues LY and RALP contributed to their higher in vitro and in vivo activities when compared to TF.     

Preparation and identification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from sweet potato protein by enzymatic hydrolysis under high hydrostatic pressure

Sweet potato protein hydrolysates (SPPH) with angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity were prepared by papain, pepsin and alcalase under high hydrostatic pressure (HHP, 100–300 MPa). HHP significantly increased degree of hydrolysis (DH), nitrogen recovery (NR) and molecular weight (MW) <3 kDa fractions contents of SPPH by all three enzymes (P < 0.05). MW < 3 kDa peptide fractions from SPPH by alcalase under 100 MPa showed the highest ACE inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ value 32.24 µg mL⁻¹), and was subjected to purification and identification by semi-preparative RP-HPLC and LC-MS/MS. Fifty-four peptides ranged from 501.28 to 1958.88 Da with 5–18 amino acids were identified and matched sporamin A and B sequences. Five identified peptides with sequences of VSAIW, AIWGA, FVIKP, VVMPSTF and FHDPMLR displayed good ACE inhibitory activity with the contribution of Val, Trp, Phe and Arg. Thus, SPPH by enzymatic hydrolysis under HHP can be potentially used in functional food.     

Purification and characterization of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum

Two angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides were isolated from jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum protein hydrolysates prepared with pepsin and papain. Consecutive purification methods, including ion-exchange chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, were used for isolation of ACE inhibitory peptides. The amino acid sequence of the peptides was identified as Gln-Pro-Gly-Pro-Thr and Gly-Asp-Ile-Gly-Tyr, respectively, and the IC₅₀ value of the purified peptides for ACE inhibitory activity was 80.67 μM and 32.56 μM. The purified peptides were evaluated for the antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) after oral administration. Blood pressure decreased significantly after ingestion of the peptides. The results suggest that peptides derived from jellyfish R. esculentum may be beneficial as antihypertensive compounds in functional food resources.