微尺度预混合火焰结构和熄火特性研究

本文以空气中的无约束甲烷预混合火焰为对象,用实验和数值解析的方法研究了微尺度预混合火焰的火焰结构和熄火特性。实验测得不同尺寸下混合气当量比和喷出速度与熄火关系图,在不到理论当量比(φ>1)时,火焰已经熄灭,管径越小,极限混合气当量比φu越大。数值解析研究了d=0．3 mm无约束甲烷预混合火焰,在混合气当量比大于 1的富燃料燃烧条件下,空气中形成的预混合火焰结构是内层预混合火焰和外层扩散火焰,极限当量比约为1,解析结果再现了实验现象。     

驻波声场中悬浮临界密度及稳定性研究

本文以声场中物体为研究对象,理论上得到行波和驻波场中的声辐射压力方程.在驻波声场中引入临界悬浮密度概念,可作为物体能否在非线性声场中悬浮的判据,同时给出谐振腔移动速度的最大范围.更进一步,以实验参数作为数值计算的输入来指导实验,并结合实验结果讨论了驻波声场中样品密度和大小、发射面和反射面形状以及两者之间的距离、反射面的尺寸等因素对物体悬浮稳定性的影响,发现当物体尺寸和密度确定时,调控好谐振腔的长度,增加波腹处的声压是提升声悬浮稳定性的有效手段.     

气体火焰驻波演示实验的理论分析

对通过声场使可燃气体产生火焰驻波的波形进行研究,得出火焰驻波在波节处(固定反射端)出现火焰,在波腹处几乎不出现火焰的结论,理论分析与实验观测相符.     

非预混旋流火焰中部熄火及重新稳燃机理研究

本文利用5 kHz同步PIV/OH-PLIF实验装置,结合大涡模拟(LES)耦合PDF燃烧模型,系统研究燃料中心喷射下非预混旋流火焰中部熄火及再次稳燃机理,对比了两种旋流器出口结构的影响.结果 表明,LES-PDF模型可以准确地捕捉到旋流流场分布及火焰形态,包括中部熄火及火焰重新稳定.相比于直燃道的结构,扩张燃道的存在引导了更宽的回流区,改善了中部熄火现象,两种结构对其下游的主火焰再次稳燃高度影响不大.中央燃气射流带来的高标量耗散率使得热损失变大,从而引起中部熄火.同时进一步促进了CH4与空气的预先混合及部分反应前置物(CH2O),为非预混旋流火焰在下游重新稳燃提供了有利条件.通过对火焰再次稳燃处OH反应项及扩散项的分析,发现反应项占据主导地位,部分预混火焰传播为再次稳燃的主要机理.     

拉伸流扩散火焰面结构及熄火的研究

对拉伸层流扩散火焰面进行了数值模拟,考察了在以往湍流燃烧的火焰面模型中,假定Lewis数等于1的可靠性,研究了不同分子扩散和火焰辐射对火焰面结构、氮氧化物排放和熄火临界的影响.计算结果表明,Lewis数等于1的假定在火焰面结构的计算中存在很大的近似性,火焰辐射可以引起低拉伸条件下的熄火临界.     

壁面条件对熄火特性影响的实验研究

利用多孔狭缝喷嘴考察了不同壁面条件对平行平板间甲烷/空气预混火焰熄火的影响规律,并采用表面分析手段探讨了不同材料对熄火特性的影响因素.实验结果表明壁面温度和表面特性都会影响熄火特性,熄火间距随着壁面温度的升高而单调减小,材料不同时熄火间距的差别在低温和高温时较小,在壁温为400℃时最大.化学熄火效应与表面化学吸附的OH...     

壁面附近火焰OH自由基行为的PLIF研究

利用OH-PLIF测试技术在狭缝燃烧器上考察了不同壁面条件对平行平板间甲烷/空气预混火焰壁面附近处OH浓度分布的影响.实验结果表明,随着壁面间距的减小,狭缝火焰出现不稳定传播现象,不同壁面温度下不稳定传播现象不同.壁面附近OH浓度越高,熄火间距越小.壁面附近的OH浓度是决定熄火间距的关键因素,而火焰的OH浓度峰值只表示...     

低热值燃料的滑动弧稳燃实验研究

利用旋流实验台进行了滑动弧稳燃低热值燃料的研究,并探究了滑动弧对低热值燃料的火焰特性及熄火极限的影响规律。实验结果表明：低热值燃料燃烧随着当量比变化可以分为五种典型火焰形态。滑动弧可缩短火焰长度,增大火焰张角,使火焰驻定位置靠近角涡回流区和剪切层,从而增强燃烧稳定性。随着滑动弧的加入,角涡火焰间歇消失的不稳定过渡形态得到了极大的改善。随着空气流量的增加,滑动弧的稳燃效果逐渐减弱。滑动弧可有效拓宽低热值燃料的熄火极限。在空气流量40L/min时,稳燃极限当量比最大拓宽了0.35,熄火极限最大拓宽了0.33。提高滑动弧的输入电压对低热值燃料的熄火极限拓宽明显。     

基于动态二阶矩模型值班火焰的大涡模拟研究

为加深对湍流燃烧现象的认知,检验动态二阶矩(DSOM)模型在非均匀湍流燃烧中的适应性,本文基于DSOM模型对非均匀入口条件的甲烷空气值班火焰进行了大涡模拟。模拟得到的温度和混合分数分布均和实验数据吻合较好,验证了DSOM模型在非均匀湍流燃烧中的适应性。研究结果表明,在x/D=1和x/D=5的位置温度梯度较大处和混合分数梯度较大处不在同一位置;在火焰的基部存在分层预混燃烧,使得火焰的稳定得到加强;在x/D=15下游,火焰存在局部熄火。     

利用气体火焰研究驻波

驻波是一个比较抽象的概念,较难理解,用气体火焰模拟驻波可以让我们更直观的研究声场产生的驻波。实验中发现火焰按波形变化的规律分布,用驻波波函数和伯努利方程对实验现象进行了理论分析,引入压节(波腹)、压腹(波节)解释在两端出现的高火焰现象。实验结果与理论分析接近一致。     

Improving sound diffusion in a reverberation tank using a randomly fluctuating surface

Underwater reverberation environments that satisfy the conditions of uniformity and isotropy of the diffuse field can be used to measure the acoustic characteristics of underwater targets. This study combines two practical indicators — the standard deviation of the absolute sound pressure field (to indicate uniformity) and the analysis of the wavenumber spectrum in the spherical harmonics domain (to indicate isotropy) — for an accurate evaluation of the diffusion of the sound field in a reverberation tank. A method is proposed that can improve the narrow-band diffusion of the sound field by employing a randomly fluctuating surface. An acoustic experiment was performed in a reverberation water tank (1.2 m×1 m×0.8 m), where a randomly fluctuating surface was generated by making waves. The experimental results show that as the wave motion contributes effectively to the random reflection of sound rays in all directions, the uniformity and isotropy are improved significantly when the surface is fluctuating randomly. This work helps to ensure accurate measurements of the characteristics of underwater targets in reverberation tanks.     

Unsteady effects on flame extinction limits during gaseous and two-phase flame/vortex interactions

In highly fluctuating flows, it happens that high values of the strain-rate do not induce extinction of the flame front. Unsteady effects minimize the flame response to rapidly varying strain fields. In the present study, the effects of time-dependent flows on non-premixed flames are investigated during flame/vortex interactions. Gaseous flames and spray flames in the external sheath combustion regime are considered. To analyse the flame/vortex interaction process, the velocity field and the flame geometry are simultaneously determined using particle imaging velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence of the CH radical. The influence of vortex flows on the extinction limits for different vortex parameters and for different gaseous and two-phase flames is examined. If the external perturbation is applied over an extended period of time, the extinction strain-rate is that corresponding to the steady-state flame, and this critical value mainly depends on the fuel and oxidizer compositions and the injection temperature. If the external perturbation is applied during a short period of time, extinction occurs at strain-rates above the steady-state extinction strain-rate. This deviation appears for flow fluctuation timescales below steady flame diffusion timescales. This behaviour is induced by diffusive processes, limiting the ability of the flame to respond to highly fluctuating flows. With respect to unsteady effects, the spray flames investigated in this article behave essentially like gaseous flames, because evaporation takes place in a thin layer before the flame front. Extinction limits are only slightly modified by the spray, controlling process being the competition between aerodynamic and diffusive timescales.     

散热片对变压器声辐射的影响及优化分析*

油浸式配电变压器表面布有大量散热片结构,使得油箱振动声辐射变得复杂。该文研究了散热片结构对油浸式变压器辐射声场的影响,在此基础上提出了散热片结构尺寸的优化措施。建立了考虑流固耦合的变压器振动和声学分析模型,提出了散热片声场效应评判准则,基于模态分析和频响分析探讨了散热片对变压器振动声辐射影响的振动效应、声源效应和声障效应。实验数据和仿真分析结果表明,变压器散热片对变压器振动声辐射的影响不可忽视,尤其是声源效应。采用遗传算法对散热片分布和尺寸参数进行优化分析,计算结果表明,通过优化散热片可以有效降低变压器表面均方振速和辐射声功率,可为变压器噪声控制和优化提供依据。     

Matlab GUI在驻波法测声速实验中的应用

结合教学实际,利用Matlab GUI编写了三个程序,分别用来模拟理想驻波的形成、对比合成声场振幅与声压振幅、模拟驻波法测声速。直观形象的演示,既有助于学生理解实验原理,又可以激发他们的学习兴趣。     

Mean field of a low-frequency sound wave propagating in a fluctuating ocean

Statistical characteristics of low-frequency sound waves propagating over long distances in a fluctuating ocean are important for many practical problems. In this paper, using the theory of multiple scattering, the mean field of a low-frequency sound wave was analytically calculated. In these calculations, the ratio of the sound wavelength and the scale of random inhomogeneities can be arbitrary. Furthermore, the correlation function of inhomogeneities is expressed in terms of a modal spectrum (e.g., internal waves modes). The obtained mean sound field is expressed as a sum of normal modes that attenuate exponentially. It is shown that the extinction coefficients of the modes are linearly related to the spectrum of random inhomogeneities in the ocean. Measurements of the extinction coefficients can therefore be used for retrieving this spectrum. The mean sound field is calculated for both 3D and 2D geometries of sound propagation. The results obtained can be used to study the range of applicability of the 2D propagation model.     

有限长线声源斜面声场分析

为了进一步研究有限长线声源的声场特性,完善有限长线声源声场理论,建立了有限长线声源斜面声场的模型,提出了其理论计算方法。基于仿真结果和数据分析,探讨并得到了有限长线声源斜面声场特性的三个参数与斜面声场特性之间的关系。通过调整斜面倾角α、交点的位置r0以及有限长线声源的长度L,可以有效改善斜面声场的分布。     

飞机机体表面声压及舱内降噪优化设计

本文以某型客机为研究对象,从飞行试验数据分析和声学建模两方面研究机体表面声压分布及其对舱内壁板近场辐射声压的影响。首先根据试飞数据分析了机体表面声压分布,然后利用统计能量法建立飞机客舱中后段的声学模型,以试飞数据作为声源输入,研究机体表面声压分布对客舱内部壁板附近声压分布的影响,并在此基础上提出优化设计方案,通过模型验证优化方案的有效性。试飞数据表明：机体表面声压在后应急门前方、靠近地板处最大;巡航速度升高,声压级较大区域的面积随之增加;巡航高度和发动机N1N2频率变化对机体表面声压级分布无明显影响。仿真数据表明：仅蒙皮结构无法有效降低客舱噪声;对声学降噪包进行优化能增加壁板隔声量,降低舱内声压。     

Sound generation by turbulent pre-mixed flames

Previous work on noise generation by small open burner stabilised turbulent pre-mixed flames, performed elsewhere, showed that such a flame may be represented acoustically as an assembly of monopole sound sources distributed throughout the reaction zone of the flame. Over a limited frequency range a strong correlation was observed between the far field sound pressure and the first time derivative of the heat release rate in the flame. The latter quantity was measured by monitoring the emission intensity of free radicals present in the reaction zone of the flames.The present work was intended to confirm these observations for a single ethylene/air flame and to extend the investigation to a double flame system.Good qualitative and quantitative correlation was observed over a limited frequency range for both single and double flames. The frequencies beyond which the correlation deteriorated were identified and, for the double flame, were found to depend on the spatial separation of the flames.