Age at first marriage and its relation to fertility in Bangladesh

The 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey(BDHS)data are exploited to examine the effects of socioeconomic and demographic factors on age at first marriage linkage to reproductive behavior of Bangladeshi women.The mean age at first marriage of women is found to be 15.48 years.Multivariate logistic regression technique shows that place of residence,religion,region,wealth index,education,and occupation are significantly important factors for determining age at first marriage.The relationship between marriage and fertility suggests that women who marry at a younger age produce more children than women who marry late.Findings of this study show that if the age at first marriage of adolescents is increased by 1 year,the age at first birth is postponed by 0.728 years.With the increase in age at first marriage,the fecundability of women sharply rises,whereas the proportion of temporary sterility decreases.Although there is a positive association between age at first marriage and age-specific marital fertility rates,the total parity per woman at the end of the reproductive period is expected to reduce by 0.196 for each 1-year delayed marriage.     

Simulating potential vegetation distribution in a mountainous region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau:A case study of Barkam County

The main objective of this study is to simulate the potential vegetation types on the basis of environmental parameters.The paper took Barkam County in a mountainous region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau as the study area.The vegetation distribution was mapped in 1994 and 2007 based on TM remote sensing images by object-oriented interpretation method.We overlaid the two maps to find out the vegetation patches which have not changed,and took them as stable types.Fifty per cent of the stable patches were randomly sampled to operate the logistic regression with related environmental parameters;others were used as test data of simulated results.Seven environmental parameters were mapped,including elevation,slope,aspect,surface curvature,solar radiation,temperature and precipitation,based on DEM data and meteorological site data by GIS technology.The relationship between the spatial distribution of vegetation and environmental variables were quantified by logistic regression.The distribution probabilities of each vegetation type were calculated.Finally,the spatial distribution of potential vegetation was simulated.This research can provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration and ecological construction in this area.     

New energy policy and low-carbon society in Japan after the Great East Japan Earthquake

The Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011 devastated the eastern region of Japan.Due to the resulting nuclear accident,Japanese Cabinet decided to revise its energy policies.The Energy and Environment Council in National Policy Unit published options on the nation’s scenarios for energy and economy in 2030.We estimated the economic impacts of the options to national economy and households in 2030.Finally,we clarified significant factors to establish a secure,affluent and low-carbon society based on the energy scenarios.     

Risk evaluation of natural disasters based on connection function

There are many uncertain factors,such as stochastic,fuzzy and gray information in the risk analysis on natural hazard.The set pair analysis(SPA)deals effectively with the various uncertain factors contributing to evaluation of the risk level of natural disasters.The evaluation indicators and standards of natural disasters risk are analyzed by identity-discrepancycontrary(IDC).The result,the connection numbers,still has uncertainty information.Thus,yielding the risk evaluation model of natural disasters based on connection function,which construct a set pair relation between the indicators of connection numbers and comprehensive evaluation standards,and describe uncertainty of the connection numbers by using connection function.The study showed that the proposed model takes into account only the uncertainty of risk evaluation indicator identification on natural disasters,also the uncertainty of result connection numbers.This approach gives full consideration to the uncertainty of systematic evaluation process along with the actual meaning of comprehensive evaluation functions.Therefore,this means it is able to reduce the uncertainty of final evaluation results and improve the accuracy and reasonability of evaluation results.This model is capable of reflecting actual situation of the risk evaluation on natural disaster affected by various uncertain factors and has a promotional value in the natural disaster risk assessment.     

Resources and international climate change policy gridlock

Few other policy zones are as complex as the issue of climate change.If the more pessimistic projections of climate change doom are correct,then the failure to address the issue is likely to be catastrophic and irreversible.The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change has predicted the potential extinction of many species and that the existence of small-island and other vulnerable countries will be threatened if business-as-usual greenhouse gas emissions continue.Climate change is a transboundary problem and requires unprecedented levels of cooperation between states and serious and sustained responses from major emitters.However,the growing demand and consumption of natural resources for continued energy security and cornucopian economic growth have undermined the outcomes of international climate change negotiations.It is argued here that there is a strong connection between the major emitters’positions at United Nations’climate talks,their possessions,dependence and consumption of natural resources,and the continued undermining of international climate change policy for unsustainable growth.This paper assesses the resource politics of the US,China,India,Canada,Russia,and Saudi Arabia and their positions at climate talks to show the link between lack of climate change policy progress and the positions of these main players.     

渤海海洋资源价值量核算的研究

探讨海洋资源核算的目的在于重新建立海洋资源价值观，科学评价、合理开发利用海洋资源，为实施有效的管理、保障区域海洋经济的可持续发展提供依据。以海洋资源分类为基础，构建了水产，港址、海洋石油、海盐、滨海景观、滩涂等海洋资源价值量评估的基本方法。以渤海为研究区域．以2004年为基准年．对上述海洋资源初步进行货币化的价值量核算。结果表明：环渤海地区主要海洋资源价值为8028亿元．相当于当年环渤海地区生产总值的24％；海洋资源价值以港址资源为主。占总价值的38．56％；海洋资源价值主要分布在山东地区。占总价值的47.4％；单位岸线海洋资源价值差异大，其中天津最高为7．84亿元／km；海洋资源开发雷同现象严重．环渤海各地区均以海洋渔业、港口运输业和滨海旅游业为主。     

湖南省汨罗市再生资源产业集群升级研究

随着我国经济快速增长。生态建设和环境保护的形势日益严峻，再生资源产业作为根本解决资源枯竭、能源短缺、环境污染等问题的有效途径，对我国资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设具有重要战略意义。汨罗市再生资源产业历史悠久，已经初步建立起再生资源回收系统、再生资源加工利用系统和废弃物资无害化处置系统．呈现出产业集群发展雏形。针对目前汨罗市再生资源产业集群存在的产业链条短、产品加工度不高、附加值低等问题。必须通过再生资源产业价值链技术创新、链核延伸和链条辐射。实现汨罗市再生资源产业集群的动态升级。加速汨罗市再生资源产业集群区域品牌的形成。为其他地区和城市再生资源产业发展提供重要经验借鉴和发展启示。     

Impact of population dynamics on Margalla Hills Ecosystem:a community-level case study

Margalla Hills National Park(MHNP) is a declared natural reserve of Pakistan,and Saidpur village is located at its foothills.To sustain livelihood,Saidpur community relies on natural resources and has established an intriguing relationship with the surrounding ecosystem.Human intrusion and related impacts were investigated through self-structured questionnaire from village community to gather information about demography,life practices,natural resource use,and their perception about the environment.Quadrat analysis revealed that the overall plant density was<4 plants/m~2,whereas ordination biplot has indicated significant reduction in plant cover and sparse distribution of species in areas close to human settlement.Survey results show that more than 50%families rely on forest wood as fuel source.Logistic regression has identified education paucity(odds ratio,OR=2.6,95%confidence interval,CI=1.0-6.7),large family size(OR= 5.0,95%CI=1.5-16.6),and fuel type(OR=3.5,95%CI=1.2-9.9)as significant predictors of accelerated forest cutting in MHNP.Male members were mostly illiterate and in favor to promote construction activities which reflects their low concern and casual attitude toward resource conservation.In this study,lack of awareness and peoples’ dependency on natural resources emerged as priority challenges,and hence,we suggest provision of alternate fuel sources,better education and sustained income resources as incentives to bring behavioral change.It is pivotal to involve local community before the adoption of any conservation plan as intervention strategy to protect MHNP ecosystem.     

诸永高速公路温州段对楠溪江风景区地貌与植被的影响

运用地理信息系统（GIS）技术，分析了诸永高速公路温州段对楠溪江国家级风景区地貌与植被的影响。结果表明，对地貌的影响主要取决于自然地貌条件和主要工程的工程量，对植被的影响主要取决于沿线或附近地区的自然植被发育状况。在地形复杂、植被发育较好的中低山区的路段，桥梁的修建、路堑的开挖以及隧道弃渣的堆放对公路沿线和附近山谷的地貌影响较大，对乔木、灌木与竹林等植被破坏也较大。在地形相对平坦、植被发育较差的丘陵与河谷地区的路段，路基或互通与服务区的建设对地貌的影响较大，对自然植被的影响较小。基于这些分析，本文提出了减少高速公路对地貌与植被影响的对策建议。     

我国可持续发展进程中企业扶贫状况及对策研究

自我国实施可持续发展战略以来,经济快速发展,社会全面进步,人民生活水平不断提高,但贫困问题依然存在。要彻底实现可持续发展,必须最大限度地消除贫困,这需要政府、企业、群众全社会动员,特别是营利性的企业,更应承担起扶贫济困、造福人民的社会责任。而与国外相比,目前我国企业的慈善捐赠水平不容乐观,政府应给予广泛的舆论宣传引导和相关的政策机制支持。企业进行捐赠回报社会,同时良好的企业形象和强大的社会影响力也给企业带来不可估量的经济效益。正确的企业价值观、良好的企业扶贫机制,使得企业和贫困地区互惠互利,共同发展,共享和谐,实现真正意义上的可持续发展。     

基于水质的水资源模型与水质经济学初探

在对传统的以水量为核心的水资源模型理论与实践矛盾的分析基础上,阐述了水资源社会及自然循环规律,提出城市-流域系统中水资源利用的水质自然与人工再生过程和自然、人工修复的双要素.提出水质再生和水量循环的水资源模型及其假设和约束条件,确定了模型适用的边际条件和范围,据此进一步辨析了城市污水回用与再生水的异同,将再生水置于流域尺度的城市群上下游用户层面,提出污水回用(包括中水利用)是降低需求,再生水是增加总量的基本结论.在以水质为核心的水资源模型基础上,对现有水资源经济学定义进行了修正和补充,提出了水质经济学的基础概念,并讨论了水质经济学指导下的供水服务和价格模型结构,重新定位了再生水的战略并提出以流域水体的净化成本和人工水质改善成本共同形成的全成本高低来表征流域水资源短缺程度的缺水等级划分新思路.     

南水北调东中线受水区水资源与社会经济和谐度评价

南水北调工程是解决我国北方水资源严重短缺的特大型调水工程,合理评价其受水区水资源与社会经济和谐状况,有助于该工程水资源优化配置和合理调度,充分发挥该工程的效益,促进受水区和谐社会的建设。本文在界定水资源与社会经济和谐内涵基础上,构建水资源与社会经济和谐评价指标体系及模型,并对南水北调东中线受水区典型城市进行了评价,本文在参考前人研究成果的基础上,界定水资源与社会经济和谐内涵,以水资源作为投入,社会经济作为产出,结合南水北调东中线受水区典型城市实际,选择供水量、人均GDP等指标,构建水资源与社会经济和谐度评价指标体系,运用数据包络分析方法,以东线受水区济南、天津等8个城市及中线受水区石家庄、北京等8个城市共16个城市为决策评价单元,构建水资源与社会经济和谐度评价模型,考虑投入产出滞后性,根据收集整理的数据对南水北调东中线受水区典型城市进行了评价,结果表明南水北调东中线受水区典型城市水资源与社会经济和谐度差异较大。建议天津、济南、北京、石家庄、徐州等和谐程度低且投入相对冗余、产出相对不足的城市应更加积极采取相应对策措施,尽快促进水资源与社会经济和谐发展。     

基于定额的南水北调工程两部制水价模型研究

南水北调工程是我国水资源合理配置的重要工程,水价问题是南水北调工程的核心问题,利用合理的水价机制调控水价,能有效减少我国水资源的浪费,促进水资源的合理配置.以南水北调工程受水区用水户用水定额为基础,考虑受水区不同的供水保证率和水源区不同供水年份的情况下,建立了基于定额的南水北调工程两部制水价模型.在该两部制水价模型下,既可以保证南水北调工程受水区各用户的基本定额用水需求,还可以在不同的丰、平、枯水年份,南水北调工程供水保持不同的水价:丰水年份水价低、枯水年份水价高.因此,通过该模型计算的水价,能使受水区用水户最大限度地合理使用南水北调工程供水,有利于南水北调工程的良性运行和工程供水资源优化配置,以及受水区多水源水资源的优化配置.     

Analysis of China''s Water Security and Virtual Water Trade

Producing goods and services all needs water consumption. The water used in the process of an agricultural or industrial product is called the "Virtual Water" contained in this product.Through international trade, water-scarce countries and regions could purchase water-intensive products--especially foods, from water-rich countries to balance their water deficits and achieve water safety. China is one of the 13 most water-deficit countries whose water safety have been severely challenged. This paper generalized the recent global research development and made a brief introduction about the methods calculating virtual water content in specific products. As a case study, we qualified China's annual virtual water flows from year 2000 to 2002 with trade in crops, and ended with some policy advice for application and practice of virtual water strategy.     

再生水利用的水权管理研究

通过再生水利用的现状剖析,对再生水利用的社会经济以及环境效益优势进行总结,从基础设施建设、再生水水质管理、政策法规、市场管理体制机制等角度系统剖析再生水利用存在的问题;在此基础上,针对再生水利用现状,基于水权理论,提出再生水利用的水权管理理念,对再生水水权的概念进行界定,从再生水分散式利用、再生水集中式利用以及再生水集蓄利用3种利用形式进行再生水水权分析,从基础设施建设、再生水水质管理、再生水利用的相关政策法规、市场管理体制机制、再生水利用产业化等角度阐述再生水和用的水权管理作用与意义,综合政府行政管制模式、用水户参与模式、水权市场交易模式等3种水权管理的基本模式,探讨再生水利用的水权管理模式.     

Urban Water Supply Industry Marketization of China in View of Public Water Service and Water Resource Management

Started with the discussions on the value orientation of urban water supply industry marketization,the article points out that the current urban water supply industry marketization reform is inconsistent with the goal of public water service equalization to some extent.The article also analyzes the problems emerged in urban water supply industry marketization reform and various reasons in view of efficiency and fairness.An efficiency and fairness oriented management model is built in this article to illustrate how the government should conciliate interests of various communities involved in the process of marketization reform of the urban water supply industry so as to actualize the coordination of efficiency and fairness.At the end,an assumption on urban water price is put forward to help achieve the public water service equalization.     

On the Law Right of the Gas Water of Water Resources

With the development of science and technology, the researches and application of water resources including the gas water have been constantly developed. Through an analysis on the flaws of the water right theory, and by executing reconstruction and renewal of the theory and system of water right in modem society, the water right position of the gas water will be established, leading to the maturity of the whole law effectiveness and substantial results of water right.     

On the Law Right of the Gas Water of Water Resources

Abstract

With the development of science and technology, the researches and application of water resources including the gas water have been constantly developed. Through an analysis on the flaws of the water right theory, and by executing reconstruction and renewal of the theory and system of water right in modern society, the water right position of the gas water will be established, leading to the maturity of the whole law effectiveness and substantial results of water right.     

南水北调中线工程水源区水土保持治理成效

为评估南水北调中线工程水源区的水土保持治理成效,从而为现阶段制定水土保护措施提供科学依据,利用遥感数据分析了水源区39个区县2010～2015年的生态系统变化,基于InVEST模型研究了水源区的土壤保持功能及时空分布.结果 表明,通过实施水土保持林草措施、小流域综合治理等方式,2010～2015年水源区的自然生态空间面积、格局得到了提升优化,水土保持治理成效明显,主要表现在:(1)水源区湿地、灌丛、森林等减缓泥沙流失的“汇”景观类型的面积增幅分别为11.49％、0.29％、0.11％,同时连通性升高,破碎化降低;农田、裸地等促进泥沙流失的“源”景观类型面积减幅分别为2.24％、2.39％,同时连通性下降,破碎化增强;(2)整体上植被恢复显著,植被覆盖度均值从63.06％提高到72.33％;(3)单位面积生态系统土壤保持能力增加了2.74t/hm2,增幅为0.73％,总体上79.34％的区域土壤保持能力提升.值得重视的是,在人口分布较密集汉中盆地、丹江口库周、淅川中部和南部等农田平原地区,还需加强土壤保持治理,可通过在农业景观区域实施植物篱、栽植经济果林等措施,降低耕地、裸地的空间连接度,从而增强土壤保持能力.     

农业节水和南水北调对华北平原可持续水管理的影响

针对华北平原可持续水管理中存在的问题,采用MIKE SHE模型和SD模型耦合的方式,设定现状保持、农业节水和南水北调等3种情景,模拟2014~2028年农业节水和南水北调对华北平原可持续水管理的影响。结果表明：（1）农业节水的实施对华北平原可持续水管理有一定影响,模拟期末的缺水指数下降15.8%,非充分灌溉和减少灌溉量分别使得地下水储量恢复约0.06和0.12 m;（2）南水北调显著降低缺水指数（下降50.7%）,地下水水位和含水层储量出现较大的恢复（含水层储量恢复1.12 m）;（3）华北平原短期内无法解决缺水问题,但通过多种途径结合,倡导节约用水,提高用水效率,引入区域外的水,可以有效地缓解华北平原的缺水问题,保证水资源的可持续利用和发展。