直接序列扩频信号的盲解扩方法

本文首先介绍了一种通过解方程组、计算反馈移位寄存器系数,继而估计直扩信号扩频码序列的方法.在此基础上,本文提出了一种新的直扩信号的盲解扩方法,该方法不需要进行扩频码同步,而且其抗误码性能相对于一些传统方法有所提高.最后通过计算机仿真实验验证了盲解扩方法的正确性.     

直序扩频信号RAKE接收机的改进与实现

对抗移动通信中的衰落效应的措施之一是信号的多径分集接收,多径分集在直序扩频系统中的实现方法就是RAKE接收机技术.为了解决传统RAKE接收机相关器消耗大的问题,给出了一种改进的直序扩频信号RAKE接收机的实现方法,最后给出了部分实测结果.     

Parallel interference cancellation employing RAKE receiver with selection diversity for multiuser asynchronous DS/CDMA detectors in multipath Rayleigh fading channels

In this paper, we propose and analyse parallel CCI multistage cancellation by combining RAKE and selection diversity. In order to account for channel variations, adaptive implementation of decision thresholds at the RAKE output is suggested. It is shown to provide significant improvement over either hard or soft decision techniques especially in the near‐far situation. Investigation of the system robustness to imperfect channel parameter estimation is also presented. The communication channel is modelled as slowly varying Rayleigh fading discrete multipath channel. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Diversity combining for DS/SS systems with time-varying, correlated fading branches

Diversity combining of multiple time varying and correlated fading branches is investigated for direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems. The correlated branches are modeled and estimated jointly as a vector autoregressive (VAR) process. The joint estimation is shown to provide performance gain over separate estimation of the fading branches. The parameter matrices of the VAR model are estimated via the method of expectation maximization (EM) with two algorithms. The first algorithm, using results from Kalman smoothing, provides a closed-form solution to the maximization problem in the iterative EM procedure. However, the iterative EM-Kalman algorithm operates repeatedly on a batch of training data and results in large storage requirements and long processing delays. To overcome these disadvantages, a new algorithm with only forward-time recursions is proposed that approximates the iterative EM solution and efficiently adapts to slowly changing Doppler spreads. As a result, the new algorithm significantly reduces memory and training sequence requirements. Through computer simulations, a near ideal bit-error rate performance is found for both algorithms, and the efficacy of the new adaptive algorithm for channels with changing Doppler spreads is demonstrated.     

A Blind RAKE Receiver With Robust Multiuser Interference Cancelation for DS/CDMA Communications

In this paper, a blind RAKE receiver with robust multiuser access interference cancellation is presented for frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. In contrast to a conventional receiver, here, only knowledge of the spreading code and rough timing of the desired user is required. By investigating the code space of the multipath signals and the data vector space, a RAKE filtering vector is developed to extract the desired data from all the paths of the desired user. Our proposed technique not only exploits the characteristics of multipath propagation but also the characteristics of timing offsets that may occur in the receiver, to facilitate the application of a blind linear filter-optimization technique for robust interference suppression. Based on the RAKE filtering vector, interference rejection is implemented by using the auxiliary-vector (AV) technique. Our approach, however, effectively overcomes the sensitivity of the original AV method to multipath propagation and timing offsets. To mitigate the signal cancellation at relatively high signal-to-interference and noise ratios (SINR) resulting from the estimation errors of the RAKE filtering vector, robust strategies are introduced in addition to the linear filter optimization. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.     

Combined adaptive RAKE diversity (ARD) and coding for DPSK DS/CDMAmobile radio

A diversity combining scheme, adaptive RAKE diversity (ARD), is proposed for a differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) direct sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) mobile communications system. The ARD scheme minimizes the mean squared errors in the diversity combiner output. This suppresses the effects of the interference only paths in the time window for path diversity combining. Bit error rate (BER) performances with the proposed ARD and conventional equal gain combining (EGC) schemes are evaluated through laboratory experiments and compared. Block error rate (BKER) performance with the ARD scheme is also evaluated experimentally. Based upon the BKER evaluation results, an error correction scheme is proposed that is suitable for error occurrence characteristics of ARD output     

Proposal of an interference cancellation receiver with lowcomplexity for DS/CDMA mobile communication systems

The main targets of any direct-sequence code division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) mobile communication system are to overcome the multipath fading influences as well as the near/far effect and to increase the capacity. Many optimal and suboptimal detection approaches have been proposed and analyzed in the literature. Unfortunately, most of them share the drawback of requiring a complex implementation and do not represent a practical solution. This paper proposes a simple interference cancellation receiver for applications in DS/CDMA uplink communications. This receiver allows users to overcome the near/far effect and to enhance the system capacity. Differently from previous methods, the interference cancellation is performed on a one-shot basis. The performance of the proposed interference cancellation receiver is derived through computer simulations. However, a suitable analytical approach is also presented in the appendix in order to evaluate the bit error rate (BER) performance in the particular case of synchronous users and the transmission channel being affected only by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The good behavior of the proposed approach is demonstrated by means of comparisons in terms of the BER performance and implementation complexity with the classical RAKE receiver and different multiuser receivers previously proposed in the literature on this subject     

A diversity combining DS/CDMA system with convolutional encodingand Viterbi decoding

Averaged diversity combining is applied to an asynchronous DS/CDMA system using convolutional encoding and Viterbi decoding. A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code is included in the scheme to trigger retransmission requests. Multiple received packets are combined on a bit by bit basis to form a single, more reliable packet. The error correcting decoder operates on the combined packet, as opposed to the most recently received individual packet (e.g., as in a type-I hybrid ARQ protocol), substantially increasing the probability of acceptance with each additional transmission. We show that the proposed technique allows a significant increase in the CDMA system capacity, throughput, and reliability     

基于E-PASTd的直扩信号盲扩频码估计算法

基于增强的压缩投影近似子空间跟踪（E-PASTd）的盲扩频码估计算法具有低运算量、低存储量和易于硬件实现的优点。介绍了基于E-PASTd的盲扩频码估计算法并分析了这种算法性能不理想的原因,针对性地提出了解决这些问题的3个措施,包括增加接收信号时间窗宽度、权向量归一化和主动延时信号。提出了一种改进的基于E-PASTd的盲扩频码估计算法,并仿真验证了改进算法的有效性。     

A digital DS spread-spectrum receiver with joint channel andDoppler shift estimation

A digital spread-spectrum receiver design is presented for communication over multipath channels with severe Doppler shifts. The characteristics of the underwater channel relevant to spread-spectrum system design are discussed, and a channel model for short-range communications (less than 10 km) is defined. The receiver considered uses a digital coherent RAKE combiner, coupled with an extended Kalman filter (EKF)-based estimator for channel parameters and pseudonoise code delay. Receiver performance is evaluated by computing average bit-error rate (BER) versus iterations of the EKF joint estimator, using both fixed and time-varying channels. It is shown that the BER obtained using the EKF joint estimator closely tracks the optimum BER obtained when the channel, delay, and Doppler parameters are known exactly. Finally, the Cramer-Rao lower bound for time-invariant joint channel, delay, and Doppler estimation is derived, and compared with the ensemble averaged mean-squared error of the EKF estimator     

Adaptive MMSE receiver with beamforming for DS/CDMA systems

The minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) receiver is a linear filter which can suppress multiple access interference (MAI) effectively in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (CDMA) communications. An antenna array is also an efficient scheme for suppressing MAI and improving the system performance. In this letter, we consider an adaptive MMSE receiver in conjunction with beamforming in CDMA systems employing an antenna array. The proposed structure is featured as a low complexity receiver, which adapts the MMSE filter coefficients and the beamforming weights simultaneously. However, it does require the channel state information and the direction of arrival (DOA) of the desired user signal. As a result, we propose two adaptation methods to perform joint channel estimation and signal detection without any training sequence. It is demonstrated that the two proposed methods achieve similar bit-error-rate performance. More importantly, their performance degradation compared with the case with perfect channel information is small.     

A generalized RAKE receiver for interference suppression

Currently, a global third-generation cellular system based on code-division multiple-access (CDMA) is being developed with a wider bandwidth than existing second-generation systems. The wider bandwidth provides increased multipath resolution in a time-dispersive channel, leading to higher frequency-selectivity. A generalized RAKE receiver for interference suppression and multipath mitigation is proposed. The receiver exploits the fact that time dispersion significantly distorts the interference spectrum from each base station in the downlink of a wideband CDMA system. Compared to the conventional RAKE receiver, this generalized RAKE receiver may have more fingers and different combining weights. The weights are derived from a maximum likelihood formulation, modeling the intracell interference as colored Gaussian noise. This low-complexity detector is especially useful for systems with orthogonal downlink spreading codes, as orthogonality between own cell signals cannot be maintained in a frequency-selective channel. The performance of the proposed receiver is quantified via analysis and simulation for different dispersive channels, including Rayleigh fading channels. Gains on the order of 1-3.5 dB are achieved, depending on the dispersiveness of the channel, with only a modest increase in the number of fingers. For a wideband CDMA (WCDMA) system and a realistic mobile radio channel, this translates to capacity gains of the order of 100%     

HOS AND GA BASED INTERFERENCE REJECTION IN DS SS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

A new interference rejection filter based on Higher Order Statistics (HOS)and Genetic Algorithm(GA) is introduced.The advantages over the adaptive filters based on second-order statistics or gradient algorithm are shown throrgh computer simulation.     

Blind decorrelating RAKE receivers for long-code WCDMA

The problem of blind and semiblind channel estimation and symbol detection is considered for long-code wideband code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, including systems with multirate and multicode transmissions. A decorrelating matched filter, implemented efficiently in state-space, eliminates multiaccess interference and produces a bank of vector processes. Each vector process spans a one-dimensional (1-D) subspace from which channel parameters and data symbols of one user are estimated jointly by least squares. A new identifiability condition is established, which suggests that channels unidentifiable, in short-code CDMA systems are almost surely identifiable when aperiodic spreading codes are used. The decorrelating matched filter is implemented efficiently based on time-varying state-space realizations that exploit the structure of sparsity of the code matrix. The mean square error of the estimated channel is compared to the Cramer-Rao bound, and a bit error rate (BER) expression for the proposed algorithm is presented.     

一种直扩信号相关检测方法

本文对低信噪比直接序列扩频（DS／SS）信号的检测提出了设计方案和算法。提出的频域自适应抑制窄带信号过程中对存在的DS／SS信号的损失相对较小，提出的数字滑动窗积分自相关算法能大大缩短检测时间，并结合实验系统给出了检测概率的统计性能。     

三阶相关在检测直接序列扩频信号中的应用研究

针对传统直扩信号检测方法的不足,提出了一种更加有效的方法,即三阶相关检测法,并对这种方法进行了理论分析和计算机仿真.仿真结果表明这种方法能够在接收信号长度小于一个扩频码周期的情况下,并且在低信噪比传输环境中,检测出直扩信号扩频码的周期和产生扩频码序列的本原多项式.     

A Neural Network Approach to Blind Estimation of PN Spreading Sequence in DS/SS Signals

As the power spectrum density of direct sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS or DS), signals is often much lower than the noises’, the DS signals have the ability to resist interception and interference. But in point of fact, if we have get some parameters of the DS signals, including information symbol period, chip period of the pseudo noise (PN) sequence, we can estimate the PN sequence in DS signals blindly, this has great value for management or interception of DS communications. Ref.[1…     

直序扩频通信中码元同步的快速捕获

讨论基于软件无线电技术的直序扩频通信码元捕获的快速算法。利用PN序列尖锐的自相关特性,通过中频接收信号与本地匹配滤波器的循环相关完成码元捕获,给出了循环相关的两种快速算法,并分析了正确捕获概率及平均捕获时间。特别适用于信噪比较低、对设备体积及功耗限制严格的通信系统中     

FPGA-based architecture and implementation techniques of a low-complexity hybrid RAKE receiver for a DS-UWB communication system

In this paper, the architecture of a low-complexity Direct Sequence Ultra-Wideband (DS-UWB) receiver subsystem which incorporates a Channel Estimator (CE) and a novel hybrid Partial/Selective (HPS) maximal ratio combining (MRC) RAKE receiver is presented. Three different design techniques followed by FPGA implementation are investigated and compared and system performance results are provided. The proposed architectures combine the benefits of both partial and selective RAKE receiver algorithms and the obtained results demonstrate the trade-off between energy capture, performance and receiver complexity. All design approaches focus on a highly parallel, modular and optimized for high performance system which is necessary for demanding and low-cost applications of UWB communications.