A highly conserved neutralizing epitope on group 2 influenza A viruses

Current flu vaccines provide only limited coverage against seasonal strains of influenza viruses. The identification of V(H)1-69 antibodies that broadly neutralize almost all influenza A group 1 viruses constituted a breakthrough in the influenza field. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody CR8020 with broad neutralizing activity against most group 2 viruses, including H3N2 and H7N7, which cause severe human infection. The crystal structure of Fab CR8020 with the 1968 pandemic H3 hemagglutinin (HA) reveals a highly conserved epitope in the HA stalk distinct from the epitope recognized by the V(H)1-69 group 1 antibodies. Thus, a cocktail of two antibodies may be sufficient to neutralize most influenza A subtypes and, hence, enable development of a universal flu vaccine and broad-spectrum antibody therapies.     

Xeroderma pigmentosum group E cells lack a nuclear factor that binds to damaged DNA

The disease xeroderma pigmentosum is characterized by deficient repair of damaged DNA. Fusions of cells from different patients have defined nine genetic complementation groups (A through I), implying that DNA repair in humans involves multiple gene products. In this report, an extension of the gel electrophoresis binding assay was used to identify at least one nuclear factor that (i) bound to DNA damaged by ultraviolet radiation or the antitumor drug cisplatin, but (ii) was notably absent in cells from complementation group E. Therefore, the factor appears to participate in a versatile DNA repair pathway at the stage of binding and recognition.     

A Plasmodium falciparum antigen that binds to host erythrocytes and merozoites

Antigens that bind to erythrocytes were identified in the supernatant fluids of a cultured human malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum). A 175-kilodalton (175K) antigen bound only to erythrocytes susceptible to invasion. The 175K antigen from the Camp or the FCR-3 strain also bound to merozoites. However, the antigen did not bind to merozoites when merozoites and supernatant antigens were from different strains unless proteinase inhibitors were present. Moreover, erythrocytes coated with supernatant antigens from the Camp or FCR-3 strain were invaded normally by merozoites of the homologous strain but were partially resistant to invasion by merozoites of the heterologous strain. The 175K antigen may be a receptor acting as a "bridge" between erythrocytes and merozoites.     

A potent and broad neutralizing antibody recognizes and penetrates the HIV glycan shield

The HIV envelope (Env) protein gp120 is protected from antibody recognition by a dense glycan shield. However, several of the recently identified PGT broadly neutralizing antibodies appear to interact directly with the HIV glycan coat. Crystal structures of antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) PGT 127 and 128 with Man(9) at 1.65 and 1.29 angstrom resolution, respectively, and glycan binding data delineate a specific high mannose-binding site. Fab PGT 128 complexed with a fully glycosylated gp120 outer domain at 3.25 angstroms reveals that the antibody penetrates the glycan shield and recognizes two conserved glycans as well as a short β-strand segment of the gp120 V3 loop, accounting for its high binding affinity and broad specificity. Furthermore, our data suggest that the high neutralization potency of PGT 127 and 128 immunoglobulin Gs may be mediated by cross-linking Env trimers on the viral surface.     

从噬菌体随机七肽库中筛选抗H3N2亚型犬流感病毒多肽的研究

【目的】以纯化的H3N2亚型犬流感病毒HA1蛋白为作用靶点,从噬菌体随机七肽库中筛选出具有抗流感病毒活性的亲和多肽.【方法】运用噬菌体展示技术,以纯化的H3N2亚型犬流感病毒HA1蛋白为作用靶点,从噬菌体随机七肽库中筛选HA1蛋白亲和多肽,并对获得的多肽进行鸡胚水平和细胞水平抗H3N2亚型流感病毒活性验证.【结果和结论】经过4轮体外亲和筛选获得了6条HA1蛋白亲和多肽,6条多肽对H3N2亚型流感病毒有不同程度的抗病毒活性,其中以HA-4的抗病毒活性最强.试验结果表明噬菌体随机肽库技术能够应用于抗病毒研究.     

不同因素对接种甲流疫苗献血者高效价甲流抗体产生的影响及意义

目的探讨不同因素对接种甲流疫苗献血者高效价甲流抗体产生的影响。方法用ELISA法检测东莞市986例接种甲流疫苗的无偿献血者的抗H1N1IgG,同时应用效价为320的高效价对照血清光密度作为筛查高效价甲流抗体血清的参照值。结果高效价率和高效价S／CO值在不同性别和年龄组间差异无统计学意3L（P〉0．05）,但接种时间71—90姐的高效价率和高效价S／CO值明显高于接种时间31～50d和51～70d组（P〈0．05）。结论高效价甲流抗体的产生与接种时间有关,而与性别、年龄无关。     

2009～2013年广西H1N1和H3N2亚型猪流感病毒血清学调查

[目的]了解广西H1N1和H3N2亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)的存在形势及其流行规律,为下一步有效监测和防控猪流感(SI)提供理论依据和原始溯源.[方法]对2009～2013年于广西11个地级市的屠宰场、规模化养猪场和个体养殖户采集的1170份猪血清进行血凝抑制(HI)试验检测,统计欧洲禽源H1N1 (EA-H1N1)亚型和新型人源重组H3N2(Hu-H3N2)亚型4株毒株(LB 144和BB2、NNXD和JGB4)的抗体阳性率,并分析H1N1和H3N2亚型毒株的存在形势及其流行规律.[结果]2009～2013年,EA-H1N1亚型LB144毒株的平均抗体阳性率高达20.68％,且保持稳定,是广西地区主要的流行毒株;Hu-H3N2亚型JGB4毒株从2010年开始流行,且呈逐渐蔓延的趋势,平均抗体阳性率为19.96％.广西北海、南宁、玉林、贺州、桂林、贵港和柳州市受到EA-H1N1和Hu-H3N2亚型毒株多重感染,且感染程度较严重;百色、河池和防城港市的感染程度相对较低.育肥猪最易感染SIV,尤其是BB2和JGB4毒株,其抗体阳性率分别达66.00％和40.00％.EA-H1N1亚型毒株间的交叉感染阳性率(21.52％)略低于Hu-H3N2亚型毒株间的交叉感染阳性率(27.45％),而两株不同亚型毒株交叉感染时以BB2与JGB4毒株的交叉感染阳性率最高(16.23％),3株交叉感染时以BB2、NNXD和JGB4毒株间的交叉感染阳性率最高(11.60％),4株同时交叉感染阳性率也有6.96％.[结论]广西猪群已普遍存在EA-H1N1和Hu-H3N2亚型毒株混合感染的现象,尤其是地处两省边界上的地级市感染更严重,并以育肥猪和保育猪较易感.因此在SI防控工作中,除做好哺乳仔猪和种猪的日常管理外,还应减少保育猪的外来应激,适当调整育肥猪的饲养密度,以减少新型SIV重组毒株的产生.     

抗A型禽流感病毒核蛋白特异性单克隆抗体研究

利用禽流感H9亚型病毒(AIV-H9)免疫Balb/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞进行融合,经免疫荧光试验(IFA)检测,以研制抗禽流感病毒(AIV)单克隆抗体。结果获得了5株特异性抗AIV核蛋白(NP)的单克隆抗体细胞株,分别命名为AIV-NP-2C3、AIV-NP-6A5、AIV-NP-3H9、AIV-NP-7B4、AIV-NP-2H4。这5株单克隆抗体能与所有试验的AIV-H9病毒反应,Western blotting方法鉴定结果表明,单克隆抗体仅识别60 ku的蛋白抗原,而不与新城疫病毒、禽网状内皮组织增殖症病毒、传染性法氏囊病毒等反应。初步应用结果显示,以这些单克隆抗体建立的间接免疫荧光试验或ELISA方法可迅速检测出禽流感病毒,这些单克隆抗体在禽流感的预防监测中将发挥重要的作用。     

H3N2亚型猪流感病毒NS1基因的克隆与序列分析

从鸡胚尿囊液中提取H3N2亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)的RNA,根据已发表的A型流感病毒的核苷酸序列,设计了一对特异性引物,采用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)成功地扩增了SIV的NS1基因．将NS1基因的cDNA克隆后进行了序列测定,测序结果表明,所扩增的778 nt片段包含了完整的NS1基因的开放阅读框．核苷酸序列比较分析结果表明,该毒株与A／Swine／Texas／4199-2／98(H3N2)、A／Swine／Iowa／533／99(H3N2)、A／Swine／HongKong／126／ 82(H3N2)、A／Swine／Pingtung／7-12／99(HIN2)核苷酸序列的同源性为92．7％～98．6％,推导的氨基酸序列同源性为92．6％～96．3％．     

Monoclonal antibody to Thy-1 enhances regeneration of processes by rat retinal ganglion cells in culture

Ganglion cells were dissociated from postnatal rat retinas, identified by specific fluorescent labels, and maintained in culture on a variety of substrates. Regeneration of processes by retinal ganglion cells was enhanced when the cells were plated on glass coated with a monoclonal antibody against the Thy-1 determinant. Plain glass and glass coated with polylysine, collagen, fibronectin, or other monoclonal antibodies supported the growth of neural processes, but were less effective than antibody to Thy-1.     

禽流感灭活抗原与佐剂配合鼻腔免疫对鸡呼吸道抗体分泌细胞的影响

分别在禽流感灭活抗原(H5N2)中添加黏膜免疫佐剂CpG(CpG佐剂组)和重组IL-2(IL佐剂组),经过鼻腔免疫鸡群后研究呼吸道各段抗体分泌细胞的分布和数量变化.结果发现:在鼻腔免疫后第3周和第5周CpG佐剂组肺单位视野中IgA分泌细胞面积显著高于对照组(生理盐水)(P＜0.05),CpG佐剂组和IL佐剂组肺和气管、气管叉单位视野中IgG分泌细胞面积和数量均显著或极显著高于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);免疫后第5周和第7周CpG佐剂组气管和气管叉单位视野中IgA分泌细胞面积显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).免疫后第7周2个试验组气管叉中IgG分泌细胞数量极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);而单独应用禽流感灭活抗原在鼻腔免疫后呼吸道中IgA分泌细胞面积和IgG分泌细胞数量与对照组均无显著差异.结果表明:鼻腔免疫添加了佐剂的禽流感(H5N2)灭活抗原能够增加呼吸道中IgA分泌细胞面积和IgG分泌细胞数量,提高局部呼吸道体液免疫应答水平.     

禽流感灭活抗原与佐剂配合饮水免疫对鸭消化道抗体分泌细胞的影响

为探讨鸭源禽流感灭活抗原与佐剂配合饮水免疫雏鸭的效果,应用鸭源禽流感灭活抗原与复合黏膜免疫佐剂(CpG和/或葡萄糖)饮水免疫雏鸭,检测消化道(主要是咽和小肠)抗体分泌细胞的变化。首先分别从鸭的胆汁和血清中粗提免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和IgG,经纯化后制备了兔抗鸭IgA和IgG,然后应用免疫组化技术显示鸭消化道IgA和IgG分泌细胞。试验结果表明:用禽流感灭活抗原配合CpG和/或葡萄糖饮水免疫后3、5和7周,消化道黏膜局部IgA分泌细胞面积均显著或极显著增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),IgG分泌细胞(除首免后第3和7周小肠外)极显著升高(P<0.01)。而单独用禽流感灭活抗原和用葡萄糖配合禽流感灭活抗原饮水免疫对消化道局部免疫水平影响不大。结论:鸭源禽流感灭活抗原配合免疫佐剂饮水免疫能够提高雏鸭消化道局部免疫水平。     

Electrical recordings from meningioma cells during cytolytic action of antibody and complement

Resting membrane potential and total cell resistance of human meningioma cells in tissue culture have been measured with fine microelectrodes. Addition of either antiserum inactivated with heat or control serum from normal rabbits produced small depolarizations (2 to 4 millivolts) with no discernible ( 5 percent) change in resistance. Addition of antiserums with complement, however, produced larger depolarizations and decreases in resistance before any changes in cell morphology were visible with light microscopy; as cytoplasmic swelling progressed, membrane potential dropped close to zero, and resistance decreased five- to tenfold. The electrical recording technique may be useful in the study of sublethal as well as lethal damage to immune cells and, in particular, may permit temporal resolution of damaging events and repair mechanisms in a single cell.     

A complex with chromatin modifiers that occupies E2F- and Myc-responsive genes in G0 cells

E2F-6 contributes to gene silencing in a manner independent of retinoblastoma protein family members. To better elucidate the molecular mechanism of repression by E2F-6, we have purified the factor from cultured cells. E2F-6 is found in a multimeric protein complex that contains Mga and Max, and thus the complex can bind not only to the E2F-binding site but also to Myc- and Brachyury-binding sites. Moreover, the complex contains chromatin modifiers such as a novel histone methyltransferase that modifies lysine 9 of histone H3, HP1gamma, and Polycomb group (PcG) proteins. The E2F-6 complex preferentially occupies target promoters in G0 cells rather than in G1 cells. These data suggest that these chromatin modifiers contribute to silencing of E2F- and Myc-responsive genes in quiescent cells.     

A heparin-binding growth factor secreted by macrophage-like cells that is related to EGF.

Macrophage-like U-937 cells secrete a 22-kilodalton heparin-binding growth factor that is mitogenic for BALB-3T3 fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, but not endothelial cells. The amino acid sequence predicted from complementary DNA clones indicates that the mitogen is a new member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family. This heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) binds to EGF receptors on A-431 epidermoid carcinoma cells and smooth muscle cells, but is a far more potent mitogen for smooth muscle cells than is EGF. HB-EGF is also expressed in cultured human macrophages and may be involved in macrophage-mediated cellular proliferation.     

抗鸭IL-2单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

用纯化的重组鸭IL-2蛋白免疫BALB/c 小鼠,取其脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,对杂交瘤细胞进行筛选,阳性孔经三次有限稀释法克隆,成功获得5株能稳定传代并分泌抗鸭IL-2单克隆抗体(mAb)的杂交瘤细胞,分别命名为:1H4、2B3、4G12、5F6、5H6,其中一株对鸡IL-2具有交叉反应性.各单克隆抗体腹水间接ELISA效价在1∶32000～1∶512000之间,抗体类型除mAb 5H6为IgG2a亚类外,其余4株mAb均为IgG1亚类,5株mAb的轻链都为κ链.经Western-blot分析表明,所获得的5株抗鸭IL-2单克隆抗体与鸭IL-2具有反应性,推测它们是针对序列决定簇的.     

The actin-binding protein profilin binds to PIP2 and inhibits its hydrolysis by phospholipase C

Profilin is generally thought to regulate actin polymerization, but the observation that acidic phospholipids dissociate the complex of profilin and actin raised the possibility that profilin might also regulate lipid metabolism. Profilin isolated from platelets binds with high affinity to small clusters of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) molecules in micelles and also in bilayers with other phospholipids. The molar ratio of the complex of profilin with PIP2 is 1:7 in micelles of pure PIP2 and 1:5 in bilayers composed largely of other phospholipids. Profilin competes efficiently with platelet cytosolic phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C for interaction with the PIP2 substrate and thereby inhibits PIP2 hydrolysis by this enzyme. The cellular concentrations and binding characteristics of these molecules are consistent with profilin being a negative regulator of the phosphoinositide signaling pathway in addition to its established function as an inhibitor of actin polymerization.