粗糙度对被动微波遥感反演土壤水分影响的试验研究

土壤水分是气象预报、农情监测及水文模型的重要参数之一,利用被动微波遥感技术可以有效获取土壤水分。本文分析被动微波遥感反演土壤水分的国内外研究现状,在前人相关理论与方法的研究基础之上,基于土壤的微波辐射特性,通过双波段(C、Ku)微波辐射计对不同水分、不同表面粗糙度的土壤微波辐射特性进行了试验研究,分析土壤湿度与微波发射率、土壤粗糙度与微波遥感指数之间的定量关系,并建立了土壤湿度与微波发射率、粗糙度与微波遥感指数间的经验模型。     

山区地形效应对微波辐射特征与土壤水分反演的影响—以青藏高原地区为例

采用星载微波辐射计AMSR-E的低频C波段(6.925GHz),改进了山区微波辐射传输方程,以中国青藏高原地区为例,研究山区可能产生的多种地形效应对微波辐射特征以及土壤水分反演的影响。结果表明,地形效应使得垂直极化亮温最多衰减达到16K,水平极化的亮温最大增强了18K,土壤水分在地形的影响下将被高估超过最大允许误差4%。最后,利用地形效应模拟模型计算的山区地表有效发射率,为山区土壤水分的反演提出了可行的地形校正方法。     

变角度下主被动微波遥感联合降尺度方法

被动微波遥感土壤水分空间分辨率低,无法满足干旱监测、洪水预测以及灌溉管理等区域水利和农业等行业应用需求。中国在民用空间基础设施中规划论证的"陆地水资源卫星"搭载了雷达和辐射计主被动一体化微波载荷,通过主被动联合降尺度可以获取高分辨率(～5 km)的土壤水分,但其采用了一维合成孔径技术,主被动微波传感器观测的地面入射角是变化的,这给土壤水分反演及降尺度带来诸多挑战。本文从主被动微波遥感的物理机理和谱分析两种角度出发,利用闪电河流域的航空飞行试验数据,分析研究了基于主被动微波观测时间序列回归分析和基于谱分析的降尺度算法在辐射计和雷达入射角不同时的适用性。结果表明,在辐射计入射角度22.5°—27.5°时,基于主被动微波观测时间序列回归分析方法在27.5°时降尺度的结果最好,V极化和H极化的RMSE分别为7.57 K和7.46 K。基于谱分析方法在辐射计入射角度为22.5°和25°时得到的降尺度结果较好,V极化和H极化的最小RMSE分别为7.13 K和6.61 K,比基于主被动微波观测时间序列回归分析方法分别降低了0.44 K和0.85 K。基于主被动时间序列观测回归分析的降尺度方法,依赖于主被动微波观测的时间序列观测,当时序观测较短时,可能会因为回归分析的不稳定对降尺度结果造成较大的影响,而基于谱分析的降尺度方法则不需要依赖于长时间的时序观测。     

机载L波段主被动一体化微波探测仪辐射计定标

遥感试验是进行遥感原理的验证、遥感模型与反演方法的发展、遥感产品的真实性检验,推动卫星计划的论证实施及其观测在地球系统科学中应用的重要途径。在闪电河流域水循环与能量平衡遥感综合试验中,利用机载L波段主被动一体化微波探测仪开展了以土壤水分为首要目标的大型航空遥感试验。其中,被动探测部分即微波辐射计采用微带天线,辅以机械扫描方式进行多角度成像观测。为有效支撑微波辐射计数据的处理及定量反演,必须对机载微波辐射计进行实时定标,本文采用分步定标法进行辐射亮温的定标,即在实验室对定标链路中的噪声源进行定标,得出对应的辐射亮温;飞行试验中,利用该两个参考点得到辐射计输出电压和亮温的关系,同时选取试验区域附近的水体作为外定标参考点,进行定标方程的修正。结果表明,机载辐射亮温与地面参考点(草地)模拟亮温比较吻合,二者对比结果显示均方根误差最小为0.93 K (2018-09-26,H极化),无偏均方根误差最小为0.96 K (2018-09-24,V极化),有效支撑了国产L波段微波辐射计相关卫星计划的论证以及后续的定量反演与降尺度等相关研究工作的开展。     

中国西部地区基于经验模型的土壤水分反演

地表土壤水分含量的时空分布信息是十分重要的,常常作为水文模型、气候模型、生态模型的输入参数,同时,也是干旱预报、农作物估产等工作的重要指标。被动微波遥感是监测土壤含水量最有效的手段之一。相比红外与可见光,它具有波长长,穿透能力强的优势。相比主动微波雷达,被动微波辐射计具有监测面积大、周期短,受粗糙度影响小,对土壤水分更为敏感,算法更为成熟的优势。目前,已研究出许多反演土壤水分的方法.本课题的主要内容是借助AMSR-E土壤水分影像数据、MODIS归一化植被指数(NDVI)影像数据和MODIS分类影像数据,利用ENVI软件进行遥感图像数据处理,运用统计分析方法建立NDVI与土壤水分的经验模型,研究中国西部地区稀疏植被覆盖区土壤水分的反演。     

神舟四号飞船微波辐射计定标和检验（Ⅰ）——微波辐射计外定标

文中针对神舟四号飞船辐射计 (RAD)的在轨定标特点 ,提出一种替代外定标方案 ,即利用地球表面典型地物的微波辐射对RAD的不同通道重新进行定标。选取了全球大洋开阔海域的浮标、星载微波辐射计产品和小岛上气象探空数据 ,通过理论计算得出的亮温作为辐射计测量的低端。利用南美洲热带雨林亮温作为高端 ,重新给出了RAD定标方程。同时 ,为了确定定标的效果 ,分别与国外星载微波辐射计相同或相近通道的亮温进行了比较。另外还结合南海地面配合试验的测量结果对辐射计定标数据进行了分析。     

利用最冷目标地物替代法计算Jason-2微波辐射计的年度漂移

本文研究最冷目标地物替代法计算Jason-2微波辐射计JMR年度漂移。针对Jason-2卫星微波辐射计(JMR),利用微波辐射计传输模型,建立JMR 3个通道的全球最低亮温观测值的理论计算模型,模拟其3通道全球地物观测最冷亮温;基于2008年—2012年Jason-2地球物理数据(GDR)产品中全球对地观测亮温序列和模型计算的最冷亮温,建立亮温序列的最小观测亮温统计模型,查找全球地物观测最冷亮温序列;根据地物年度变化特性,建立光谱分析模型,去除最冷亮温序列的年度谐波;去除年度谐波后,采用线性拟合的方法外推最冷亮温序列的理论最小值,并据此计算Jason-2微波辐射计仪器的年度漂移量。     

利用主被动微波遥感结合反演土壤水分的理论模型分析

为了更好地进行土壤水分反演,发展了一种基于热带降雨观测计划(TRMM)的主被动微波结合反演裸露地表土壤水分的算法.为了提高反演精度,同时利用TRMM搭载的测雨雷达(PR)和微波成像仪(TMI)进行观测.另外,针对PR/TMI数据,还建立了包含大范围的土壤水分和粗糙度参数的AIEM模型数据库.通过分析AIEM模型对地表后...     

全极化微波辐射计对环境参数敏感性分析

为衡量全极化微波辐射计各通道对不同环境参数的探测能力,在构建全极化微波辐射传输正演模型的基础上,采用敏感性分析的方法,在固定背景场条件下,对全极化微波辐射计不同频率、各极化通道亮温对海面风速、海面风向、海面温度、大气水汽含量和云中液态水含量等重要环境参数的敏感度进行了分析和量化计算,对正演模型仿真亮温、星载全极化微波辐射计Wind Sat实测亮温相对于真实背景场参数、NCEP分析场资料和TAO/TRITON浮标实测海面风场数据的敏感性进行了分析。分析结果验证了全极化微波辐射计对海面风场的观测能力,衡量了上述重要环境参数对星载全极化微波辐射计各通道的单独影响程度,为中国自主研制全极化微波辐射计时通道指标设计、环境参数反演通道选取及算法提供支持。     

地物的微波辐射与红外辐射的对比试验

1980年9月在天津-渤海湾地区的环境遥感试验中,我们在米-8直升机上安装了中国科学院长春物理研究所研制的10厘米微波辐射计和日本制红外辐射计(ER-2007型),     

Intercomparison of two trapezoid-based soil moisture downscaling methods using three scaling factors

This paper compared two soil moisture downscaling methods using three scaling factors. Level 3 soil moisture product of advanced microwave scanning radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) is downscaled from 25 to 1?km. The downscaled results are compared with the soil moisture observations from polarimetric scanning radiometer (PSR) microwave radiometer and field sampling. The results show that (1) the scaling factor of normalized soil thermal inertia (NSTIs) and vegetation temperature condition index (VTCI) are better than soil evaporative efficiency in reflecting soil moisture; (2) for method 1, NSTIS is the best in the downscaling of soil moisture. For method 2, VTCI is the best; (3) no significant differences of the correlation coefficients (R²) and the biases were found between the two methods for the same scaling factors. However, method 2 shows a better potential than method 1 in the time-series applications of the downscaling of soil moisture; (4) compared with the relationship between the area-averaged soil moisture of AMSR-E and that of PSR, R² of the 6 sets of the downscaled soil moisture almost do not decrease, which suggests the validity of the downscaling of soil moisture with the two downscaling methods using the three scaling factors.     

MPDI在微波辐射计植被覆盖区土壤水分反演中的应用

大尺度上的土壤水分变化监测对于建立全球的水循环模型意义重大，是实现气候变化预测和洪涝监测的基础。星载辐射计为实现大尺度上土壤水分的监测提供了监测途径。但是在星载辐射计观测时，地表植被层的吸收和散射作用会对土壤向上的微波辐射产生衰减影响，这种影响在反演土壤水分的过程中必须予以计算和消除。原有的反演算法中，在计算这部分影响的时候，需要大量的关于地表植被状况的辅助数据，而这些即时的辅助数据往往不易获得。以AMSR—E数据为例，研究证明了微波极化差异指数（MPDI）能够反映地表植被覆盖状况。以中国华北、华东地区为实验区，选择2004年4月8日的AMSR—E亮温数据和MODIS数据为样本数据，建立起MPDI与NDVI之间的负指数关系方程。基于对NDVI的认识，得到植被覆盖度高、中、低三种状况所对应的MPDI域值，以此域值为依据对中等植被覆盖度地区作出自动判断，并用MPDI计算植被层不透明度。     

Total information content as an index of soil moisture

Accurate estimation of soil moisture through remote sensing technique has been a challenge till date. In optical and thermal remote sensing, there is no index developed to detect the changes in soil moisture levels. In microwave region, soil roughness and other target parameters equally affect the technique for soil moisture estimation. Therefore, a computational technique in C language based on Shannon’s Information Theory (Shannon, 1948) has been developed to calculate total information content from multispectral radiometer data. The total information content is a compressed single value, which quantifies the information content of soil spectral reflectance in the electromagnetic spectrum range (400–1100 nm) under study. This technique was tested over a wide range of soil moisture levels. The study revealed that as compared to other techniques total information content index is very sensitive to change in moisture content of soil. This technique could not only quantify the soil moisture content in optical and near infra red region, but also led to a simplified one dimensional separability and clustering analysis.     

SZ-4飞船多模态传感器辐射模态数据处理与质量评价研究

研究了飞船多模态传感器中辐射模态1B产品数据的处理以及生成全球亮温图的方法,对辐射模态数据与SSM/I和AMSR-E星载微波辐射计对应通道进行了星星比对分析,建立了对应通道之间的线性关系。结果表明,飞船辐射模态亮温与SSM/I及AMSR-E的测量值在绝对幅度上相差较大,但却高度的线性相关,这在一定程度上说明了SZ-4辐射模态各通道亮温对地表微波辐射响应的能力。     

双模态微波遥感器的研制

散射计和辐射计是微波遥感信息获取的重要遥感器。文中提出了利用公共高频通道将散射计与辐射计组合成散射辐射计的设计思想,作者根据该思想研制成功了Ｘ波段散射辐射计。文中给出了该散射辐射计的工作原理、工作时序及性能指标。通过野外测量实验证明,利用该思想研制散射辐射计是可行的     

Large area soil moisture estimation and mapping using space-borne multi-frequency passive microwave data

The paper reports the estimation of surface soil moisture (SM) using surface wetness Index (SWI) retrieved from multi-frequency passive microwave radiometer. A change detection algorithm was followed which transforms SWI variations in to SM variations using per pixel soil property of field capacity and air-dry status. Estimated soil moisture was compared with the point measurements made at the Monmouth and De Kalb sites of Illinois (USA) for the validation. Sensitivity of the SWI to the variations of rainfall at various vegetation fractions is analyzed. RMS error of volumetric soil moisture is found to be in the range of 6.35 to 8.85 %. The method works well up to the vegetation fraction of 40 %. Applications of the technique are demonstrated by the spatio-temporal analysis of estimated soil moisture maps for India. Characteristic increase in soil moisture was observed with the progress of monsoon from 25 to 32 week in northern India and 46 to 52 week in the costal parts of Tamil Nadu in south.     

A study on the effect of the soil texture on passive microwave remote sensing

Consideration of soil moisture in terms of percentage of field capacity of the soils for the minimization of textural dependence of microwave emission of soils has been studied by several investigators using experimental data (air borne, field and laboratory experiments) and also theoretical procedures. Their conslusions seem to be not in agreement with each other, thus giving way for further investigations into the problem. To derive information on the choice of parameter through which the textural dependence of microwave emission can be minimized, three test sites have been selected with different soil textures and emission characteristics of these soils are calculated using theoretical approaches. The results of the analysis indicate that the minimal textural dependence is seen on microwave emission when the soil moisture is expressed in terms of volumetric moisture content (m_v) reduced by the amount of transition moisture (W_t).     

Earth observations during space shuttle mission STS‐34: 18–23 October 1989

Abstract

Although high‐resolution microwave synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors possess all‐weather capability for mapping soil moisture from spaceborne platforms, continuous temporal and spatial monitoring of this important hydrological parameter has been relatively limited. However, the recent launch of operational SAR sensors aboard various satellites have made possible synoptic soil moisture monitoring a reality. Such systems operate over a wide range of frequencies, look angles, and polarization combinations, and thus show synergistic advantages when combined for estimating soil moisture patterns. Two soil moisture inversion algorithms have been developed using as inputs radar backscattering data at L, S, and C bands in the microwave frequency range. These models have been tested using radar image simulation with speckle added. It is observed that the neural network algorithm yields superior results in mapping actual soil moisture patterns over the linear statistical inversion technique, although both models show comparable errors in soil moisture estimation. We infer that using statistical estimation errors alone for comparison purposes may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the advantages of one soil moisture inversion algorithm over another.