人参茎叶皂甙对实验性高催乳素血症大鼠催乳素和动情周期的影响

目的和方法:采用异体垂体前叶移植的方法制造大鼠慢性高催乳素血症模型,探讨人参茎叶皂甙对高催乳素血症大鼠催乳素和动情周期的作用.结果:①垂体前叶移植大鼠血清PRL水平升高而原位垂体PRL含量降低,GSLS则使高催乳素血症大鼠血清PRL水平降低,原位垂体PRL含量降低;②高催乳素血症大鼠动情周期显著受到抑制,而GSLS可拮抗高催乳素血症对大鼠动情周期的抑制作用.结论:GSLS有治疗高催乳素血症的应用前景.     

氟中毒抑制大鼠泌乳的实验研究

本实验研究了慢性氟中毒对大鼠泌乳及垂体催乳素(Prolactin,PRL)细胞功能和超微结构的影响。结果为:1,慢性氟中毒抑制大鼠乳汁分泌,表现为仔鼠生长缓慢和30 min 平均吮得乳量降低。多巴胺受体阻断剂灭吐灵(Metoclopramide)可改善其泌乳功能 2,慢性氟中毒授乳鼠血清 PRL 水平降低而垂体内含量升高。电镜下观察到 PRL 细胞质内大的成熟分泌颗粒增多及出现特大异形颗粒,表明可能存在激素释放障碍。上述结果提示慢性氟中毒可抑制大鼠的乳汁分泌,氟化物的毒性作用可能由下丘脑多巴胺系统活动的增强所中介。     

生地黄水提物对大鼠睡眠的影响及其机制研究CSCD

本实验旨在研究生地黄水提物对大鼠睡眠的影响,并探讨其可能的作用机制。参照《保健食品功能检验与评价方法》(2022版)中有助于改善睡眠的检验方法初步评价生地黄水提物的效果。进一步建立失眠大鼠模型,检测各给药组大鼠下丘脑中枢神经递质及相应受体的mRNA表达水平,并检测大鼠血清中炎症因子含量。结果显示生地黄水提物能改善大鼠睡眠且安全性良好,并且能显著增加失眠大鼠下丘脑中γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA)和5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)含量,显著降低谷氨酸(glutamic acid, Glu)和多巴胺(dopamine, DA)含量,相应神经递质的受体mRNA表达量也发生同样的变化趋势,此外给药组大鼠血清中细胞炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β含量显著下降,IL-10的含量显著增加。说明生地黄水提物可通过调节神经递质和细胞炎症因子改善大鼠睡眠。     

大鼠垂体细胞ACTH分泌的调节控制

本文建立了大鼠垂体细胞灌流系统并利用这系统和放射免疫测定法检测了一些物质对垂体细胞促进或抑制ACTH的分泌作用。下丘脑抽提液能刺激垂体细胞分泌ACTH,并有明确的剂量反应关系;AVP,cAMP,Ca~(2+),K~+,去甲肾上腺素、灭吐灵和氟哌啶醇等对垂体细胞ACTH分泌也有兴奋作用。地塞米松和多巴胺能抑制垂体细胞ACTH的基础分泌并对抗兴奋性物质的作用;赛庚啶能选择性地拮抗某些兴奋性物质的作用,γ-氨基丁酸无明显抑制作用。     

内皮素促进下丘脑—垂体—卵巢激素的释放

最近发现,内皮素(endothelin,ET)不仅具有强烈的血管活性作用,还可能作为激素调节肽参与性激素的调节。在下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的器官和胎盘都有丰富的ETmRNA和ET受体存在。Kanyicska等在培养的雌性大鼠垂体前叶细胞,应用ET-3(10~(-14)～10~(-6)mol/L)明显抑制垂体前叶细胞分泌催乳素(PRL),增加促黄体生成素(LH)、促卵泡素(FSH)和促甲状腺素(TSH)的释放。ET的刺激效     

黄绿卷毛菇对硝酸甘油诱导偏头痛大鼠的镇痛、抗炎作用

黄绿卷毛菇Floccularia luteovirens异名为黄绿蜜环菌Armillaria luteovirens,是我国珍稀的食药用菌。为探究其镇痛、抗炎和抗偏头痛的药理作用,本研究初步探究了黄绿卷毛菇水提物（water extract of F. luteovirens,FLW）对硝酸甘油诱导的偏头痛大鼠机体抗炎和镇痛的作用。SD大鼠灌胃给药不同剂量FLW,硝酸甘油诱导造模后,观察行为学变化,并测定偏头痛大鼠血液中一氧化氮NO、白细胞介素-6（interleukin-6,IL-6）、白细胞介素-1β（interleukin-1β,IL-1β）及下丘脑组织中5-羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT）、多巴胺（dopamine,DA）、去甲肾上腺素（norepinephrine,NE）的水平变化。结果表明,FLW给药组可以显著降低偏头痛大鼠血清中NO、IL-6和IL-1β的水平;同时,可显著提高下丘脑组织中5-HT、DA和NE的水平,对实验性偏头痛大鼠具有良好的抗炎、镇痛作用。     

合欢花对慢性应激大鼠生长和脑单胺类神经递质含量的影响

为探讨合欢花对慢性应激大鼠生长和脑单胺类神经递质的影响,采用15只大鼠,设置了对照组、应激组和合欢花组3组实验。应激组和合欢花组均接受7天的应激刺激,之后合欢花组再灌胃合欢花10天。实验结束后,取3组大鼠的脑组织,用高效液相色谱法测定高香草酸(HVA)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)和5-羟色胺(5-HT)的含量。结果表明,应激组大鼠日增重显著低于对照组(P=0.011);而合欢花组大鼠的日增重极显著高于应激组(P=0.002)。应激组大鼠海马、纹状体和前额叶中的HVA含量与对照组相比,虽有升高的趋势,但无显著差异;两组间的NE、DA和5-HT也无显著差异。合欢花组大鼠海马中的HVA、DA含量明显高于应激组,而前额叶中的多巴胺和5-羟色胺,以及纹状体中的5-羟色胺均明显低于应激组。这表明合欢花对慢性应激引起的大鼠生长受抑有缓解作用,对其脑内单胺类神经递质有调节作用。     

合欢花对慢性应激大鼠生长和脑单胺类神经递质含量的影响

为探讨合欢花对慢性应激大鼠生长和脑单胺类神经递质的影响，采用15只大鼠，设置了对照组、应激组和合欢花组3组实验。应激组和合欢花组均接受7天的应激刺激，之后合欢花组再灌胃合欢花10天。实验结束后，取3组大鼠的脑组织，用高效液相色谱法测定高香草酸(HVA)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)和5-羟色胺(5-HT)的含量。结果表明，应激组大鼠日增重显著低于对照组(P=0.011)；而合欢花组大鼠的日增重极显著高于应激组(P=0.002)。应激组大鼠海马、纹状体和前额叶中的HVA含量与对照组相比，虽有升高的趋势，但无显著差异；两组间的NE、DA和5-HT也无显著差异。合欢花组大鼠海马中的HVA、DA含量明显高于应激组，而前额叶中的多巴胺和5-羟色胺,以及纹状体中的5-羟色胺均明显低于应激组。这表明合欢花对慢性应激引起的大鼠生长受抑有缓解作用，对其脑内单胺类神经递质有调节作用。     

CRF也能调节垂体中叶和后叶

下丘脑的促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子(CRF)可强烈刺激在体垂体前部促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)的分泌。最近,用组织化学方法显示,在垂体柄和垂体后部存在CRF免疫反应阳性纤维。还有实验表明,CRF也影响垂体中叶肽类物质的释放。这些结果提示:CRF可能对垂体后部及中间部均起一定的作用。Saavedra等用放射免疫测定法观察完全切断垂体柄对大鼠垂体中间部及后部CRF样物质含量的影响。结果表明,假手术组大鼠垂体中叶及后叶的CRF含量分别为591±78和487±34ng/mg蛋白,而切断垂体     

咪达氟对兔脑5-羟色胺释放和多巴胺含量的影响

1.用~3H-5-羟色胺脑室灌流清醒动物的方法,测定了脑内5-羟色胺的释放。实验结果表明,给兔静注咪达氟(4mg/kg)后,因动物挣扎引起5-羟色胺释放加强,可能咪达氟不直接加强兔脑5-羟色胺的释放。因此,必须指出,在用清醒动物脑室灌流的方法研究药物对神经递质释放是否有影响时,必须考虑到清醒动物的活动状态。2.用荧光方法测定了多巴胺含量。实验结果表明,给兔静注眯达氟(4或8mg/kg)以后10分钟,颈部和前肢产生明显肌松时海马中多巴胺含量虽有增加的趋势,但无统计学意义,尾核中多巴胺含量基本不变。因此,可以认为咪达氟所引起的肌肉松弛可能与脑内多巴胺含量关系不大。     

The influences of GnRH, oxytocin and vasoactive intestinal peptide on LH and PRL secretion by porcine pituitary cells in vitro.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible direct effects of GnRH, oxytocin (OT) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the release of LH and PRL by dispersed porcine anterior pituitary cells. Pituitary glands were obtained from mature gilts, which were ovariectomized (OVX) one month before slaughter. Gilts randomly assigned to one of the four groups were treated: in Group 1 (n = 8) with 1 ml/100 kg b.w. corn oil (placebo); in Group 2 (n = 8) and Group 3 (n = 8) with estradiol benzoate (EB) at the dose 2.5 mg/100 kg b.w., respectively, 30-36 h and 60-66 h before slaughter; and in Group 4 (n = 9) with progesterone (P4) at the dose 120 mg/ 100 kg b.w. for five consecutive days before slaughter. In gilts of Group 2 and Group 3 treatments with EB have induced the negative and positive feedback in LH secretion, respectively. Isolated anterior pituitary cells (10(6)/well) were cultured in McCoy's 5a medium with horse serum and fetal calf serum for 3 days at 37 degrees C under the atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2. Subsequently, the culture plates were rinsed with fresh McCoy's 5A medium and the cells were incubated for 3.5 h at 37 degrees C in the same medium containing one of the following agents: GnRH (100 ng/ml), OT (10-1000 nM) or VIP (1-100 nM). The addition of GnRH to cultured pituitary cells resulted in marked increases in LH release (p < 0.001) in all experimental groups. In the presence of OT and VIP we noted significant increases (p < 0.001) in LH secretion by pituitary cells derived from gilts representing the positive feedback phase (Group 3). In contrast, OT and VIP were without any effect on LH release in Group 1 (placebo) and Group 2 (the negative feedback). Pituitary cells obtained from OVX gilts primed with P4 produced significantly higher amounts (p < 0.001) of LH only after an addition of 100 nM OT. Neuropeptide GnRH did not affect PRL secretion by pituitary cells obtained from gilts of all experimental groups. Oxytocin also failed to alter PRL secretion in Group 1 and Group 2. However, pituitary cells from animals primed with EB 60-66 h before slaughter and P4 produced markedly increased amounts of PRL in the presence of OT. Neuropeptide VIP stimulated PRL release from pituitary cells of OVX gilts primed with EB (Groups 2 and 3) or P4. In contrast, in OVX gilts primed with placebo, VIP was without any effect on PRL secretion. In conclusion, the results of our in vitro studies confirmed the stimulatory effect of GnRH on LH secretion by porcine pituitary cells and also suggest a participation of OT and VIP in modulation of LH and PRL secretion at the pituitary level in a way dependent on hormonal status of animals.     

Prolactin secretion after hypothalamic deafferentation in beef calves: response to haloperidol, alpha-methyl-rho-tyrosine, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and ovariectomy

In ruminant species photoperiod regulates prolactin (PRL) secretion. It is hypothesized that the inhibition of PRL secretion resides in dopaminergic neurons of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH). To test this hypothesis, anterior (AHD), posterior (PHD) and complete (CHD) hypothalamic deafferentation and sham operation control (SOC) surgeries were carried out during May (long-day photoperiod) in beef heifer calves (6-8 mo old) to measure basal PRL secretion and PRL secretion as affected by intravenous secretagogues. On the day of surgery (day 0), PRL secretion reflected stress of anesthesia and surgery in all groups. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), alpha-methyl-rho-tyrosine (alphaMrhoT), and haloperidol (HAL) was iv injected on days 11, 13 and 15, respectively. AHD, PHD, CHD, and SOC calves responded to TRH (100 microg) with an acute increase in PRL that peaked within 20 min. All heifers responded to alphaMrhoT (10 mg/kg BW) with an acute elevation in PRL within 10 min and remaining elevated for 3 h. HAL (0.1 mg/kg BW) induced an acute increase in PRL secretion in all groups, peaking within 15-30 min. Seven months later (December, short-day photoperiod) these heifers were ovariectomized. Basal plasma PRL levels were seasonally low, PRL secretion in AHD, PHD and CHD animals abruptly increased within 15 min to iv injection of 100 microg TRH to a greater amount than seen in SOC heifers. Although a biphasic effect on PRL secretion entrains under long-day and short-day photoperiods, hypothalamic deafferentation in cattle did not affect the pituitary gland's responsiveness to secretagogues.     

Effect of TNF-alpha on prolactin secretion from rat anterior pituitary and dopamine release from the hypothalamus: comparison with the effect of interleukin-1 beta.

The effects of human recombinant interleukin-1 beta and -6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on the releases of PRL and dopamine were examined using monolayer cultures of rat pituitary cells and hypothalamic cells. The release of PRL from rat pituitary cells in 30 min was increased about 2-fold (p less than 0.05) by 10(5) U/l interleukin-1 beta, 10(5) U/l interleukin-6 or 100 micrograms/l TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha at 100 micrograms/l significantly increased PRL release within 5 min incubation and this effect continued throughout the next 30 min of incubation. Incubation for 5 min with TNF-alpha caused dose-dependent stimulation of PRL release. These cytokines did not modulate [3H]-dopamine release from primary cultures of hypothalamic cells. These results suggest that these cytokines stimulate PRL release directly at the pituitary gland, without modifying the release of dopamine from the hypothalamus.     

Changes in mediobasal hypothalamic dopamine and GABA release: A possible mechanism underlying taurine-induced prolactin secretion

Summary Taurine (Tau), a putative inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter, has been shown to stimulate prolactin (PRL) release. Using ovariectomized, estrogen-replaced adult rats we investigated initially the effect of this amino acid, injected by different routes, on PRL secretion in vivo. Tau (100–500 mg/kg) had no effect on PRL release when given i.p.; 15 min after i.c.v. injection of Tau (3moles), a significant increase in serum PRL levels was observed (78 ± 9 ng/ml over basal levels, p < 0.01 vs. controls). In vitro (cultured anterior pituitary cells) PRL release was not affected by a 5 h incubation with Tau (10^–3–10^–8 M). Basal dopamine (DA) or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) output from superfused mediobasal hypothalamic fragments (MBH) was not affected by Tau (10^–3 M or 10^–5 M). However, during stimulation with KCl (50mM), Tau (10^–3 M) significantly lowered DA release, and increased GABA output. It is concluded that Tau acts at a central level to increase PRL secretion, most probably by modulating the hypothalamic release of neurotransmitters controlling lactotroph function.     

Possible direct effect of serotonin on pituitary prolactin secretion: in vivo and in vitro studies

In this work we analyze the possibility of serotonin (5-HT)-releasing prolactin (PRL) through a direct action at the pituitary level. 5-HT (2 mg/kg i.v.) stimulates PRL secretion in hypophysectomized autotransplanted animals (HAG) significantly and this effect was not influenced by pretreatment with the dopaminergic antagonist domperidone. In perifused pituitaries, 5-HT administration (0.01, 0.1 and 1 microM for 90 min, or 1, 10, 100 microM for 15 min) was ineffective in stimulating PRL release. In pituitaries obtained from animals previously treated with the neurotoxic 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) or vehicle and incubated in the presence of 5-HT (2.5, 5 and 10 microM), no response in PRL secretion was observed. These results suggested that 5-HT does not release PRL through a direct pituitary action, and that the effect observed in HAG animals could be mediated through the release of a PRL-releasing factor after 5-HT administration.     

Suppression of the proestrus prolactin surge in the rat estrous cycle by urethane anesthesia

Urethane-anesthetized male rats have been used for the analysis of prolactin (PRL)-releasing substances on PRL secretion. However, there are only a few reports investigating the effect of urethane anesthesia on PRL secretion in female rats. In this study, we intended to examine the effects of urethane anesthesia on PRL secretion during proestrus in the rat. Proestrus PRL surge was completely blocked when urethane was administered to rats prior to the critical period of proestrus both at doses of 1.0 g/kg and 1.5 g/kg. Additionally, urethane, at a dose of 1.5 g/kg, was also effective in blocking spontaneous ovulation. An experiment examining pituitary PRL concentration at 1800 h confirmed that urethane (1.0 g/kg) anesthesia prevents the PRL surge from the pituitary. Similarly, urethane anesthesia blocked the LH surge from the pituitary, but LH levels in the urethane-treated group were higher than those in the pentobarbital-treated group.     

Transforming growth factor-beta and activin inhibit basal secretion of prolactin in a pituitary monolayer culture system

Incubations of rat anterior pituitary cells with transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 for 48 hr suppressed the secretion of basal prolactin (PRL) in a dose-dependent manner (ED50, 100 pg/ml). Activin, a gonadal hormone processing cysteine distribution similar to TGF beta, also suppressed basal PRL secretion, but it was less effective (ED50, 4 mg/ml). Treatment with TGF beta 1 significantly suppressed basal PRL secretion from the pituitary after 24 hr and up to 72 hr of incubation. TGF beta 1 also inhibited thyrotropin-releasing hormone-mediated PRL secretion and activin inhibited thyrotropin-releasing hormone-mediated PRL secretion slightly, but significantly. In addition, we also measured the secretion of growth hormone by cultured pituitary cells treated with TGF beta 1 or activin for 24 to 72 hr. TGF beta 1 and activin showed an opposite effect on growth hormone secretion; TGF beta stimulated and activin inhibited basal secretion of growth hormone. These results suggest that TGF beta 1 is a potent inhibitor of basal secretion of PRL by the pituitary, and both TGF beta 1 and activin play a multifunctional role in basal secretion of pituitary hormones.     

Effects of leucine-enkephalin and methionine-enkephalin on prolactin and gonadotropin secretion and synthesis in vitro

In vivo, Enkephalins, stimulate PRL, inhibit LH and are inactive on FSH. However, in monolayer pituitary cell cultures, PRL, LH and FSH secretions and synthesis are not modified by Met-Enk. (5 microgram/ml) or Leu-Enk. (5 and 10 microgram/ml). But the simultaneous presence of LHRH and Enk. induces an increase in LH secretion and synthesis without modifying FSH and PRL. In conclusion 1) Enk do not act by themself at the pituitary level but 2) they are able to modify the responses induced by hypothalamic hormones.     

Secretory activity of lactotrophs and its regulation by hypothalamic hormones in primary cultures of pituitary cells of rats of different ages]

Basal prolactin (PRL) secretion and the responses of lactotrophs to thyroliberin, dopamine and somatostatin were studied in the experiments employing primary monolayer cultures of pituitary cells obtained from developing rats of different ages. High responsiveness of PRL-secreting cells to the action of hypothalamic hormones was observed in the group of neonatal rats, although basal PRL release was about two orders lower in pituitary cultures of neonatal rats as compared to the cultures of immature, pubertal and adult animals. The investigation performed could reveal quantitative, but not qualitative differences in the reactions of lactotrophs of various age groups. It is concluded that postnatal development in the rat is coupled with significant changes of basal PRL release and to a lesser extent, with changes of lactotroph responsiveness to hypothalamic hormones.     

Influence of VIP on prolactinemia in turkey anterior pituitary cells: role of cAMP second messenger in VIP-induced prolactin gene expression

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is the avian prolactin (PRL)-releasing factor. In the turkey, hypothalamic VIP immunoreactivity and mRNA content, as well as VIP levels in hypophyseal portal blood, are closely related to the state of prolactinemia and the reproductive stage. The present study investigated the role of VIP on prolactinemia in turkey anterior pituitary (AP) cells through PRL gene expression and the role of a cAMP second messenger system on VIP-induced PRL expression. In primary AP cells harvested from hens in different prolactinemic states, steady state promoter activities were positively correlated with secreted PRL levels. VIP increased PRL promoter activities in AP cells from hens with intermediate PRL levels (laying), but not in AP cells from hypoprolactinemic hens (nonphotostimulated reproductively quiescent). However, in AP cells from hyperprolactinemic hens (incubating), PRL promoter activity was down-regulated by VIP. PRL mRNA steady state levels were significantly decreased by the cAMP analogue, 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP), and PRL secretion was down-regulated by the phosphodiesterase blocker, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that the cAMP second messenger system might be involved in the inhibitory action of dopamine upon VIP-stimulated PRL secretion and gene expression at the pituitary level. In a study of VIP immediate and long-term effects on c-fos expression in relation to PRL expression, VIP dramatically induced c-fos mRNA expression within 5 min, suggesting that VIP-induced c-fos expression might be involved in VIP-stimulated PRL secretion and gene expression. These results provide additional evidence of the functional significance of VIP in PRL gene expression and suggest that changes in PRL promoter activity by VIP may be one of the important inductive mechanisms leading to prolactinemia.