电线电缆阻燃化研究现状

分析了电线电缆火灾的成因和危害;简要介绍了低烟低卤阻燃聚氯乙烯电线电缆料的发展现状和方向;重点介绍了低烟无卤阻燃聚烯烃电线电缆料的阻燃机理和研究现状;提出了阻燃剂的无卤化、抑烟和低毒是当前和今后电线电缆阻燃研究领域的前沿课题,但在阻燃电缆的应用上还需进一步深入研究。     

超细空心微珠填充聚氯乙烯复合材料的研究

选用三种不同粒径(2μm、3．8μm和11μm)的空心微珠制备了聚氯乙烯／空心微珠(PVC／GB)复合材料。研究了GB的粒径、表面处理剂及其用量对复合材料力学性能、介电性能和阻燃性等的影响，并与PVC／超细CaCO3复合材料的性能进行了对比。结果表明，经硅烷偶联剂处理的GB与PVC基体之间存在良好的界面粘附作用；在体积分数0～11％范围内，粒径为3．8μm的GB能同时提高PVC复合材料的力学性能、介电性能和阻燃性能，且GB改性效果明显优于超细CaCO3填充体系。该复合材料能作为轻质、高强度和阻燃的电缆护套材料使用。     

The effect of accelerated ageing of building wires

The fire performance of two electric cables (building wires) designed for indoor use has been tested, both as new products and after accelerated thermooxidative ageing. The cables were aged for a maximum time of 16.5 weeks at 80°C. The cables are commercially available, and were constructed using a PVC material in one case and a non‐halogenated polyolefin‐based material, called Casico, in the other. The effects of ageing on the fire performance of the cables, and the chemical changes that have caused the observed fire behaviour, have been investigated and are discussed. Special attention is paid to the behaviour of the plasticizers that are used in the PVC cable, and how the fire behaviour is affected by the loss of plasticizers from the cable and by the migration of plasticizers between the parts of the cable (insulation, bedding and sheathing). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

复合型阻燃剂对聚氯乙烯的阻燃抑烟作用研究

采用微胶囊红磷（MRP）、硼酸锌（ZnBO3）、氢氧化铝(ATH)和氢氧化镁(MH)进行复配对软质聚氯乙烯（PVC）进行阻燃处理,通过极限氧指数、热失重、锥形量热方法研究了不同配比阻燃剂对PVC的阻燃抑烟性能的影响。结果表明,当PVC/MRP/ZnBO3/ATH/MH质量比为100:3:1:20:20时,具有良好的阻燃抑烟效果,极限氧指数可达35.9 %;阻燃体系PVC/ATH/MH、PVC/MRP/ZnBO3/ATH/MH相对于纯PVC具有良好的阻燃抑烟性,PVC/MRP/ZnBO3/ATH/MH比PVC/ATH/MH体系在热释放、烟气、一氧化碳和二氧化碳排放指标上数值更低,热稳定性增加,成炭率更高,火灾性能指数提高,火灾蔓延指数减小,火灾危险性降低。     

Functionally graded wood in fire endurance with basic nitrogen compounds and phosphoric acid

Fire-retardant wood treatment with fire-retardant chemicals consisting of basic nitrogen compounds and phosphoric acid have been thoroughly examined. The fire retardance and endurance of wood were influenced by the treatment method. Here two treatment methods were compared, heat-pressed treatment method improved these qualities more than heat-dried treatment method. Furthermore, to gain lasting fire retardance, it was considered necessary to react basic nitrogen compounds and phosphoric acid with formaldehyde as in the dicyandiamide–formaldehyde–phosphoric acid or melamine–dicyandiamide–formaldehyde–phosphoric acid system. In the treated wood, the concentration of chemicals gradually decreased as it approached the center. The functional fire retardance could be graded in accordance with the chemical content. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation and characterization of heat,oil and fire resistant (HOFR) cable sheathing compounds from compatibilized polychloroprene-ethylene-propylene-diene rubber blends

Preparation of heat, oil and fire resistant (HOFR) cable sheathing compounds is attempted by blending polychloroprene (PCP) and ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) using dibutyl maleate grafted EPDM (EPDMgDBM) and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) as compatibilizer. Cure rate incompatibility has been minimised by adding the curing agents in masterbatch form. Curing characteristics of the blends have been determined by Monsanto Rheometer and Brabender Plasticorder. Morphology of the blends and compatibility have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermal properties of the blends have been characterized by ageing studies. The optimized blends, after modification with suitable fillers and other ingredients, possess better properties than the control PCP-compound and meet the specification BS 6899-84.     

Multiphase PVC/styrenic copolymer alloys: Internally reinforced by partial miscibility

Although polymer/polymer miscibility is considered the exception to the general rule, in polymer thermodynamics specific interactions between active sites on two polymers can be a driving force for polymer/polymer miscibility. Both the intermolecular interactions of the alpha hydrogen of PVC with carbonyl groups in various polyesters and the polarity of the chlorine bond have been claimed to promote miscibility. Both of these interactions are potential in PVC/styrene maleic anhydride (SMAnh) polymer blends. These specific interactions promoting miscibility and the resulting mechanical properties of these systems is the subject of this report. SMAnh (12.5% MA) copolymer was melt compounded with a stabilized PVC compound using a Haake Rheocord twin screw extruder. Test data generated for these blends were analyzed for miscibility and effects of SMAnh copolymers on heat resistance, fire retardance, impact strength, and processability of PVC.     

氧化亚酮和三氧化钼对PVC阻燃和抑烟作用

用锥形量热仪（CONE）研究Cu2O/MoO3体系对PVC的阻燃和抑烟协同效应可以同时获得气相和凝聚相的综合信息。实验结果表明：Cu2O/MoO3对PVC的总热释放量（THR），表现出了一定的协同阻燃作用，其原因是Cu2O/MoO3改变了PVC的热解途径，协同降低了PVC炭骨架的热裂解速度，增加了残余炭的生成量。综合分析可知，Cu2O/MoO3对PVC的阻燃协同作用有现在凝聚相中，抑烟协同作用同时表现在凝聚相和气相中。     

Detailed determination of smoke gas contents using a small‐scale controlled equivalence ratio tube furnace method

A series of tests including seven different materials and products have been conducted using a controlled equivalence ratio tube furnace test method. The main objective of the tests was to determine yields of fire‐generated products at defined combustion conditions. The tube furnace test method was set up and run in close agreement with that described in BS 7990:2003. At the time of experimental work the new tube furnace method was in the process of becoming an international standard. It was thus of interest to make an assessment of the capability of the method for determining production yields of important toxic fire products from different types of materials and products. The test series included solid wood, flexible polyurethane (PUR), fire‐retarded rigid PUR, a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) carpet, a high‐performance data cable with fluorine‐containing polymer matrix, a PVC‐based cable sheathing material and fire‐retarded polyethylene cable insulation material. Duplicate tests were generally conducted at both well‐ventilated and vitiated combustion conditions with these materials. The smoke gases produced from the combustion were quantified for inorganic gases by FTIR technique in all tests. A more detailed analysis of the smoke gases was conducted for some of the materials. This extended analysis contained a detailed assessment of organic compounds including, e.g. volatile organic compounds, isocyanates, aldehydes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The analysis further included measurement of the size distribution of fire‐generated particles for some of the materials. The quantification of toxic inorganic gases produced by combustion at both well‐ventilated and vitiated conditions was successful regarding repeatability and stability. Typical yields for the two fire stages investigated were determined for a wide range of materials and products. The detailed analysis of organic compounds further corroborated that the new tube furnace method can replicate defined combustion conditions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of thin‐walled halogen‐free cable insulation and halogen‐free fire‐resistant low‐smoke cable‐sheathing compounds based on polyolefin elastomer and ethylene vinyl acetate blends

There is a growing interest in the use of polyolefins and their copolymer blends in cable industries. The present investigation deals with the development of thin‐walled halogen‐free cable insulation and thin‐walled halogen‐free fire‐resistant low‐smoke cable sheathing compounds based on polyolefin elastomer (Engage®) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) blends. Blends of Engage (an ethylene octene copolymer) and EVA, varying in proportions, are prepared on a two‐roll mixing mill at an elevated temperature. Physicomechanical, electrical, and the most important flame‐retardant properties of the dicumyl peroxide/triallyl cyanurate cured blends have been basically studied. Properly compounded Engage‐EVA blends are found to be excellent materials in cable industry for insulation as well as for sheathing compounds. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

无卤低烟阻燃填充料的研制及应用

介绍了无卤低烟阻燃电缆的优点,阐述了无卤低烟阻燃填充料的作用和制备方法。     

无卤低烟阻燃耐火电缆及其工艺的探讨

近年来,国家对于电缆行业的监督管理越来越严格,客户对于电缆的各种常规指标也有了一定的了解。然而对于电缆的部分性能,客户却难以进行测量或者是判断其是否能够达标。其中低烟指标以及阻燃性等都是难以进行判断的指标。同时,各种新技术的出现对于电缆的低烟阻燃、耐火性等也有着较大的影响。文中,主要介绍无卤低烟阻燃、耐火电缆产品的性能及影响其性能的因素,并探讨了其结构设计及技术工艺。通过研究,可以对无卤低烟阻燃、耐火电缆产品有更加清晰的了解。     

无机阻燃剂在增塑聚氯乙烯中的应用

详细介绍了无机阻燃剂的阻燃机理，研究了各种无机阻燃剂对增塑聚氯乙烯性能的影响，同时发现了它们在阻燃方面的协同效应作用。     

The functionally graded wood observed from chemical and thermal perspectives

The fire retardance of wood treated with basic nitrogen compounds and phosphoric acid is improved. It was investigated which chemicals were suitable for the fire retardant treatment of wood and how chemicals influenced fire retardance and endurance from the perspective of chemical reaction and also it was investigated how chemicals and treatment methods influenced fire retardance and endurance from a thermal perspective. Although the fire endurance was improved by a heat-pressed treatment method, the chemical reaction was carried out by heat irrespective of the pressing or drying method. The wood structure would become complex as the cross-linked structure occurred by chemicals and pressure. Its structure would be maintained at combustion. Fire endurance of wood is shown to be related to a cross-linked structure created by a chemical and/or physical reaction rather than thermal factors related to the carbonized product. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

填料对膨胀型钢结构防火涂料防火性能的影响

采用偶联剂对Fe2O3进行表面改性处理,通过红外光谱分析、分散性试验等证明其改性效果,并对Fe2O3的改性及用量情况对防火性能的影响程度进行对比分析试验,得到防火涂料的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:对Fe2O3进行改性改善了其分散性、粘结性,并在很大程度上提高了涂料的防火性能,且当用量为6%时,阻燃效果最佳。     

超重力技术制备纳米氢氧化镁阻燃剂的应用研究

本文采用超重力技术制备纳米氢氧化镁阻燃剂并对其进行湿法表面改性．应用TEM、XRD、BET、吸油值、沉降速度等方法对改性前后的纳米氢氧化镁粉体进行了分析和表征．将改性前后的纳米氢氧化镁应用到软质PVC体系中。实验结果表明：超重力技术制备的纳米氢氧化镁的粒径为70nm,为六方形片状;经不同改性荆改性的粉体中．以硬脂酸锌改性粉体的应用效果较好;未改性纳米氢氧化镁的比表面为21．5760m^2／g,而改性粉体的比表面为22．0641m^2／g,有一定程度的增大;改性氢氧化镁的沉降速度减慢,吸油值下降．添加量为40份时PVC体系的综合性能较好。     

软质PVC阻燃性能研究

研究了氢氧化镁的表面改性及其在软质聚氯乙烯(PVC)中的应用。通过TEM、BET对改性前后的氢氧化镁进行了表征,通过TG对氢氧化镁进行了热失重分析;考察了氢氧化镁用量对软质PVC体系阻燃性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明:改性氢氧化镁比表面积有所增大;在314～430℃范围内,氢氧化镁失重27.5%;改性氢氧化镁在软质PVC体系中有较好的相容性和分散性;添加40g改性氢氧化镁,体系的氧指数由25.5%提高到27.7%,拉伸强度由23.6MPa下降到18.6MPa,既达到了较好的阻燃效果,又对力学性能的影响不大。     

Effect of aggregation states on some properties of PVC solids and melts

Plasticized compounds of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) have been prepared using PVC polymer as supplied and as recovered from solutions in tetrahydrofuran. Mechanical properties and melt elasticity measurements were found to vary significantly among these compounds. It is proposed that the solid-state characteristics and melt elasticity parameters in these compounds depend on the state of chain entanglement and that the entanglement state can be modified significantly by procedures such as used here. Annealing experiments have shown that the rates of attaining property equilibria—symptomatic of equilibrium entanglement states—are dependent on diffusion processes. Neither solution-modified nor control PVC compounds are in steady states when first tested; consequently, time-dependent property variations may be expected as morphological steady states are attained at conventional use temperatures for PVC compounds. The present study extends to PVC the principles of entanglement network modification through solution, or shearing processes, as a means of selecting preferred property balances in melt processing and mechanical properties. That principle had earlier been shown to apply to polyethylenes.     

PVC阻燃抑烟的研究进展

介绍了聚氯乙烯(PVC)的热降解机理及燃烧特性。综述了PVC阻燃抑烟剂(如阻燃增塑剂、金属化合物、含硼阻燃剂、微胶囊红磷和无机填料等)的研究,特别提及了一些过渡金属(如Mo、Cu与Fe的化合物)在PVC抑烟中的明显作用。比较了各种阻燃抑烟方法的优缺点。采用阻燃剂和抑烟剂复合对PVC协同阻燃抑烟是未来的研究方向。     

低烟无卤阻燃剂研究进展

综述了低烟无卤阻燃剂的分类、作用机理、作用途径。介绍了多种常见的阻燃剂体系,阻燃机理及其改性研究的发展与现状a通过分析阻燃剂的发展趋势提出研制和开发高效、低毒、低烟,无环境污染、热稳定性好的绿色阻燃剂新趋向。