云计算环境下基于多目标优化的虚拟机放置研究

云数据中心的规模日益增长导致其产生的能源消耗及成本呈指数级增长。虚拟机的放置是提高云计算环境服务质量与节约成本的核心。针对传统的虚拟机放置算法存在考虑目标单一化和多目标优化难以找到最优解的问题,提出一种面向能耗、资源利用率、负载均衡的多目标优化虚拟机放置模型。通过改进蚁群算法求解优化模型,利用其信息素正反馈机制和启发式搜索寻找最优解。实验结果表明,该算法综合性能表现良好,符合云环境对高效率低能耗的要求。     

云计算中能耗和性能感知的虚拟机优化部署算法

优化虚拟机部署是数据中心降低能耗的一个重要方法。目前大多数虚拟机部署算法都明显地降低了能耗,但过度虚拟机整合和迁移引起了系统性能较大的退化。针对该问题,首先构建虚拟机优化部署模型。然后提出一种二阶段迭代启发式算法来求解该模型,第一阶段是基于首次适应下降装箱算法,提出一种虚拟机优化部署算法,目标是最小化主机数;第二阶段是提出了一种虚拟机在线迁移选择算法,目标是最小化待迁移虚拟机数。实验结果表明,该算法能够有效地降低能耗,具有较低的服务等级协定(SLA)违背率和较好的时间性能。     

面向移动云计算的自适应虚拟机调度算法

随着移动云计算的快速发展和应用普及,如何对移动云中心资源进行有效管理同时又降低能耗、确保资源高可用是目前移动云计算数据中心的热点问题之一.本文从CPU、内存、网络带宽和磁盘四个维度,建立了基于多目标优化的虚拟机调度模型VMSM-EUN(Virtual Machine Scheduling Model based on Energy consumption,Utility and minimum Number of servers),将最小化数据中心能耗、最大化数据中心效用以及最小化服务器数量作为调度目标.设计了基于改进粒子群的自适应参数调整的虚拟机调度算法VMSA-IPSO(Virtual Machine Scheduling Algorithm based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization)来求解该模型.最后通过仿真实验验证了本文提出的调度算法的可行性与有效性.对比实验结果表明,本文设计的基于改进粒子群的自适应虚拟机调度算法在进行虚拟机调度时,能在降低能耗的同时提高数据中心效用.     

基于动态规划的虚拟机放置策略

在IaaS云环境中,资源的分配管理关键取决于如何放置虚拟机,不当的放置策略可造成资源的损耗以及更多的能耗开销。为了降低整个数据中心的资源损耗和能耗开销,建立一个多目标优化的问题模型,并提出了一种基于动态规划思想的虚拟机放置策略。策略将放置问题转化为多阶段决策的背包问题,利用动态规划的思想把背包问题划分成一系列规模更小的子问题,通过求解子问题的最优解得到原问题的最优解。仿真实验表明,该策略能大大降低数据中心的能耗,并减少资源损耗。     

An imperialist competitive algorithm for virtual machine placement in cloud computing

Abstract

Cloud computing, the recently emerged revolution in IT industry, is empowered by virtualisation technology. In this paradigm, the user’s applications run over some virtual machines (VMs). The process of selecting proper physical machines to host these virtual machines is called virtual machine placement. It plays an important role on resource utilisation and power efficiency of cloud computing environment. In this paper, we propose an imperialist competitive-based algorithm for the virtual machine placement problem called ICA-VMPLC. The base optimisation algorithm is chosen to be ICA because of its ease in neighbourhood movement, good convergence rate and suitable terminology. The proposed algorithm investigates search space in a unique manner to efficiently obtain optimal placement solution that simultaneously minimises power consumption and total resource wastage. Its final solution performance is compared with several existing methods such as grouping genetic and ant colony-based algorithms as well as bin packing heuristic. The simulation results show that the proposed method is superior to other tested algorithms in terms of power consumption, resource wastage, CPU usage efficiency and memory usage efficiency.     

数据中心网络拓扑感知型能耗优化算法

针对数据中心网络中高能耗的问题,提出了一种拓扑感知型能耗优化算法。算法首先根据广义超立方体拓扑多维正交和单维全连接的结构特性,优化虚拟机的部署位置,进而提出多维最佳适应策略来充分利用服务器各维资源。然后利用虚拟机资源需求预测模型并结合迁移代价公式,均衡考虑服务器资源使用代价、虚拟机通信代价和迁移资源消耗,在合理迁移虚拟机以满足系统性能的前提下,降低了网络的能耗并且缓解了网络链路的拥塞。最终将网络的能耗优化问题转化成虚拟机在服务器上的优化配置问题。实验结果表明,与其他三种算法比较,算法在降低系统能耗和减少拥塞方面获得了良好的效果。     

Dynamic forecast scheduling algorithm for virtual machine placement in cloud computing environment

In most cloud computing platforms, the virtual machine quotas are seldom changed once initialized, although the current allocated resources are not efficiently utilized. The average utilization of cloud servers in most datacenters can be improved through virtual machine placement optimization. How to dynamically forecast the resource usage becomes a key problem. This paper proposes a scheduling algorithm called virtual machine dynamic forecast scheduling (VM-DFS) to deploy virtual machines in a cloud computing environment. In this algorithm, through analysis of historical memory consumption, the most suitable physical machine can be selected to place a virtual machine according to future consumption forecast. This paper formalizes the virtual machine placement problem as a bin-packing problem, which can be solved by the first-fit decreasing scheme. Through this method, for specific virtual machine requirements of applications, we can minimize the number of physical machines. The VM-DFS algorithm is verified through the CloudSim simulator. Our experiments are carried out on different numbers of virtual machine requests. Through analysis of the experimental results, we find that VM-DFS can save 17.08 % physical machines on the average, which outperforms most of the state-of-the-art systems.     

Controlling energy without compromising system performance in mobile grid environments

The challenges confronting in mobile grid systems are: limited CPU power, limited memory, small screen, short battery life, and intermittent disconnection. Considering all these limitations, this paper is targeted to control energy consumption without compromising system’s performance in mobile grid. In this paper, we focus on using the mobile devices on the mobile grid environment. Mobile devices can serve two important functions in mobile grid environment either as service consumer or as valuable service providers. The proposed approach is not only to reduce energy consumption, but also to improve system performance in mobile grid environment. Utility functions are used to express grid users’ requirements, resource providers’ benefit function and system’s objectives. Dynamic programming is used to optimize the total utility function of mobile grid. A distributed controlling energy algorithm in mobile grid environment is proposed which decomposes mobile grid system optimization problem into sub-problems. In order to verify the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, in the experiment, the performance evaluation of controlling energy algorithm is conducted.     

Comparative study between exact and metaheuristic approaches for virtual machine placement process as knapsack problem

In cloud computing, the virtual machine placement is a critical process which aims to identify the most appropriate physical machine to host the virtual machine. It has a significant impact on the performance, resource usage and energy consumption of the datacenters. In order to reduce the number of active physical machines in a datacenter, several virtual machine placement schemes have already been designed and proposed. This study investigates how do four different methods compare to each other in terms of accuracy and efficiency for solving the virtual machine placement as a knapsack problem. A new approach has been adopted which focuses on maximizing the use of a server’s central processing unit resource considering a certain capacity threshold. The compared methods are classified; two belong to the category of the exact methods, i.e., branch and bound and dynamic programming, while the other two represent the approximate approach, i.e., genetic algorithm and ant colony optimization algorithm. Experimental results show that the metaheuristic ant colony optimization algorithm outperforms the other three algorithms in terms of efficiency.

     

Energy-aware task scheduling in mobile cloud computing

The limited energy supply, computing, storage and transmission capabilities of mobile devices pose a number of challenges for improving the quality of service (QoS) of various mobile applications, which has stimulated the emergence of many enhanced mobile computing paradigms, such as mobile cloud computing (MCC), fog computing, mobile edge computing (MEC), etc. The mobile devices need to partition mobile applications into related tasks and decide which tasks should be offloaded to remote computing facilities provided by cloud computing, fog nodes etc. It is very important yet tough to decide which tasks to be uploaded and where they are scheduled since this could greatly impact the applications’ timeliness and mobile devices’ lifetime. In this paper, we model the task scheduling problem at the end-user mobile device as an energy consumption optimization problem, while taking into account task dependency, data transmission and other constraint conditions such as task deadline and cost. We further present several heuristic algorithms to solve it. A series of simulation experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of the algorithms and the results show that our proposed algorithms outperform the state-of-the-art algorithms in energy efficiency as well as response time.     

ARMCO: Advanced topics in resource management for ubiquitous cloud computing: An adaptive approach

Cloud Computing can be seen as one of the latest major evolution in computing offering unlimited possibility to use ICT in various domains: business, smart cities, medicine, environmental computing, mobile systems, design and implementation of cyber-infrastructures. The recent expansion of Cloud Systems has led to adapting resource management solutions for large number of wide distributed and heterogeneous datacenters. The adaptive methods used in this context are oriented on: self-stabilizing, self-organizing and autonomic systems; dynamic, adaptive and machine learning based distributed algorithms; fault tolerance, reliability, availability of distributed systems. The pay-per-use economic model of Cloud Computing comes with a new challenge: maximizing the profit for service providers, minimizing the total cost for customers and being friendly with the environment.This special issue presents advances in virtual machine assignment and placement, multi-objective and multi-constraints job scheduling, resource management in federated Clouds and in heterogeneous environments, dynamic topology for data distribution, workflow performance improvement, energy efficiency techniques and assurance of Service Level Agreements.     

基于延迟接受的多用户任务卸载策略

随着人工智能的应用对计算资源的要求越来越高,移动设备由于计算能力和存储能量有限而无法处理这类有实时性需求的计算密集型应用.移动边缘计算(Mobile Edge Computing,MEC)可以在无线网络边缘提供计算卸载服务,达到缩短时延和节约能源的目的.针对多用户依赖任务卸载问题,在综合考虑时延与能耗的基础上建立用户依...     

Two new meta-heuristics for a bi-objective supply chain scheduling problem in flow-shop environment

In this study, an integrated multi-objective production-distribution flow-shop scheduling problem will be taken into consideration with respect to two objective functions. The first objective function aims to minimize total weighted tardiness and make-span and the second objective function aims to minimize the summation of total weighted earliness, total weighted number of tardy jobs, inventory costs and total delivery costs. Firstly, a mathematical model is proposed for this problem. After that, two new meta-heuristic algorithms are developed in order to solve the problem. The first algorithm (HCMOPSO), is a multi-objective particle swarm optimization combined with a heuristic mutation operator, Gaussian membership function and a chaotic sequence and the second algorithm (HBNSGA-II), is a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II with a heuristic criterion for generation of initial population and a heuristic crossover operator. The proposed HCMOPSO and HBNSGA-II are tested and compared with a Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), a Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) and two state-of-the-art algorithms from recent researches, by means of several comparing criteria. The computational experiments demonstrate the outperformance of the proposed HCMOPSO and HBNSGA-II.     

CSNEO:协同服务器与网络能耗优化的VM映射算法

已有针对虚拟机映射问题的研究,主要以提高服务器资源及能耗效率为目标.综合考虑虚拟机映射过程中对服务器及网络设备能耗的影响,在对物理服务器、虚拟机资源及状态,虚拟机映射、网络通信矩阵等概念定义的基础上,对协同能耗优化及网络优化的虚拟机映射问题进行了建模.将问题抽象为多资源约束下的装箱问题与二次分配QAP问题,并设计了基于蚁群算法ACO与局部搜索算法2-exchange结合的虚拟机映射算法CSNEO来进行问题的求解.通过与MDBP-ACO、vector-VM等四种算法的对比实验结果表明:CSNEO算法一方面在满足多维资源约束的前提下,实现了更高的虚拟机映射效率;另一方面,相比只考虑网络优化的虚拟机放置算法,CSNEO在实现网络优化的同时具有更好的能耗效率.     

Energy consumption of data mining algorithms on mobile phones: Evaluation and prediction

The pervasive availability of increasingly powerful mobile computing devices like PDAs, smartphones and wearable sensors, is widening their use in complex applications such as collaborative analysis, information sharing, and data mining in a mobile context. Energy characterization plays a critical role in determining the requirements of data-intensive applications that can be efficiently executed over mobile devices. This paper presents an experimental study of the energy consumption behavior of representative data mining algorithms running on mobile devices. Our study reveals that, although data mining algorithms are compute- and memory-intensive, by appropriate tuning of a few parameters associated to data (e.g., data set size, number of attributes, size of produced results) those algorithms can be efficiently executed on mobile devices by saving energy and, thus, prolonging devices lifetime. Based on the outcome of this study we also proposed a machine learning approach to predict energy consumption of mobile data-intensive algorithms. Results show that a considerable accuracy is achieved when the predictor is trained with specific-algorithm features.     

基于两阶段优化的并发流任务计算卸载策略

计算卸载作为移动边缘计算中最关键的技术之一而备受研究人员的关注,然而现有研究较少同时考虑拓扑结构、优化目标多样性及计算资源竞争的特性。针对移动边缘计算场景下的并发型数据流任务计算卸载及资源竞争问题,设计一种基于并发型数据流任务的多目标计算卸载混合整数模型,并给出一种基于多目标优化和多属性决策的两阶段优化框架对该模型进行求解。在多目标优化阶段,提出改进动态多种群并行NSGA-II（DMP-NSGA-II）算法,包括多种群多交叉策略、动态调整种群规模与二次局部搜索的改进策略,以解决局部收敛和全局搜索难以平衡的问题,同时设计一种基于混合式求解框架的DMP-NSGA-II算法求解多目标混合整数模型。在多属性决策阶段,提出一种基于模糊C均值聚类和灰关联投影法的后验选解方法,以选出在不同偏好下具有代表性的最优卸载决策。在测试函数和模型实例上的实验结果表明,设计的两阶段优化框架能够有效地求解所提出的模型,在ZDT系列测试函数上DMP-NSGA-II算法的HV和SP指标表现全面优于NSGA-II、MOEA/D和MOEA/D-DE算法,在模型实例上DMP-NSGA-II算法的Meantime和Meanenergy指标相较于基于混合式求解框架的NSGA-II算法,分别提升了30.1%和8.9%。     

多设备间任务依赖的最佳卸载决策和资源分配

考虑了多个设备的移动边缘计算(mobile edge computing, MEC)与端对端(device-to-device, D2D)技术协作网络, 其中多个无线设备的最终输出作为另一个设备上某个子任务的输入. 为了最小化无线设备的能耗和任务完成时间的加权和, 研究了最优的资源分配(卸载发射功率和本地CPU频率)和任务卸载决策问题. 首先固定卸载决策, 推导出卸载发射功率和本地CPU频率的闭合表达式, 运用凸优化方法求出该问题的解. 然后基于一次爬升策略提出了一种低复杂度线性搜索算法, 该算法可以在线性时间内获得最佳卸载决策. 数值结果表明, 该策略的性能明显优于其他有代表性的基准测试.     

分层学习的边缘计算资源调度粒子群优化算法

由于存在诸如CPU运算速度慢,电池容量低等问题,智能移动设备本身无法执行计算需求大的应用程序,需要借助边缘计算技术来降低程序对移动设备硬件的要求。然而将部分计算任务从移动设备传输给边缘服务器,会带来额外的传输能耗和服务器计算能耗。综合考虑影响移动设备和服务器,以及数据传输能耗值的四个因素,即移动设备的计算速度,下载数据功耗,数据卸载百分比和剩余网络带宽占,提出一种基于分层学习的粒子群算法,优化每台移动设备对于这四个参数的取值,更合理分配计算资源使得总能耗最小。对计算资源建模时,还考虑了最大能耗、计算周期、存储、带宽和延迟约束条件。与其他算法进行对比实验发现,通过分层学习优化的粒子群算法,能更快速地获得满足约束条件具有更低能耗的资源调度最优解。     

基于稳定匹配的多用户任务卸载策略

随着许多计算密集型应用的出现,移动设备因其有限的计算能力无法满足用户时延、能耗等需求。移动边缘计算（MEC）通过无线信道将用户的任务计算卸载到MEC服务器,从而显著减少任务响应时延和能耗。针对多用户任务卸载问题,提出了基于稳定匹配的多用户任务卸载策略（MUTOSA）,在保证用户的时延要求下达到能耗最小化。首先,在综合考虑时延与能耗的基础上,对独立任务场景下的多用户任务卸载问题进行建模;然后,基于博弈论的稳定匹配中的延迟接收思想,提出了一种调整策略;最后,通过不断迭代,解决了多用户任务卸载问题。实验结果表明,该策略相较于基准策略和启发式策略能够满足更多用户的时延要求,平均提高约10%的用户满意度,并能减少约50%的用户设备总能耗。所提策略在保证用户时延要求的同时有效地减少了能耗,可以有效地提高用户对于时延敏感型应用的体验。     

On redundant coverage maximization in wireless visual sensor networks: Evolutionary algorithms for multi-objective optimization

Wireless visual sensor networks can provide valuable information for a variety of monitoring and control applications. Frequently, a set of targets must be covered by visual sensors, as such visual sensing redundancy is a desired condition specially when applications have availability requirements for multiple coverage perspectives. If visual sensors become rotatable, their sensing orientations can be adjusted to optimize coverage and redundancy, bringing different challenges as there may be different coverage optimization objectives. Actually, the specific issue of redundant coverage maximization is inherently a multi-objective problem, but usual approaches are not designed accordingly to compute visual sensing redundancy. This article proposes two different evolutionary algorithms that exploit the multi-objective nature of the redundant coverage maximization problem: a lexicographic ”a priori” algorithm and a NSGA-II ”a posteriori” algorithm. The performance of both algorithms are compared, using a previously proposed single-objective greedy-based algorithm as a reference. Numerical results outline the benefits of employing evolutionary algorithms for adjustments of sensors’ orientations, potentially benefiting deployment and management of wireless visual sensor networks for different monitoring scenarios.