脑性瘫痪儿童腰骶脊髓背根的电生理研究

探讨脑性瘫儿童腰骶脊髓Ｉα背根兴奋性 肉痉挛的关系。方法：在１２例患儿选择性脊神经背根切断术中，直接电刺激Ｉ２－Ｓ１节段的４０８条Ｉα背根小束，观察其兴奋阈值和传统导潜伏期等值的改变，并比较５例患儿１３条背根的术后电生理变化。结果：各节段脊小束兴奋阈高低不均，但传导潜伏期值在正常范围。     

吉兰—巴雷综合征患者的神经肌电图研究

目的：探讨古兰－巴雷综合征（ＧＢＳ）中急性炎性脱髓鞘性多发性神经根神经病（ＡＩＤＰ）和慢笥炎性脱鞘性神经根神经病（ＣＩＤＰ０的电生理改变特点。方法：对３８例ＧＢＳ患者进行肌电图（ＥＭＧ）、神经电图及Ｆ波检测。测定运动社会传导速度（ＭＣＶ）、感觉神经传导速度（ＳＣＶ）及末端潜伏期（Ｌａｔ）和波幅（Ａｍｐ），测定Ｆ波最短潜伏期１、出现率。对比ＣＩＤＰ组与患者的电生理改变特点。结果：ＣＩＤＰ与ＡＩＤＰ中     

橄榄脑桥小脑萎缩脑干听觉诱发电位研究

本文对３５例橄榄脑桥小脑萎缩（ＯＰＣＡ）患者和３９例正常人进行脑干听觉诱发电位（ＢＡＥＰ）检查，结果发现ＯＰＣＡ病人ＢＡＥＰ异常１５例，阳性率４３％，主要异常是Ⅰ～Ⅲ峰间潜伏期延长和Ⅰ～Ⅴ波潜伏期双耳差值增大（Ｐ＜０．０５），提示ＯＰＣＡ主要电生理异常在听神经至桥脑下段之间，此外，还发现脑干电生理异常率与疾病严重程度和ＣＴ脑干萎缩程度有关。     

体感诱发电位在脊髓损伤后药物疗效观察中的应用

目的观察大鼠脊髓损伤后药物对体感诱发电位（ＳＥＰ）的影响。方法４８只Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠脊髓损伤术后立即给小檗胺或尼莫地平１次，术后２、４、８小时各给同样药１次，以后每日２次给药，至术后２周。分别于术前及术后４周在麻醉状态下进行ＳＥＰ检查。结果脊髓损伤后４周各组实验动物的ＳＥＰ潜伏期都有一定程度的延长，脊髓传导速度明显下降。大剂量小檗胺组与对照组相比其潜伏期及损伤部位的传导时间均明显缩短，损伤部位的传导速度明显加快，与对照组相比差异有极显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论ＳＥＰ能客观评价脊髓的神经传导功能，对脊髓损伤后药物疗效观察有一定的客观意义。     

家兔肾传入神经影响加压素及肾素释放途径的研究

以兔的加压素（ＡＶＰ）和肾素的这两种升压激素为指标，观察了肾传入神经（ＡＲＮ）兴奋影响此两类激素释放的传入及传出途径，结果显示，肾传入神经兴奋引起血压下降，心率减慢，肾血流量减少，肾交感神经活动受到抑制，血浆加压素及肾素水平（ＰＲＡ）升高，实验还进一步证实，电刺激兔肾传入神经所导致的ＡＶＰ释放增加主要是经脊髓背根通路（Ｔ６～Ｌ２）实现的，迷走神经路无明显作用，此外，电刺激肾神经传入纤维使肾交感神经     

正常膈神经功能的电生理学研究

运用表面电极刺激并记录，建立正常膈神经功能的电生理参数。方法利用ＥｓａｏｔｅＰｈａｓｉｓ肌电仪测定４０例正常人膈神经功能。刺激部位：利用表面电极在胸锁乳突肌后缘，平环状软骨水平刺激。记录部位：腋前线水平，在第７、８肋间分别放置记录电极（负极和正极）。记录诱发电位的潜伏期、波幅和时程。运用Ｅｐｉｉｎｆｏ软件进行统计分析。结果４０名正常人膈神经电刺激后膈肌均可记录到双相诱发电位，潜伏期：７．３±０．９ｍｓ（左侧），７．７±０．８ｍｓ（右侧）；诱发电位波幅：３９６．６±１５１．３μＶ（左侧），３９０．１±１８７．８μＶ（右侧）；诱发电位时程：２１．５±５．０ｍｓ（左侧），２４．０±１０．７ｍｓ（右侧），诱发电位波幅左侧与右侧比值：１．１±０．４。潜伏期相关分析：ｒ＝０．７７，Ｐ值＜０．０５，回归方程：Ｙ＝０．７１Ｘ＋２．５３（右侧为Ｙ值，左侧为Ｘ值），潜伏期与年龄、身高和体重无显著相关，诱发电位波幅相关分析：ｒ＝０．６５，Ｐ值＜０．０５，回归方程：Ｙ＝０．８０Ｘ＋７１．５９（右侧为Ｙ值，左侧为Ｘ值）。结论运用表面电极刺激并记录能准确判断膈神经功能     

慢性炎性脱髓鞘性神经病电生理诊断的研究

目的探讨慢性炎性脱髓鞘性神经病（ＣＩＤＰ）的电生理特点。方法对１６例ＣＩＤＰ患者的运动神经１０８条、感觉神经６２条及６８块肌肉进行ＥＭＧ、运动神经传导速度（ＭＣＶ）、远端潜伏期、Ｆ波的出现率、潜伏期及波形，感觉神经传导速度（ＳＣＶ）测定。采用分段刺激记录各段刺激引出的复合肌肉动作电位（ＣＭＡＰ）的波幅、时限和面积，而后进行近端与远端比，从而判断传导阻滞（ＣＢ）及一过性离散（ＴＤ）。结果每例均有３条以上神经受累，上、下肢神经远端潜伏期延长为６２．１％，ＭＣＶ减慢为７０．７％，Ｆ波异常为６９．５％，Ｈ反射异常为３８．９％，ＣＢ、ＴＤ和ＣＢ／ＴＤ异常共５７．０％，其中ＣＢ为２９．３％，腋、肌皮、桡、面神经异常为７３．０％，ＳＣＶ减慢为７２．６％。ＥＭＧ神经源性改变为７３．５％。结论ＣＩＤＰ为广泛的周围神经远、近端损害，近端显著，感觉、运动均受累，存在以脱髓鞘为主伴有轴索变性的电生理改变。电生理的无创性、简便及可重复性使其成为ＣＩＤＰ极为重要的诊断手段。     

神经电生理监测技术在脊髓髓内肿瘤切除术中的应用

目的探讨神经电生理技术联合监测对预防脊髓髓内肿瘤切除术中脊髓神经功能损伤的意义。方法回顾性分析26例脊髓髓内肿瘤的病例资料,均行手术切除治疗,术中应用体感诱发电位(SEP-P40)和运动诱发电位(MEP-ABP)监测。结果术后2周随访脊髓神经功能JOA评分改善10例,不变13例,下降3例。JOA评分改善者,手术前后SEP-P40潜伏期、波幅改变及MEP-ABP潜伏期改变均具有统计学意义(P0.01)。JOA评分不变者,手术前后SEP-P40潜伏期、波幅改变及MEP-ABP潜伏期改变均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脊髓髓内肿瘤切除术中使用神经电生理联合监测能及时反映神经功能变化,术中电生理指标变化与病人术后神经功能改变一致。联合监测可提高术中操作的安全性,能避免或减少并发症。     

细胞因子与精神分裂症关系的实验研究

对５７例精神分裂症和４０例正常对照者，分别进行了血清白介—６（ＩＬ—６）、白介—２受体（ＳＩＬ—２Ｒ）和α—干扰素（α—ＩＦＮ）抗体的测定。结果显示，ＩＬ—６略低（Ｐ＞０．０５），而不同病程的患者ＩＬ—６组间差异明显（Ｐ＜０．０５），病程越长，ＩＬ—６越低，ＳＩＬ—２Ｒ和α—ＩＦＮ抗体均低于正常（Ｐ＜０．０５）。本文就ＩＬ—６、ＳＩＬ—２Ｒ和α—ＩＦＮ在精神分裂症中的作用进行了讨论。     

脑干及其附近手术诱发电位术中监护的研究

目的 探讨脑干及其周围手术损伤与脑干听觉诱发电位（ＢＡＥＰ）和体感诱发电位（ＳＥＰ）不同指标之间的关系，找出神经功能损伤第三的电生理指标。方法 对２３例脑干肿瘤病人进行手术中ＢＡＥＰ和ＳＥＰ连续监测。结果 脑干及其周围手术操作均可以引起ＢＡＥＰ、ＳＥＰ的改变。ＳＥＰ的Ｎ１３－Ｎ２０中枢传导时间（ＣＣＴ）和Ｎ２０潜伏期及波幅的变化和ＢＡＥＰＶ波潜伏期（ＰＬ）、Ⅲ－Ｖ、Ｉ－Ｖ峰间潜伏期（ＩＰＬ）的变化     

选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗脑瘫马蹄足

目的评价L4～S1选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗脑瘫马蹄足的疗效.方法对15例以踝部痉挛为主的脑瘫病人进行L4～S1椎板切除术.显露L4、L5和S1脊神经后根,将各后根分为3～5个小束,采用同心圆电极进行刺激,通过肉眼观察及肌电图所示肌肉收缩情况,将运动阈值明显减低的小束切断.跖屈肌群肌张力按照Ashworth法进行评估,随访6个月并观察疗效.结果所有病人踝部痉挛明显缓解,行走功能改善,无明显并发症.结论L4～S1选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗脑瘫踝痉挛有效,但应严格掌握手术适应证.     

辅加单侧脊神经S2后根选择性切断治疗脑瘫踝痉挛的疗效观察

目的评价脊神经S2后根选择性切断术治疗脑瘫踝痉挛疗效。方法25例痉挛性脑瘫患者均为双下肢受累,对踝痉挛较重的一侧下肢采用L2~S2SPR术,对另一侧踝痉挛相对较轻者采用L2~S1SPR术。术中将各后根分为3~5个小束,采用同心圆电极进行刺激,通过肉眼观察及肌电图记录显示肌肉收缩情况,将肌肉收缩范围明显异常的小束切断。踝痉挛情况按照Ashworth法进行评估,随访16.3±4.9个月,观察疗效并比较两侧肢体踝痉挛改善情况。结果S2后根的切断率为32%。病人术后踝痉挛均明显缓解,行走功能改善,无括约肌功能障碍。手术范围包括S2后根时,该侧踝痉挛改善更佳。结论对踝痉挛严重的脑瘫患者,采用选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗时,手术范围应包括S2后根。     

脑瘫手术中肌电图监测的应用

目的探讨肌电图(EMG)监测在选择性脊神经后根切断术(SPR)治疗痉挛性脑瘫中的作用。方法对34例痉挛性脑瘫病人施行SPR手术,对下肢多组肌群采用EMG监测,观察刺激脊神经后根小束时肌肉出现运动反应的阈值及肌肉收缩范围。结果对后根小束进行电刺激时,肌肉收缩可局限于该神经根节段支配的肌群,也可扩散到同侧或对侧的其他肌群。结论EMG对提高手术效果,探讨手术中电生理监测方法的科学性,研究电生理标准与疗效的关系等,均能提供有益的帮助。     

Peripheral sensory neuropathy observed in children with cerebral palsy: is chronic afferent excitation from muscle spindles a possible cause?

Introduction  

Peripheral sensory neuropathy is known to be associated with several medical conditions; however, it has not been reported in patients with cerebral palsy. Authors have observed pathological changes in the sensory nerve rootlets taken during selective dorsal rhizotomy. This paper reports a possible novel cause of peripheral sensory neuropathy: the chronic afferent excitations from muscle spindles.     

Functional posterior rhizotomy as a surgical treatment for spastic cerebral palsy in childhood]

The author reported a case of spastic cerebral palsy in a 4-year-old boy who underwent functional posterior rhizotomy and were followed up for more than one and a half years after surgery to evaluate the degree of spasticity. The patient's preoperative ADL was highly restricted due to severe spasticity. In the surgery, the bilateral rootlets from L2 to S1 were selectively cut if an abnormal reflex activity was demonstrated by neurophysiological methods. Spasticity markedly decreased postoperatively and alleviated the family's burden for daily care. During the period of follow up, residual spasticity has subsided and the effect in controlling spasticity was long-standing. Functional posterior rhizotomy has been recognized as an established neurosurgical treatment for spastic cerebral palsy in childhood in the North America. However, the procedure is uncommon in Japan. The author outlined here the procedure and its history. Functional posterior rhizotomy is a strong armament for treating spasticity in cerebral palsy. The procedure would greatly benefit patients with spastic cerebral palsy in combination with current treatments.     

术中电生理监测在选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗痉挛型脑瘫中的应用

目的探讨术中肌电图及脑电双频指数监测对选择性脊神经后根切断术(SPR)治疗痉挛型脑瘫的指导意义。方法对27例痉挛型脑瘫行SPR术,术中利用脑电双频(BIS)指数监测麻醉深度,将L2-S2各后根均匀分为3-5个神经束后行电刺激,并对下肢多组肌肉及肛门括约肌收缩情况进行肌电图(EMG)监测。将电刺激后肌肉反应情况分为0～4分,3-4分为异常。切断扩散范围异常的神经束,保留出现明显括约肌收缩的神经束。结果BIS指数在60～80时,电刺激强度适宜,反应适中,生命体征平稳,适宜手术操作。各后根的切断比例为44.4%-54.2%,所有患者术后痉挛均有改善,无大小便功能障碍及其他并发症。结论BIS指数监测对控制麻醉深度,维持麻醉平稳具有重要作用。术中电刺激是施行脊神经后根选择性切断的合理方法,电刺激后反应为Ⅲ-Ⅳ级者为异常小束,可根据具体情况予以切断。术中EMG监测对提高手术疗效,保护括约肌功能具有重要意义。     

选择性脊神经后根切断的术中电生理监测

目的 探讨术中肌电图及脑电双频指数监测对选择性脊神经后根切断术（SPR）的指导意义。方法利用脑电双频（BIS）指数监测麻醉深度，对27例痉挛性脑瘫行SPR术。术中将L2～S2各后根均匀分为3～5个神经束后行电刺激．对下肢多组肌肉及肛门括约肌收缩情况进行肌电图监测，切断扩散范围异常的神经束，保留出现明显括约肌收缩的神经束。结果BIS指数在60～80时．电刺激强度适宜，反应适中，生命体征平稳。而BIS指数〈60或〉80时，不适宜手术操作。术后痉挛均有改善．无大小便功能障碍及其他并发症。结论术中肌电图监测对提高手术疗效，保护括约肌功能，具有重要意义。脑电双频指数监测对控制麻醉深度．维持麻醉平稳具有重要作用。     

The critical importance of stimulus intensity in intraoperative monitoring for partial dorsal rhizotomy

During partial lumbosacral dorsal rhizotomy (PDR), intraoperative dorsal rootlet stimulation (drs) evokes motor responses, presumed to be reflexes, which are used to select rootlets for section. However, dr stimuli may also costimulate ventral root (vr) and evoke an M rather than a reflex response, the two being distinguishable only by comparison of response latencies after drs at two separate sites. In 15 consecutive spastic cerebral palsy patients undergoing PDR, we asked whether reflex and M responses were distinguishable on the basis of stimulus intensity (SI). For soleus H reflexes evoked by percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation, the SI for reflex afferents was usually subthreshold for exciting motor fibers. Similarly, for nerve roots, reflexes were evoked by drs at SIs generally less than that for M responses evoked by vr stimulation (vrs). In contrast, M responses evoked by drs required SIs that were on average 20 times greater. Finally, costimulation of contralateral vr after ipsilateral vrs occurred at SIs shown to evoke M responses after drs. We conclude that: (1) reflex and M responses evoked by drs are distinguishable on the basis of the required SI; and (2) drs employing SIs greater than that required for vrs evokes M rather than reflex responses due to costimulation of ipsilateral and contralateral vr. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Selective dorsal rhizotomies in the treatment of spasticity related to cerebral palsy

Rationale Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is a surgical technique developed over the past decades to manage patients diagnosed with cerebral palsy suffering from spastic diplegia. It involves selectively lesioning sensory rootlets in an effort to maintain a balance between elimination of spasticity and preservation of function. Several recent long-term outcome studies have been published. In addition, shorter follow-up randomized controlled studies have compared the outcome of patients having undergone physiotherapy alone with those that received physiotherapy after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Materials and methods In this account, we will discuss the rationale and outcome after SDR. The outcome is addressed in terms of the gross motor function measurement scale (GMFM), degree of elimination of spasticity, strength enhancement, range of motion, fine motor skills, activity of daily living, spastic hip, necessity for postoperative orthopedic procedures, bladder and sphincteric function, and finally possible early or late complications associated with the procedure. Conclusion We conclude that SDR is a safe procedure, which offers durable and significant functional gains to properly selected children with spasticity related to cerebral palsy.     

Entrapment neuropathy in patients with spastic cerebral palsy

OBJECTIVES: We performed nerve conduction and needle electromyographic tests in 29 patients with spastic cerebral palsy (SCP) and severe limb deformities. Nerve conduction abnormalities were detected in 32 of 400 sensory or motor nerves, while 11 of 29 patients (37.9%) showed abnormal nerve conduction, indicating one or more entrapment neuropathies. Patients with SCP develop severe joint contractures and deformities due to spastic muscle tone and limited muscle and joint use/flexibility; these contractures and deformities can, in turn, cause nerve damage, possibly as a result of the stretching, angulation or compression mechanisms in the anatomic fibro-osseous passages, where nerves are particularly susceptible.