马铃薯晚疫病药效对比试验

用68.75%银法利悬浮剂、58%甲霜灵锰锌可湿性粉剂、52.5%抑快净水分散粒剂、72%克露可湿性粉剂、25%双炔酰菌胺悬浮剂、80%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂和80%代森锰锌水分散粒剂等7种药剂防治马铃薯晚疫病,施药3次,防治效果在81.00%~94.89%,马铃薯增产5.5%~24.5%。     

多种杀菌剂对葡萄霜霉病的田间防效

为筛选有效防控葡萄霜霉病的杀菌剂,选择了46%氢氧化铜水分散粒剂、77%硫酸铜钙可湿性粉剂、20%松脂酸铜水乳剂等13种杀菌剂开展田间药效试验。通过比较各处理防效,发现10%氟噻唑吡乙酮可分散油悬浮剂、80%烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂、30%烯酰·甲霜灵水分散粒剂、70%烯酰吗啉·霜脲氰水分散粒剂、47%烯酰吗啉·唑嘧菌胺悬浮剂、60%代森联·吡唑醚菌酯水分散粒剂对葡萄霜霉病的防效较高,相对病指防效在86.98%～93.01%之间,可用于生产中葡萄霜霉病的防治。     

不同药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果

试验研究了68.75%氟菌.霜霉威悬浮剂、69%烯酰.锰锌可湿性粉剂、52.5%噁酮.霜脲氰水分散粒剂等8种药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治作用,通过差异显著性分析及灰色关联度分析得知:52.5%噁酮.霜脲氰水分散粒剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果最佳,其他依次为69%烯酰.锰锌可湿性粉剂、72%霜脲.锰锌可湿性粉剂、68.75%氟菌.霜霉威悬浮剂、70%丙森锌可湿性粉剂、250g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂、25%甲霜灵.霜脲氰可湿性粉剂、25%丁吡吗啉悬浮剂。     

50%烯酰吗啉·嘧菌酯悬浮剂防治葡萄霜霉病效果

用50%烯酰吗啉·嘧菌酯悬浮剂800倍液、1 000倍液和1 500倍液防治葡萄霜霉病,药后14 d,对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果分别是79.24%、90.89%和91.75%,对照药剂25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂1 000倍液对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果是64.79%。试验结果表明,50%烯酰吗啉·嘧菌酯悬浮剂可有效防治葡萄霜霉病,药效明显高于对照药剂25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂,建议在葡萄霜霉病发生初期用1 000倍液对叶面均匀喷雾。     

几种杀菌剂对烟草黑胫病的田间药效试验

为了探索防治烟草黑胫病的最佳杀菌剂,2006年对50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂等7种杀菌剂进行了试验,结果表明72%甲霜·锰锌可湿性粉剂(600倍液)防治效果最好,7种杀菌剂的防治效果排序为:72%甲霜·锰锌可湿性粉剂(600倍液)>50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂(1500倍液)>58%甲霜·锰锌可湿性粉剂(600倍液)>72%苯霜·锰锌可湿性粉剂(500倍液)>25%甲霜·霜霉可湿性粉剂(600倍液)>72.2%霜霉威悬浮剂(800倍液)>60%氟吗·锰锌可湿性粉剂(600倍液)。     

绿色食品农药准入下的葡萄霜霉病防治药剂筛选

为筛选对葡萄霜霉病高效且符合绿色食品生产要求的新型杀菌剂,开展田间试验调查了不同作用机理的5种药剂对露地栽培葡萄霜霉病的防治效果。结果表明,当田间病情指数为34.0～49.5时进行一次性施药,以60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂1 500倍液处理的防效最为稳定,药后3～14 d防效为51.9%～67.6%;35%氟菌·戊唑醇悬浮剂2 000倍液与对照药剂80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂800倍液处理药后14 d防效均在68%以上,持效性较好;生物农药5%D-柠檬烯可溶液剂300倍液处理药后3～14 d防效51.3%～62.0%,与唑醚·代森联较为接近,也有较好的控病效果。推荐在绿色食品生产基地中使用5%D-柠檬烯可溶液剂、35%氟菌·戊唑醇悬浮剂、60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂或80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂防治葡萄霜霉病,注意按照药剂推荐浓度交替轮换使用。     

80%烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂防治马铃薯晚疫病效果初探

选用80%烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂、58%甲霜锰锌可湿性粉剂和68. 75%银法利悬浮剂进行马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果试验。结果表明:3种药剂对马铃薯晚疫病都有很好的防治效果,且均具有较好的增产效果及较低的烂薯率。其中,80%烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂40 g/667m2在第3次施药后的防治效果达到85. 96%,增产率最高为7. 9%,烂薯率最低为3. 8%,是筛选的较为理想的杀菌剂。     

葡萄黑痘病防治药剂试验初探

经筛选试验,25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂2 000倍液、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂1 000倍液、400g/L氟硅唑乳油8 000倍液、60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂750倍液、80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂700倍液、75%百菌清可湿性粉剂600倍液处理,避雨栽培区6个药剂处理对葡萄黑痘病均有良好防效,防效均在90%以上;在露天栽培条件下,25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂2 000倍液、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂1 000倍液、400g/L氟硅唑乳油8 000倍液、60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂750倍液4个处理防治葡萄黑痘病,病叶相对防效在73%以上,病指相对防效在83%以上。     

烯酰吗啉与嘧菌酯混配对马铃薯晚疫病的效果

用混配剂51%烯酰吗啉.嘧菌酯水分散粒剂与50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂和25%嘧菌酯乳油对马铃薯晚疫病进行田间防控试验。结果表明,第二次药后10 d,混配剂51%烯酰吗啉.嘧菌酯水分散粒剂每667 m2剂量25 g的防治效果最高,达到82.5%,而50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂每667 m2剂量25 g和25%嘧菌酯乳油每667 m2剂量15 g两种单剂的防治效果分别为75.4%和67.7%。说明混配剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治有较好的增效作用。     

几种常用杀菌剂对马铃薯晚疫病防治效果比较研究

试验表明50%烯酰吗啉等九种杀菌剂对马铃薯晚疫病发病初期均有好的防效,药后7d防效均在81.5%以上。在马铃薯晚疫病初期施药,各药剂防效差异明显。第2次用药后7d,50%烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂、70%丙森锌可湿性粉剂、60%吡唑醚菌酯/代森联水分散粒剂、72%霜脲·锰锌可湿性粉剂对马铃薯晚疫病防治效果在83%以上,且最后增产效果均在40%以上。而70%甲基硫茵灵可湿性粉剂等其它5种药剂的防病效果只在70%左右,增产幅度也低。各药剂对马铃薯安全,无药害表现。建议向农民首推50%烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂防治马铃薯晚疫病,其次是72%霜脲·锰锌可湿性粉剂、70%丙森锌可湿性粉剂和60%吡唑醚菌酯/代森联水分散粒剂。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Transgene herbizidresistente Kulturen

Zusammenfassung Herbizidresistente Kulturpflanzen nehmen unter den derzeit weltweit angebauten gentechnisch veränderten Ackerbaukulturen Sojabohne, Baumwolle, Raps und Mais den weit überwiegenden Anteil ein. Als Ursachen für die rasche Zunahme der Anbauflächen herbizidresistenter Sorten sind unter anderem die Unzulänglichkeiten der für diese Kulturen bestehenden Herbizidlösungen sowie die Zunahme der pfluglosen Bestellverfahren zu sehen. Im Gegenzug hat die Minimalbodenbearbeitung aufgrund der Einführung der Herbizidresistenztechnologie, insbesondere in Sojabohne, ein ausgeprägtes Flächenwachstum erfahren.Als Entscheidungskriterien für die Wahl des Unkrautbekämpfungssystems unter Einbezug des Anbaus herbizidresistenter oder konventioneller Sorten lassen sich aus den Erfahrungen der vergangenen 8 Jahre anführen: Sortenleistung, erhöhte Kulturverträglichkeit und zeitliche Anwendungsflexibilität, Wirkungssicherheit einer Nachauflaufbehandlung in Trockenregionen, Wirkungsbreite, Wirkungsdauer und Bekämpfung resistenter Unkrautbiotypen. Aufgrund fehlender Zulassungen und Kennzeichnungsvorschriften in wichtigen Exportmärkten sind für den Anbau transgener Sorten in Übersee auch Vermarktungseinschränkungen sowie für den Anbau in Europa Haftungs- und Koexistenzregeln wichtige einzelbetriebliche Entscheidungsparameter.Fortschritte erfährt die Herbizidresistenztechnologie kurz- und mittelfristig in der Weiterentwicklung bereits praktizierter Spritzfolgen und Tankmischungen zu Fertigformulierungen der Komplementärherbizide mit residualen Partnern. Zur Bekämpfung und Vorbeugung der Ausbreitung neuer herbizidresistenter Biotypen werden die Komplementärherbizide mit Partnern anderer Wirkungsmechanismen kombiniert. Weitere Entwicklungen sind die Kombination verschiedener transgener Merkmale mit der Herbizidresistenz sowie die Ausweitung von den derzeit dominierenden Kulturen auf weltweit weniger bedeutsame Kulturen, in denen die Entwicklung neuer konventioneller Herbizidwirkstoffe bisher wenig erfolgreich war oder im Verhältnis zum Aufwand nur bedingt attraktiv ist. Für die langfristige Entwicklung könnte die Plastidentransformation zur Verhinderung einer unerwünschten Ausbreitung transgener Merkmale Bedeutung erlangen.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.     

Surveys of cereal diseases and pests in the Netherlands. 3. Monographella nivalis and Fusarium spp. in winter wheat fields and seed lots

Data from surveys of winter wheat fields in the period 1974–1986 and of seed lots in the period 1962–1986 and identifications of diseases on plant samples were compiled to describe the occurrence of snow mould (Monographella nivalis) andFusarium spp. On average,M. nivalis dominated overFusarium spp. The complex ofFusarium spp. constituted mainly ofF. culmorum, followed byF. avenaceum andF. graminearum. M. nivalis was dominant in May on stem-bases and in July on leaves and leaf sheaths. On seedsM. nivalis predominated only in years with low temperatures in July and August.Average brown footrot infection in the field was 4% tillers in May and 5% culms in July. Brown footrot intensity in July was high in cropping seasons with high precipitation in October and with low temperatures in October, November and December. In July during the early eighties, an average of 8% of leaves and 6% of flag leaf sheaths were infected byM. nivalis. Average ear blight incidence was 1.2% glumes infected. Seed contamination by these pathogens averaged 16% in the years 1962–1986. The contamination was high in years with high precipitation in June, July and August. Aspects of cv. resistance and yield loss are illustrated.