川东北分水岭构造须家河组钻井提速技术研究与应用

针对川东北分水岭构造须家河组地层段机械钻速慢的钻井难题,开展了提速技术研究。首先通过工程地质特征分析,获取了须家河组地层矿物组分含量和岩石力学参数,并有针对性地提出提速技术思路和提速手段。从分3井现场应用效果看,气体钻井技术、螺杆钻具+混合钻头以及扭冲工具+混合钻头钻井技术均取得不同程度的提速效果,其中气体钻井技术平均机械钻速最高,达到4.78 m/h,与同井采用常规泥浆钻井相比提高4.49倍。     

优快钻井配套技术在希50-54井应用实践

针对海塔地质特点和钻井难点,开展钻井技术研究和现场试验,制定了切实可行的钻井提速方案,较好地解决了上部地层易塌、中部地层易斜、下部地层硬造成的相关钻井技术难点,实现了优快钻井的目标,为增储上产提供了强有力的保障。以希50-54井为例,从技术应用思路和应用效果两方面出发,深入分析井身结构优化、钻头及参数优选、复合钻井等几大海塔优快钻井配套技术在现场实际中的应用情况,实践表明机械钻速得到大幅度提高,钻井周期明显缩短,效果显著。     

大港油田优快钻井配套技术研究

大港油田深井、超深井提速困难主要是由于馆陶组厚层底砾岩和沙河街组致密泥岩的岩石可钻性差、深部油气藏存在异常高温、高压现象,且钻井液具有高密度和高粘度的特点。为探索适合大港油田的深井、超深井优快钻井配套技术,结合滨深24-5-27井的钻井实例展开了研究。通过优选钻井液体系、应用精细控压钻井技术,以及高效PDC钻头+螺杆马达复合钻井技术,实现该井完钻井深4510 m,钻井周期36天,全井平均机械钻速为11.56 m/h的快速钻井效果。研究结果表明,该井钻井周期的缩短主要得益于全井机械钻速的提高,以及生产组织的有序衔接和保证。相对所在区块的历史指标井,该井机械钻速提高15.27%,二开和三开的生产组织时间缩短31.68%,钻井周期缩短18.78%。该优快配套钻井技术可为大港油田高效开发深部油气藏提供工程技术保障。     

扭力冲击器在大庆油田肇深17井的试验应用

大庆油田深井提速已经开展多年,取得了良好的效果,2012年不断试验提速新技术,在肇深17井试验引进TorkBuster扭力冲击器,取得了新进展,获得了较高的机械钻速。扭力冲击器工作井段平均机械钻速达到4 m/h,最高达8 m/h,相同井段同比常规钻井节省起下钻至少5趟以上,节省周期13天。与同区块肇深井比较,钻速有较大的提升。扭力冲击器在肇深17井的试验成功,为大庆油田营城组及以下地层钻井提速提供了新途径。     

庆深气田深层钻完井配套技术

自庆深气田徐深1井取得深层天然气勘探重大突破以来,大庆油田步入了油气勘探开发并举阶段。2004—2010年完成123口井,平均井深4118 m、钻井周期141 d,钻井技术水平较低。虽然开展提速技术攻关取得一定效果,但仍然不能满足天然气快速增储上产的需求,还存在着固井后井口带压问题,急需深入开展钻完井技术攻关。自2011年起,借鉴国内外深层提速技术成果,分开次、分层段针对岩性特点制定提速对策,通过优化井身结构、优选高效PDC钻头、实验并自研液动旋冲和涡轮等新型提速工具,大幅度提高了深井钻井技术水平,2011—2013年完成19口井,平均井深4075 m、同比缩短钻井周期48.6 d;针对井口带压问题,综合分析其产生因素,开展系列技术研究,形成了防气窜固井配套技术,为深层天然气快速增储上产提供了支持和保障。     

涪陵页岩气田水平井组优快钻井技术

涪陵页岩气田是我国第一个投入商业化开发的国家级页岩气示范区,与北美相比,涪陵地区地表条件、地质条件和页岩气储层特征更加复杂、储层埋藏更深,开发初期钻井机械钻速低、钻井周期长、成本高。为此开展了涪陵页岩气田水平井组优快钻井技术研究,形成了集水平井组钻井工程优化设计、水平井优快钻井技术、国产低成本油基钻井液、满足大型压裂要求的长水平段水平井固井技术、山地特点“井工厂”钻井技术以及绿色环保钻井技术为核心的页岩气水平井组优快钻井技术体系。在涪陵页岩气田推广应用了290口井,完井256口,平均单井机械钻速提高了182%,平均单井钻井周期缩短了55%,平均单井钻井成本降低了34%。为涪陵页岩气田年50亿m3一期产能建设的顺利完成提供了强有力的技术支撑,对我国页岩气规模开发提供了重要的借鉴和引领作用。     

苏里格气田苏77区块丛式井优快钻井配套技术

苏77区块处于生态环境脆弱的半沙漠半草原地区,采用丛式井开发方式,不仅可以加快产能建设,而且可以降低钻井成本,保护环境,便于气田维护管理。针对苏77区块钻井存在的技术难点,根据地层自然增降斜及方位漂移规律,从平台部署、井身轨迹剖面、钻具组合、PDC钻头选型及钻井液体系及性能维护等方面进行优化,形成了一套适应苏77区块的丛式井优快钻井配套技术,有效地提高了机械钻速,缩短了钻井周期及平台建井周期,加快了产能建设。其中,苏77-6-5井完钻井深3167 m,钻井周期仅为9.98天,创造了整个苏里格气田定向井最短钻井周期记录。     

哈萨克斯坦科扎萨伊油田优快钻井技术

哈萨克斯坦科扎萨伊油田钻井地质环境复杂,储层位于盐下,钻遇的地层层系多,地层性质差异大,具多套压力系统。钻井过程中发生地层漏失、坍塌、掉块及盐膏层蠕变等复杂情况,严重影响了钻井时效和钻井安全。针对这些技术难题,开展了油田井身结构、井身质量、提速潜力、高效钻头等分析与优化,提出了预弯曲钻具高倾角地层井斜控制技术、混合钻头减震提速技术,以及PDC-孕镶块复合钻头高研磨性地层提速技术。现场应用取得了较好的效果,平均机械钻速提高50%以上,钻井周期缩短28%。     

庆深气田深层勘探钻井配套技术研究与应用

针对庆深气田深部地层的地质特点,开展深层天然气勘探钻井配套技术研究。在非储层试验深层提速配套钻井技术、空气钻井工艺技术;在储层采用欠平衡钻井、充气钻井工艺和储层保护技术。通过近2年来在庆深气田深探井试验了23口井深层提速钻井配套技术,13口井欠平衡钻井技术,1口充氮气钻井技术,1口空气和充空气钻井技术,大幅度提高了钻井速度,及时发现和有效保护了气层,取得了重大的技术突破,为松北深层徐家围子地区天然气勘探展现1000亿m3储量规模起到了关键技术作用。     

图深1井涡轮钻井技术应用分析

长岭断陷泉头组以下深层地层岩石可钻性级值不断增高,机械钻速低,钻井周期长,提高深层钻井速度成为该地区钻井关键的问题。涡轮钻井由于具有高转速、高扭矩特点,能够提高破岩效率,但其特点又决定了其应用具有一定局限性,通过对图深1井涡轮钻井提速分析表明,涡轮钻井在长岭断陷登娄库组地层具有良好的提速效果,在营城组凝灰岩地层达不到提速的目的。     

Acknowledgement for Reviewers for 2021

Mathematical Geosciences -     

Framework for soil suitability evaluation for sewage effluent renovation

Current methods of establishing suitable locations for onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are inadequate, particularly in light of the numerous cases of onsite system failure and the resulting adverse consequences. The development of a soil suitability framework for assessing soil suitability for OWTS allows a more practical means of assessment. The use of multivariate statistical analysis techniques, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and multi-criteria decision aids of PROMETHEE and GAIA, enabled the identification of suitable soils for effluent renovation. The outcome of the multivariate analysis, together with soil permeability and drainage characteristics permitted the establishment of a framework for assessing soil suitability based on three main soil functions: (1) the ability of the soil to provide suitable effluent renovation, (2) the permeability of the soil, and (3) the soils drainage characteristics. The developed framework was subsequently applied to the research area, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, and the use of standard scoring functions were utilised to provide a scoring system to signify which soils were more suitable for effluent renovation processes. From the assessment, it was found that Chromosol and Kurosol soils provided the highest level of effluent renovation, closely followed by Ferrosol and Dermosol, Kandosol and Rudosol soil types. Tennosol and Podosol soil types were found to have a significantly lower suitability, with Hydrosol soils proving the least suitable for renovating effluent from OWTS.     

湘南锡矿找矿方向探讨

湘南地区蕴藏着丰富的锡矿资源,锡及锡多金属矿矿床(点)分布广泛,类型复杂,它们的形成除与花岗质侵入岩体直接相关外,同时还受到区域地层和地质构造等因素的共同制约。通过对锡矿的地质背景、分布特征、矿床特征与矿化规律、矿床成因及找矿信息和标志的研究,把湘南地区锡矿的找矿归纳为:"划带、圈区、寻体、定位"的找矿模式,不仅从宏观上提出了或解决了锡矿找矿方向的问题,而且近几年来的地质找矿工作得到了实践应用,并取得了丰硕的找矿成果。     

A new approach for calculating strain for particulate media

Discrete element modelling is a viable alternative to conventional continuum‐based analysis for analysing problems involving localized deformations of particulate media. However, to aid in the interpretation of the results, it is useful to express the results of discrete element analyses in terms of the continuum parameters of stress and strain. A number of homogenization methods have been proposed to calculate strain in discrete systems; however, two significant limitations of these methods remain. First, none of these methods incorporate particle rotation effects satisfactorily, although significant particle rotation occurs in shear bands in both physical tests and numerical simulations of granular materials. Additionally, observations of the particle displacement fields in shear bands in granular materials indicate that the displacements within the localizations are erratic. Consequently, existing linear, local interpolation approaches produce substantial variations in the strain values calculated in adjacent elements in the region of localization, hindering clear visualization of the strain localization as it evolves. A new method of domain discretization for calculating strain is proposed. This method is capable of capturing particle rotation and employs a non‐local meshfree interpolation procedure capable of smoothing the erratic displacements in strain localizations, which better defines their evolution. The proposed method is validated for problems involving both two and three dimensions. A number of methods are compared with the proposed method and pertinent insights are made. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Concept for a Web-based Information System for Flood Management

Recent emergency flood situations at European rivers have revealed the demand for better and in-time information for citizens in flood prone areas about flood development, as well as better coordination of resources and actions during pre-flood phases and its critical stage. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has a large potential to improve the situation. Decisions may be supported by information about resources available at the region and national level, by information about means and access to critical locations at the prevention as well as the evacuation phases, and by including citizens as well as managers into one common information and communication process. The paper outlines the potential of ICT for these aspects.     

Long-term prediction for seismic hazard for radioactive waste disposal

We consider possible approaches to the long-term prediction for seismic hazard in relation to the practical need for the safety of geological disposal of long-lived radioactive waste. The required period of prediction significantly exceeds the one reflected in the set of maps of General Seismic Zoning of the territory of the Russian Federation (GSZ-97). The first geological repository in Russia is planned to be set up in the Nizhnii Kan granite massif in the Krasnoyarsk Krai. This region is an intraplate territory with a relatively high seismic activity. We summarize the analysis of the known empirical generalizations and theoretical principles underlying the seismic hazard prediction. Real seismic events constantly violate forward-looking statements even for relatively short periods of time. These and other arguments suggest that the hypothesis of stationarity of the seismic regime, which is the basis of long-term prediction today, has limited and uncertain applicability in time. Intraplate earthquake prediction is especially uncertain because of the uncertainty in the factor responsible for generating tectonic stresses in these regions. The short horizon of the prediction, based on statistical methods, can be attributed to the nonlinearity of seismic geodynamic processes. Fundamental laws of tectonic processes should be used as the scientific basis for long-term predictions for seismic hazard at the sites chosen for geological disposal of long-lived radioactive waste. These processes can be reflected in models for the migration of the seismically active boundaries of lithospheric plates and the occurrence of seismic activity in intraplate regions.