自由面势流问题边界元法的数值色散误差

以连续及离散Fourier分析研究自由面势流问题边界元法的数值色散误差,并从理论上探讨有关计算中数值色散误差的改善问题.研究表明:对于该问题的数值色散误差而言,重要的在于以问题相应的离散算子考察计及各种数值手段后的总体色散误差,而非仅考虑该数值手段自身的数值色散误差大小.高阶面元、自由面域外奇点或适当的耦合方法是降低有关问题算子总体色散误差的较好选择.     

绕流直接数值模拟误差分析

对于无边界绕流问题的计算流体力学模拟通常是将物体置于“足够大”的槽道中，而通过不断改变槽道尺寸以及离散网格密度，后验对比方式来检查模拟误差。本文结合多种经典流场理论，提出一种简单的先验误差估计方法来确定槽道尺寸以及相应的网格分布。在此方法中，对于槽道尺寸的确定基于线性叠加原理（即在极小雷诺数下采用Stokes理论解叠加，而在其他雷诺数条件下采用势流理论解叠加），来估计槽道尺寸对绕流结果的影响。而对网格尺寸与分布，则是使用多项式逼近中的基本误差分析工具，应用到速度边界层，远场势流，以及Rankine涡等简单流动，从而确定整个绕流问题中的离散误差。为了验证前面的理论分析结果，本文模拟了相当大雷诺数范围内的二维翼型以及三维圆球绕流，所得数值结果非常好地验证了理论分析。结果表明，对于Stokes流动问题，槽道尺寸需要大约100倍于物体特征尺寸来保证其结果与无边界绕流相差不超过1%；而在雷诺数超过大约100时，槽道尺寸只需10倍（二维绕流）或者5倍（三维绕流）于物体特征尺寸来达到同等精度。在此先验误差估计方法可应用于一般化的绕流问题。     

缓变主流中三维气泡的非线性振动

空化现象和水下噪声机制与液体中气泡的动力学行为密切相关．在无粘势流的假定下，采用多参数摄动分析，研究了缓变主流中三维气泡的非线性体积模态振动．推导了关于缓变泡形展开的各阶扰动方程，获得了一阶振动的演化方程和一些特殊情况下的解析解；并采用高阶有限元离散的边界积分方程方法，对平面固壁和自由面附近三维气泡的固有频率进行了数值计算     

直接边界元法三维自由面兴波时域模拟

应用直接边界元法在时域中求解稳定航速运动的三维自由面兴波问题.基于格林定理,在所有边界面上划分网格,对边界积分方程进行数值离散,采用线性自由面边界条件,随时间步进更新自由面势.由于物体空间位置移动辐射条件不需要单独表述,迭代过程中自由面计算域保持不变.以割划水面NACA0024为例,计算模拟了自由面兴波稳定波形;提出了求解矩阵方程组奇异性的处理方法和解决割划问题的动网格技术.本文计算结果和有限体积法及有关试验结果对比表明,该方法是可靠的.     

边界积分方程——非连续边界元度散方法及其应用

利用非连续元离散边界积分方程,有效地解决了“角点效应”问题,对影响非连续元精度和分析效率的几个问题从数值计算的角度进行了讨论,将非连续边界元用于自适应边界元分析,给出了自适应边界元误差指示确定的一种方法,通过对具体实例分析表明了给所方法的可行性,。》     

平头物体三维带空泡入水的数值模拟

本文用时间步进法和边界积分方程方法数值求解平头物体的垂直及斜向入水过程,这是一个在非线性自由面条件下,物体与流体有耦合作用,三维、非定常、理想不可压流体的运动问题,自由面用Lagrangian参数描述,物面用固结在物体上的Eulerian坐标描述,数值计算上提出了物面动力学条件(流-固耦合运动方程)和自由面动力学条件的二阶精度的时间差分隐格式,最后给出若干入水情况的详细计算结果。     

气体动理学统一算法中相容性条件不满足引起的数值误差及其影响研究

求解玻尔兹曼(Boltzmann) 模型方程的气体动理学统一算法(unified gas kinetic scheme,UGKS) 是为模拟存在显著稀薄气体效应流动而建立的. 在该方法中,如果速度空间离散采用传统的离散速度坐标法(discreteordinate method,DOM),将会导致相容性条件得不到严格满足,从而引入数值误差. 本文从理论分析及数值试验两方面说明了该数值误差,正比于来流马赫数,反比于来流努森数. 引入了守恒型的离散速度坐标法(conservativediscrete ordinate method,CDOM),在离散层面上确保了相容性条件得到严格满足. 圆柱绕流计算结果表明,来流马赫数较高、努森数较小时,相容性条件满足与否对计算结果影响较大,采用CDOM 可以在较稀的速度空间网格上得到网格无关解,缩减计算量最大可达2/3.      

不定边界问题的边界元和有限元数学模型

对于不可压缩有势流动,有两类典型的不定边界或可动边界问题,即定常型不定边界如常水位闸门出流、过水坝或过水闸、水堰绕流及射流等,非定常型的不定边界如装液容器内的流体晃动问题.它们的共同特点是自由面位置与形状事先是的,需在计算过程中调整网格作自由面拟合.且由于自由面条件呈强烈非线性,给不确定数值计算带来困难.本文综述了两类不定边界问题的有限元和边界元模式,简述了笔者的一些计算经验.      

配置点谱方法-人工压缩法(SCM-ACM)求解同心圆筒内流体流动

发展了配置点谱方法SCM(Spectral collocation method)和人工压缩法ACM(Artificial compressibility method)相结合的SCM-ACM数值方法,计算了柱坐标系下稳态不可压缩流动N-S方程组。选取典型的同心圆筒间旋转流动Taylor-Couette流作为测试对象,首先,采用人工压缩法获得人工压缩格式的非稳态可压缩流动控制方程;再将控制方程中的空间偏微分项用配置点谱方法进行离散,得到矩阵形式的代数方程;编写了SCM-ACM求解不可压缩流动问题的程序;最后,通过与公开发表的Taylor-Couette流的计算结果对比,验证了求解程序的有效性。结果证明,本文发展的SCM-ACM数值方法能够用于求解圆筒内不可压缩流体流动问题,该方法既保留了谱方法指数收敛的特性,也具有ACM形式简单和易于实施的特点。本文发展的SCM-ACM数值方法为求解柱坐标下不可压缩流体流动问题提供了一种新的选择。     

混合式CRP面元法计算对比

目前,对于混合式CRP(contra-rotating propeller)的数值研究大部分是基于黏流方法,这主要是由于混合式CRP组成构件较多,运用势流方法求解存在一定的困难.但势流方法求解效率较高,在混合式CRP的设计方面,具有独特的优势.为建立混合式CRP的高效数值分析方法,从而为混合式CRP的设计工作奠定基础,研究首先将混合式CRP分成前桨和吊舱推进器两部分,以单个螺旋桨面元法和吊舱推进器整体面元法为基础,建立了混合式CRP的迭代面元法.随后对混合式CRP的几何结构以及桨叶面元奇点强度的变化特点进行分析,提出了将混合式CRP各构件进行整体计算的面元法,推导了整体面元法的计算公式.编译完成迭代面元法以及整体面元法的计算程序,并对混合式CRP的敞水性能进行了计算分析,两种面元法的计算结果与试验值的对比表明;迭代面元法与整体面元法计算得到的推力、扭矩系数相对误差均能控制在5%以内,但整体面元法的计算时间比迭代面元法节约1/3左右,同时整体面元法省去了迭代步骤,适宜于混合式CRP的设计.最后对研究中所建立的整体面元法的理论误差进行了分析.     

Kinked crack analysis by a hybridized boundary element/boundary collocation method

In this research a two dimensional displacement discontinuity method (which is a kind of indirect boundary element method) using higher order elements (i.e. a source element with a cubic variation of displacement discontinuities having four sub-elements) is used to obtain the displacement discontinuities along each boundary element. In this paper, three kinds of the higher order boundary elements are used: the ordinary elements, the kink elements and the special crack tip elements.The boundary collocation technique is used for the calculation of the displacement discontinuities at the center of each sub-elements. Again a special boundary collocation technique is used to treat the kinked source elements occur in the crack analysis. Considering the two source elements (each having four sub-elements) joined at a corner (kink point). The collocation points in the cubic element model which are outside of the kink point are moved to the crack kink then the displacement discontinuities on the left and right sides of the kink are calculated. The displacement discontinuities of the kink point are obtained by averaging the corresponding values of its left and right sides. The special crack tip elements are also treated by the boundary displacement collocation technique considering the singularity variation of the displacements and stresses near the crack tip. Some simple example problems are solved numerically by the proposed method. The numerical results are compared with the corresponding results obtained by the previous methods cited in the literature. This comparison shows a very good agreement between the results and verify the accuracy and validity of the proposed method.     

A boundary collocation method for the solution of a flow problem in a complex three-dimensional porous medium

A flow problem in a complex three-dimensional domain with a free surface and mixed-type boundary conditions is solved by the boundary collocation method. The solution is expressed as a combination of source functions distributed all around the domain close to the boundary, plus a special basis function to take care of a corner singularity. The resulting procedure is compared with the boundary integral elements method and is found to be simpler and more flexible to implement and faster to compute.     

改进的奇异边界法模拟三维位势问题

奇异边界法是与基本解法相对应的一种边界型无网格数值离散方法. 该方法提出了源点强度因子的概念, 克服了传统基本解方法中最复杂最头疼的虚拟边界问题.基于边界元法中处理奇异积分的数值处理技术, 导出了源点强度因子的解析表达式, 提出了改进的无网格奇异边界法, 并进一步将该方法应用于三维位势问题. 该方法消除了传统方法中样本点的选取, 在不增加计算量的前提下, 极大地提高了奇异边界法的计算精度与稳定性.      

Numerical solution of a free surface problem by a boundary element method

This paper describes a method for the numerical solution of a Riabouchinsky cavity flow. Application of a boundary element method leads to a system of non-linear equations. The mild singularity appearing at the separation point is treated with the introduction of a curved boundary element, which satisfies the exact behaviour of the free boundary in that neighbourhood.     

自由单元法及其在结构分析中的应用

通过吸收有限元与无网格法的优点,提出了一种新的数值方法------自由单元法.此方法在离散方面,采用有限元法中的等参单元,表征几何形状和进行物理量的插值;在算法方面,采用单元配点技术,逐点产生系统方程.主要特点是,在每个配置点只需要一个和周围自由选择的节点而形成的一个独立的等参单元,因而不需要考虑物理量在单元之间的相互连接关系与导数连续性问题. 本文介绍强形式与弱形式两种自由单元法,前者直接由控制方程和边界条件直接产生系统方程,后者通过在自由单元上建立控制方程的加权余量式产生弱形式积分式,并通过像传统有限元法中的积分过程建立系统方程组.本文提出的方法是一种单元配点法,对于域内点为了获得较高的导数精度,需要采用至少具有一个内部点的等参单元,为此除了可使用各阶次的拉格朗日四边形单元外, 还 给出了七节点三角形等参单元,用于模拟较为复杂的几何形状问题.      

Efficient quadrature for a boundary element method to compute three-dimensional Stokes flow

A collocation-type boundary element method based on bilinear B-splines is used for the numerical solution of the Stokes Dirichlet problem in bounded domains D ? R³. The computation of the influence matrix requires the numerical evaluation of weakly singular integrals on the domain boundary if the usual double-layer potential ansatz is chosen. Here mostly standard methods with disjoint grids for collocation and integration are used. We develop a special integration scheme based on triangular co-ordinates near the singularity and show its efficiency compared with the method mentioned above.     

奇异边界法:一个新的、简单、无网格、边界配点数值方法

物理力学控制方程的基本解有源点奇异性.因而,传统的观点认为奇异基本解一般不能用做控制方程数值解的基函数;除非源点布置在物理域以外的虚假边界上,与物理边界上的配点分离.后者就是近年来受到广泛关注的基本解方法的基本思路.与这些传统方法不同,文中直接使用基本解做为插值基函数,且源点和配点是同一组物理边界上的离散点.本项工作的一个基本假设是源点奇异时的源点强度因子的存在性.利用待求问题控制方程的已知简单解,提出了一个计算源点强度因子的数值方法,并发现源点强度因子确实存在,且是一个有限值,其大小依赖于边界离散点的分布和边界条件类型.由此,文中提出了一个计算微分方程问题的新数值方法,称为奇异边界方法.该方法数学简单,编程容易,是一个真正的无网格方法.初步数值试验显示该方法精度高,收敛速度快.但有关该方法的数学物理基础还不是十分清楚.     

A regular boundary element method for fluid flow

The Boundary Element Method is now well established as a valid numerical technique for the solution of field problems, equal to the Finite Element Method in generality and surpassing it in computational efficiency in some cases.¹ In this paper is presented a 'Regular Boundary Element Method' as applied to inviscid laminar fluid flow problems. It involves the formation of a system of regular integral equations obtained by moving the singularity outside the domain of the given problem. It is also shown that non-conforming elements may be used whereby freedoms are not defined at the geometric nodes under the boundary element discretization. A linear element is developed here; higher order variants could easily be defined. Satisfactory numerical results have been obtained using the proposed regular method with both conventional (continuous across the boundary) and non-conforming boundary elements for two-dimensional inviscid laminar fluid flow problems having regular and singular solutions.     

BEM SOLUTION OF THE 3D INTERNAL NEUMANN PROBLEM AND A REGULARIZED FORMULATION FOR THE POTENTIAL VELOCITY GRADIENTS

The direct boundary element method is an excellent candidate for imposing the normal flux boundary condition in vortex simulation of the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations. For internal flows, the Neumann problem governing the velocity potential that imposes the correct normal flux is ill-posed and, in the discrete form, yields a singular matrix. Current approaches for removing the singularity yield unacceptable results for the velocity and its gradients. A new approach is suggested based on the introduction of a pseudo-Lagrange multiplier, which redistributes localized discretization errors—endemic to collocation techniques— over the entire domain surface, and is shown to yield excellent results. Additionally, a regularized integral formulation for the velocity gradients is developed which reduces the order of the integrand singularity from four to two. This new formulation is necessary for the accurate evaluation of vorticity stretch, especially as the evaluation points approach the boundaries. Moreover, to guarantee second-order differentiability of the boundary potential distribution, a piecewise quadratic variation in the potential is assumed over triangular boundary elements. Two independent node-numbering systems are assigned to the potential and normal flux distribu- tions on the boundary to account for the single- and multi-valuedness of these variables, respectively. As a result, higher accuracy as well as significantly reduced memory and computational cost is achieved for the solution of the Neumann problem. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

带源参数的二维热传导反问题的无网格方法

利用无网格有限点法求解带源参数的二维热传导反问题，推导了相应的离散方程. 与 其它基于网格的方法相比，有限点法采用移动最小二乘法构造形函数，只需要节点信息，不 需要划分网格，用配点法离散控制方程，可以直接施加边界条件，不需要在区域内部求积分. 用有限点法求解二维热传导反问题具有数值实现简单、计算量小、可以任意布置节点等优点. 最后通过算例验证了该方法的有效性.