苏南地区村镇住宅建筑室内热环境实测分析

室内热环境是影响人体冷热感的环境因素,适宜的室内热环境可使人体易于保持热平衡。为了了解苏南地区村镇既有非节能住宅建筑室内热环境现状,笔者对该地区冬夏季的典型住宅非采暖空调房间的室内、外热湿环境进行了测试,系统地分析了该地区室内热湿环境的特征和变化规律。测试结果表明:该地区非空调房间夏季室内空气温度高,冬季室内空气温度低,冬夏季室内、外空气相对湿度大;室内热环境远偏离热舒适范围,达到了较恶劣的程度。开展节能建筑建设和对既有建筑实施节能改造是改善室内环境、提高热舒适度的有效途径。     

节能住宅室内热环境设计指标的选择

针对夏热冬冷地区冬季阴冷，夏季闷热的气候特征，强调了湿度与气流速度对居室热环境的影响，并根据居室环境生理卫生的要求，从人体热反应中性区段内人体与热环境4个热物理因素之间的热交换关系出发，以人体产热与散热基本维持平衡和体温基本衡定为前提，导出了节能住宅室内环境舒适度的评价指标环境热作用温度TE。计算分析表明：影响居室热环境舒适度的4个热物理因素，若能形成“舒适”或“较舒适”的环境热作用温度TE组合，用室内空气温度与外围护结构内表面温度，或只用室内空气温度作为室内热环境设计指标，是可行的。     

吉林省松原市乡村住宅热湿环境调查分析

对吉林省松原市乡村住宅的热湿环境进行了实测,反映了当地的气候状况和室内热环境分布现状,比较分析了室内外空气温度和相对湿度,并用热舒适方程及PMV-PPD指标评价分析了室内的热舒适状况,为改善严寒地区乡村住宅室内环境的热舒适性提供参考.     

现代住宅与天然采光

通过科学的设计把天然光引入建筑已成为一种时尚,它不仅可以降低建筑能耗,还能利用阳光提高室内的环境质量.本文从四个方面探讨住宅建筑中的采光设计问题,包括室内天然光设计标准分析、采光窗对居室内部光环境的影响、天然采光系统主要技术手段的应用和住宅获得良好天然光的具体要求及其应注意的问题.     

ECOTECT能耗模拟下既有住宅建筑围护结构节能改造的热环境分析研究

目前,既有住宅建筑节能改造主要有围护结构改造和供热计量改造两方面。围护结构节能改造主要包括:外墙节能改造、外窗节能改造、屋面节能改造等技术措施的研究;建筑物围护结构节能改造除了能够降低建筑能耗之外,对建筑物室内热环境也有很大影响。采用ECOTECT能耗模拟软件,对西安市某住宅建筑围护结构不同节能改造方案的热环境进行模拟,深入分析不同节能改造方案的能源消耗、不舒适度、围护结构得热、温度分布和热舒适度情况,以热舒适为前提、节能为目的选择最优的节能改造方案。为既有住宅建筑节能改造方案优选提供依据。     

严寒地区农村冬季室内热舒适温度研究

国内外学者针对室内热舒适性进行了大量研究,但针对农村住宅的舒适性研究相对较少。本文根据严寒地区的气候特点、农村经济的发展水平、农村的建筑文化特点,考虑了火炕对农村热舒适的影响,建立了严寒地区农村住宅热舒适的物理数学模型,并通过MATLAB软件进行数值模拟,给出了在不同环境风速及相对湿度条件下的室内热舒适温度,分析了风速已定条件下的热舒适温度和PMV随相对湿度的变化情况,以及在相对湿度已定条件下的室内最佳风速和热舒适温度。本研究旨在为完善严寒地区的热工标准提供理论依据。     

自然通风状态下围护结构性能对福州住宅室内热舒适性影响的研究

本文采用建筑热工模拟软件DeST-h和ePMV热舒适模型研究了自然通风下福州市住宅围护结构性能对室内热舒适性的影响。选择一栋11层高层住宅作为研究对象,计算分析了该建筑标准层7个不同朝向典型房间在自然通风环境下的逐月、全年热舒适状况,全面系统地研究了外墙、外窗、外遮阳、房间朝向等因素对改善自然通风下室内热舒适的效果和相关规律,并提出室内热舒适性改善的措施建议。     

生态智能技术创造舒适性办公环境

一、室内环境舒适度：物理人性化到生理、心理人性化近年来,欧洲高档办公楼、写字楼等大型公共建筑特别重视生态、节能、环保及舒适性办公环境的创造。因此,在全球范围内,建筑生态智能化有两大发展趋势,一是调动一切技术构造手段,达到低能耗、减少污染并可持续性发展的目标；二是在深入研究室内热功环境(光、声、热、气流等)和人体工程学的基础上(人体对环境生理、心理的反应),创造健康舒适而高效的居住空间。例如室内热环境的改善。热功舒适性主要通过控制空气温度、室内物体表面温度、相对湿度以及空气流动速度来实现。不仅需要采用现代构造技术与材料,精心推敲细部构造设计,达到高标准的住宅外围护结构保温隔热性能,消除冷桥；同时需采用高性能门窗,特别是高性能玻璃产品如镀膜 Low-E 中空玻璃、新型双腔三层玻璃等；并使用高效的     

上海地区村镇住宅热环境与热舒适度研究

利用现场实测方法,对上海一典型村庄进行了夏季及冬季住宅热环境以及居民热舒适性现场实测及调研,研究了上海地区农村住宅热环境及室内热舒适度问题。依据问卷调研结果得到了夏季、冬季农村居民对于住宅环境的可接受温度范围、热中性温度以及期望温度,同时研究了热舒适度的影响因素,可为上海地区村镇住宅节能计算、热舒适环境与绿色生态住宅的设计提供必要的理论依据。     

基于实测的不同地域村镇住宅热舒适度研究

本文对5个地区典型农宅进行了夏季及冬季室内热环境以及居民热舒适性现场实测及调研,研究了各个地区农村住宅热环境及室内热舒适度问题,依据问卷调研结果得到了夏季、冬季农村居民对于住宅环境的可接受温度范围、热中性温度以及期望温度,研究了热舒适度的影响因素。     

Increasing the indoor humidity levels in buildings with ventilation systems: Simulation aided design in case of passive houses

In modern societies, people spend about 90 percent of their time inside buildings. The challenge of building physics is to ensure that buildings are planned, constructed and built to provide a comfortable and healthy working and living environment. As construction style has changed during recent years, the planning phase has to be much more precise and the need of simulation programs that respond to every little change arises. An increasing problem in Austria is the indoor humidity. In the field of renovated buildings with airtight new building envelopes, mould growth due to high indoor relative humidity (RH) is a persistent problem. On the other hand, in recently realized Austrian passive houses with an air treatment system, the low humidity level of the indoor air is a problem with which scientists have been struggling for some time. It has been observed in numerous measurements and it is also easily computationally detectable that in winter period the indoor relative humidity level often drops below 30% RH. Low and high relative humidity levels have negative effects on the comfort feeling and health of the occupants of the dwelling and should therefore be avoided. However, it is expensive to increase or decrease the humidity in houses mechanically. Therefore, the existing room moisture should be used sensibly in buildings with a ventilation system. In buildings with a high indoor humidity it is necessary to adjust the ventilation depended on moisture production. This paper focuses on low indoor humidity and presents some different methods by which the indoor relative humidity can be regulated. The effects of adapting parameters such as ventilation rate and buffering material in the dwelling were clearly reflected in the measured temperature and relative humidity. “BuildOpt_VIE” software developed at the Vienna University of Technology was used for the dynamic building simulation in this study.     

大连市过渡季节住宅室内热湿环境研究

通过调查问卷结合实际测试,研究了大连地区过渡季节民用住宅室内热湿环境状况,分析了建筑围护结构的保温性、蓄热性、住宅形式、位置和朝向等因素对室内温湿度以及居住者热湿感觉的影响,为了解目前北方地区现有住宅过渡季节室内热湿环境状况提供了参考.     

湖北山区农宅热环境及居民热舒适调查研究

基于2 171份来自湖北山区罗田县农宅冬、夏两季室内外热环境和热舒适问卷,真实再现了当地住宅室内冬季寒冷、夏季湿热的恶劣热环境和当地居民强大的热适应能力;并通过比较研究发现现有的自然通风状态热舒适评价模型在夏季能较好地预测当地农民的热舒适感受,而在冬季预测能力较低;当地农宅室内适应性热舒适区间与我国现行设计标准也较为吻合。     

One-year Measurement of Indoor Climate and Energy Consumption of Super-insulated Houses in a Mild Climate Region of Japan

Two super-insulated houses were constructed near Sendai City in accordance with the Canadian R-2000 manual (Canadian Home Builders' Assoc., 1987). Shelter performance, thermal environment, air quality and energy consumption of these two houses were investigated for one year. The two super-insulated houses were very airtight compared with other houses. The one-year measurement of room temperature and humidity for one super-insulated house showed that the daily mean temperature for the dining-living room and the master bedroom was 15°C-20°C during the winter and 22°C-28°C during the summer. Absolute humidity for these rooms was less than 5 g/kg (DA) during the winter. The indoor environment of the two super-insulated houses during the heating season was more thermally comfortable, compared with that of ordinary houses in Japan. During the summer, the indoor temperature in these two houses was stable during the day and did not decrease at night even if the outdoor air temperature dropped. The CO₂ concentration in these two houses was lower than that of other airtight houses due to continuous mechanical ventilation. The space heating energy consumption for one super-insulated house was less than that of ordinary houses in Tohoku District in which only the living-dining room was heated.     

Improvement of thermal environment and reduction of energy consumption for cooling and heating by retrofitting windows

Various techniques for creating a comfortable thermal environment and saving energy have been proposed and employed in residential buildings in many countries, including Japan. For these techniques to be introduced, existing houses should be renovated. Among the techniques available, installation of additional inner windows is effective in creating a comfortable and energy-efficient living environment. In the present research, the effect of additional inner windows on the thermal environment and energy saving was investigated by measuring indoor windows on the thermal environment and energy saving was investigated by measuring indoor concrete building. Air temperatures, the humidity, the global solar radiation on horizontal and vertical surfaces, radiant temperatures, and the electricity consumption of air-conditioners were measured. A comparison of these values before and after the installation of inner windows showed that the thermal environment and energy saving had improved. Results obtained from a thermal model agreed well with measured results by changing the value of solar transmittance and heat transmission coefficient of the glazing following renovation. Furthermore, in a questionnaire survey conducted in summer, more than half of the occupants answered ‘‘comfortable’’ to a question on the overall thermal comfort.     

Study of thermal environment inside rural houses of Navapalos (Spain): The advantages of reuse buildings of high thermal inertia

The main purpose of a residential building is to provide a comfortable environment for human activities. Nowadays this objective is the responsible for the consumption of more than 40% of total energy demand in European Union. The construction sector in Spain has been in rapid growth in the last decades, yet there exists many abandoned buildings in rural areas. In this article we try to analyze the environmental advantages of reuse abandoned rural buildings. Due to their thick exterior walls of high thermal inertia, the indoor environment inside them can be comfortable with less energy consumption than new buildings. Here we show the monitoring results of three different houses, two traditional and one modern building, constructed of different building materials. The aim of this work is to analyze and compare the thermal behaviour of existing constructive solutions in a Spanish district, not to improve them. The field test results show better indoor conditions inside the traditional houses. In summer, thermal comfort is achieved with no energy supply inside traditional houses but not inside the modern one. In winter, the indoor environment is more stable inside the traditional houses, however none of them were able to provide thermal comfort naturally. In the case studied, the only inhabitant of a small village lives in a prefabricated wooden house, and it is demonstrated that the indoor conditions of traditional houses in the same location are of higher quality.     

The effects of night ventilation technique on indoor thermal environment for residential buildings in hot-humid climate of Malaysia

This study investigates the effectiveness of night ventilation technique for residential buildings in hot-humid climate of Malaysia. This paper firstly presents the results of a survey on usage patterns of windows and air-conditioners in typical Malaysian residential areas. Secondly, the effects of different natural ventilation strategies on indoor thermal environment for Malaysian terraced houses are evaluated based on the results of a full-scale field experiment. The results show that the majority of occupants tend to apply not night ventilation but daytime ventilation in Malaysian residential areas. It can be seen from the field experiment that night ventilation would provide better thermal comfort for occupants in Malaysian terraced houses compared with the other ventilation strategies in terms of operative temperature. However, when the evaporative heat loss of occupants is taken into account by using SET*, the night ventilation would not be the superior technique to the others in providing daytime thermal comfort mainly due to the high humidity conditions. Therefore, the indoor humidity control during the daytime such as by dehumidification would be needed when the night ventilation technique is applied to Malaysian terraced houses. Otherwise, full-day ventilation would be a better option compared with night ventilation.     

地下建筑的节能采光设计

天然采光不仅节能,而且为室内提供舒适,健康的光环境,是良好的室内环境不可缺少的重要部分.无窗和缺少自然光是大多数地下空间的缺点,主要介绍了为改善地下空间的采光效果,运用自然光的传导系统以及辅助人工照明来抵消自然光缺乏的节能设计方法.     

室内空气温湿度对人体热舒适性影响的实验研究

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,人们对室内环境舒适度的要求也提出了更高要求,良好的室内热湿环境不仅影响人体健康,同时也能给工作生活带来愉快的心情。此次实验研究,选取三峡大学综合教学楼B区作为实验地点,通过随机对教室内的学生发放调查问卷,综合分析实验结果,研究了空气温湿度对人体热舒适性的影响,分别根据热感觉和热舒适投票值确定了人体热舒适区,研究发现80%满意率的室内温度范围在22~26℃,相对湿度范围在45%~55%,得到的夏季舒适区范围与ASHRAEStanard55-1992相比也略有偏差。