基于功率比的带并补电抗风电送出线自适应单相重合闸策略

工程应用中,带并补电抗的风电送出线单相重合闸套用常规输电线路单相重合策略,重合前不判定故障性质,易重合失败,对所联风电场和系统造成二次冲击;现有输电线路自适应单相重合闸策略应用于风电送出线时,易受其多变运行工况的干扰。文中通过对故障相有功、无功功率比故障前后变化特性的分析,提出了一种基于功率比的带并补电抗的风电送出线自适应单相重合闸策略。理论分析及仿真验证表明,该策略能够适应风电送出线多变的工况,对送出线的故障性质做出快速、准确的判定,并且不受过渡电阻和故障位置的影响。     

基于缺相耦合电压特性的同杆双回线路非跨线故障综合重合闸策略

常规同杆双回线路重合闸策略由于三相抵消原理,其故障相存在的互感电气量非常小,容易受到线路干扰造成误判,重合于永久性故障。提出了一种适用于接地故障的基于缺相耦合电压特性的故障性质判据及综合重合闸策略,对健全线进行了缺相处理,增大了故障线耦合电气量幅值,并增加了非跨线接地故障性质的识别准确度。为使该策略适用于同杆双回线路相间故障和三相故障性质判别,提出在线路装设接地开关的方案,实现了对非跨线非接地故障的快速准确识别。在PSCAD/EMTDC平台上构建仿真模型,验证了该重合闸策略的可行性。     

Data-mining model based adaptive protection scheme to enhance distance relay performance during power swing

The paper presents a data-mining model based adaptive protection scheme enhancing distance relay performance during power swing for both compensated and uncompensated power transmission networks. In the power transmission network, the distance relays are sensitive to certain system event such as power swings, which drive the apparent impedance trajectories into the protection zones of the distance relay (zone-3) causing mal-operation of the distance relay, leading to subsequent blackouts. Further, three-phase balanced symmetrical fault detection during power swing is one of the serious concerns for the distance relay operation. This paper proposed a new adaptive protection scheme method based on data-mining models such as DT (decision tree) and RF (random forests) for providing supervisory control to the operation of the conventional distance relays. The proposed scheme is able to distinguish power swings and faults during power swing including fault zone identification for series compensated power transmission network during stress condition like power swing. The proposed scheme has been validated on a 39-bus New England system which is developed on Dig-Silent power factory commercial software (PF4C) platform and the performance indicate that the proposed scheme can reliably enhance the distance relay operation during power swing.     

Emulation of Auto-Reclosing Scheme with Adaptive Dead Time Control for Protection of Series Compensated Transmission Line

Series compensation plays an important role in smart power grid to improve power transfer capacity and voltage profiles. Majority of faults occurring in grid are transient in nature. However, discrimination between transient fault and permanent fault are contemporary problems in the field of distance protection of transmission line. Auto-reclosure is one of the foremost solutions for the same. This paper demonstrates implementation of auto-reclosing scheme using Modified Full Cycle Discrete Fourier Transform with adaptive dead time control. The fault detection logic is based on monitoring impedance trajectory in the R-X diagram of distance relay. The reclosing instance is identified by examining differential voltage across the contacts of circuit breaker. During transient fault condition, based on the time by which the breaker voltage retarded to normal value (below preset threshold) is used to set adaptive dead time of reclosure. Software validations have been performed with the variation in fault location, fault resistance, and fault location with varying line compensation level. Real time validation is also performed using digital signal controller on laboratory prototype. The outcome of simulation and emulation indicates substantial reduction in dead time indicating effectiveness of the developed scheme.     

一种适用于光伏场站送出线的自适应距离保护改进方案

由于光伏场站的弱馈性,当送出线路发生经过渡电阻短路时,传统距离保护可能无法正确动作。而自适应距离保护方案在一定程度上解决了区内故障保护拒动的问题,但存在区外故障误动的可能。首先分析了区外故障时自适应距离保护误动的原因,进而提出了一种自适应距离保护的改进方案。在现有自适应距离保护的动作特性基础上,引入线路的短路阻抗,根据区内、外故障下线路短路阻抗的大小差异,构成保护的辅助判据,以甄别可能引起现有自适应距离保护误判的区外故障。该方法仅依靠光伏侧电气量近似求取线路短路阻抗值,与现有自适应距离保护相互配合实现区内、外故障正确判别。最后通过PSCAD仿真验证了改进方案的有效性。     

考虑双馈异步风机特性的自适应接地距离保护

研究风电场故障特性对继电保护的影响。针对双馈异步风机投入撬棒电阻后正序阻抗和负序阻抗不相等的特征,分析了传统接地距离保护I、II、III段在保护安装处所测量到的阻抗与实际阻抗的异同。若利用传统整定原则来整定接地距离保护II段,保护可能拒动。根据接地故障时的测量阻抗,提出了考虑双馈异步风机特性的自适应接地距离保护II段的整定方法。该方法在线计算自适应分支系数,使保护安装处的测量阻抗更为准确地反映保护安装处到故障点的距离。利用DIg SILENT仿真软件搭建含风机的线路模型进行仿真分析,验证了自适应接地距离保护的灵敏性,同时该保护的可靠性得到有效提高,且不失选择性。     

重合闸与低电压穿越相配合的有源配电网故障恢复方案

分布式电源的接入给配电网的运行方式带来了较大影响,同时也使配电网对故障恢复方案提出了更高的要求。通过对配电网重合闸和分布式电源处电压变化的分析,考虑重合闸对DG低电压穿越的影响,提出了一种重合闸与低电压穿越相配合的有源配电网的故障恢复方案。该方案预先对分布式电源划分计划孤岛区域,并根据故障位置、孤岛区域以及分布式电源处电压变化等不同故障情况对有源配电网实施不同的供电恢复方法。最后通过PSCAD模型仿真验证了所提方案的可行性和有效性。     

Fault diagnosis in distribution networks with distributed generation

The penetration of distributed generation (DG) in distribution power system would affect the traditional fault current level and characteristics. Consequently, the traditional protection arrangements developed in distribution utilities are difficult in coordination. Also, the reclosing scheme would be affected. With the rapid developments in distribution system automation and communication technology, the protection coordination and reclosing scheme based on information exchange for distribution power system can be realized flexibly. This paper proposes a multi-agent based scheme for fault diagnosis in power distribution networks with distributed generators. The relay agents are located such that the distribution network is divided into several sections. The relay agents measure the bus currents at which they are located such that it can detect and classify the fault, and determine the fault location. The proposed technique uses the entropy of wavelet coefficients of the measured bus currents. The performance of the proposed protection scheme is tested through simulation of two systems. The first system is a benchmark medium voltage (MV) distribution system and the second system is practical 66 kV system of the city of Alexandria.     

应用附加电容的柔性直流输电线路自适应重合闸策略

针对柔性直流输电线路在故障跳闸后线路健全极与故障极不存在耦合关系和基于感应电气量变化特征的重合闸判据难以适用的问题,提出一种基于附加电容放电电压变化特征的柔性直流输电线路自适应重合闸策略。在直流线路跳闸后投入附加电容器,构建附加电容放电的数学模型,分析故障消失前后附加电容放电电压特征的差异。结合该差异设计出能有效识别永久性故障和瞬时性故障的柔性直流线路故障性质识别新判据,基于此故障性质识别判据实现对线路的重合闸。最后利用PSCAD/EMTDC平台搭建了线路模型,仿真验证了所提柔性直流输电线路自适应重合闸策略的有效性与可靠性。     

自适应重合闸在电力系统中的应用实践

介绍了目前国内用于实际电力系统的按相顺序自适应重合闸方案。方案综合考虑了两回线的实时运行信息,基于按相顺序重合闸逻辑,采用了严重永久故障识别判据及相间永久故障识别判据,综合判断重合相别和重合顺序,实施有序重合。结合现场一起复杂跨线接地多相故障实例,详细分析了按相顺序自适应重合闸动作过程。按相顺序重合闸提高了重合闸成功率,避免了重合于永久性故障对系统的严重冲击。     

逆变式电源接入下的配电网自适应距离保护方案

以光伏、储能为代表的逆变式电源(inverter interfaced distributed generator, IIDG)大量接入配电网,使得传统距离保护受到巨大干扰,同时存在拒动或误动的风险。针对此问题,分析了含IIDG配电网不同类型故障下的复合序网,利用IIDG侧正序故障分量求取不同故障下的附加阻抗角。结合故障下阻抗的复平面关系,计算线路故障位置对应的短路阻抗,得到了一种真实短路阻抗求解办法。提出了一种适用于逆变式电源接入下的自适应距离保护方案。该方案求解过程利用IIDG侧单端电气量,解决了距离保护受IIDG故障输出受控特性和过渡电阻影响的问题,在有效降低配网通信成本的同时不受故障位置变化的影响。通过实时数字仿真器(real time digital simulator, RTDS)对该保护方案进行了验证,结果表明其在不同类型故障下都有较好的选择性和可靠性。     

A novel neural network and backtracking based protection coordination scheme for distribution system with distributed generation

With the increased installation of renewable energy based distributed generations (DGs) in distribution systems, it brings about a change in the fault current level of the system and causes many problems in the current protection system. Hence, effective protection schemes are required to ensure safe and selective protection relay coordination in the power distribution system with DG units. In this paper, a novel adaptive protection scheme is proposed by integrating fault location with protection relay coordination strategies. An automated fault location method is developed using a two stage radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) in which the first RBFNN determines the fault distance from each source while the second RBFNN identifies the exact faulty line. After identifying the exact faulty line, then protection relay coordination is implemented. A new protection coordination strategy using the backtracking algorithm is proposed in which it considers the main protection algorithm to coordinate the operating states of relays so as to isolate the faulty line. Then a backup protection algorithm is considered to complete the protection coordination scheme for isolating the malfunction relays of the main protection system. Several case studies have been used to validate the accuracy of the proposed adaptive protection schemes. The results illustrate that the adaptive protection scheme is able to accurately identify faulty line and coordinate the relays in a power distribution system with DG units. The developed adaptive protection scheme is useful for assisting power engineers in performing service restoration quickly so as to decrease the total down time during faults.     

A New Weak Fault Component Reactance Distance Relay Based on Voltage Amplitude Comparison

A new weak fault component reactance distance relay is proposed in this paper. By adaptive setting of the compensated voltage, the scheme synthesizes the performance of the impedance distance relay and the reactance distance relay. The distance protection relay on the receiving end will misoperate when the fault resistance is larger than the critical resistance. So a new switching criterion is applied to eliminate this disadvantage. Based on that, the proposed scheme can detect the fault with the high fault resistance in the setting coverage, regardless of whether the relay is located at the receiving end or the sending end. Test results from the simulation and experimental conditions show that the new scheme is successful in detecting the internal fault. It has higher sensitivity and selectivity during different conditions than the traditional fault component protection schemes.     

风电场并网输电线路单相接地故障单端测距方法

采用故障后及单相跳闸后2个时间断面的信息构建方程描述输电线路两侧断路器之间的网络拓扑,能够实现输电线路故障单端精确测距。但该方法假设2个时间断面下量测点对端系统阻抗保持不变且故障支路恒定,使得现有立足风电场并网输电线路系统侧开展测距的常规做法失效。针对该问题,提出了立足风电场侧面向于系统侧开展测距研究的思路,克服了量测点对端系统阻抗在2个时间断面下变化的问题;针对测距算法中使用迭代搜索解法带来的风电场侧电流量测值偏小导致的高阻故障测距精度显著下降的问题,提出了不受故障类型影响的直接求解方程测距新算法,能够直接计算得到故障距离和过渡电阻值,不仅实现了精确测距且对于后续的自适应重合闸研究提供了新思路。     

柔性中压直流配电网线路加速纵联保护

分布式能源蓬勃发展和城市直流负荷快速增长,进一步夯实柔性直流配电网在城市的重要地位.文中以四端柔性中压直流配电网为研究对象,针对架空线频发的瞬时故障,提出具有速动性工程需求的加速纵联保护方案.该保护方案由启动方案、重合闸后瞬时性故障判别、永久性故障类型和故障区域识别组成.为降低加速保护第1次动作造成的误动,设计启动方案用于避免干扰、断线和功率翻转等情况.直流断路器在故障后1～2 ms内启动跳闸,确保换流器中电力电子器件不受破坏且故障后不闭锁.重合直流断路器后识别为永久性故障时,利用重合后的电压电流故障信息,准确识别出故障类型和故障区域.在PSCAD上搭建四端直流配电网进行大量仿真测试,仿真结果表明所提加速保护方案可靠有效.     

利用多次扰动电流波形特征的配电网相间永久故障识别方法

针对配电网相间故障后自动重合闸盲目重合于永久性故障的问题,提出一种利用多次扰动电流波形特征的配电网相间重合前永久故障识别方法。配电线路相间故障三相跳闸后,依次对3个相间回路施加高频电压扰动。永久故障时故障相间回路、非故障相间回路均包含过渡电阻支路,而瞬时故障熄弧后即无故障时各相间回路均不受过渡电阻支路影响,永久故障和瞬时故障时对应的相间回路扰动电流的波形存在显著差异,利用该差异进行相间回路状态甄别。进一步利用Hausdorff距离系数H表征扰动电流波形的差异,若在判别周期内多次扰动电流的波形高度一致,即H值接近于0,则判为相间永久性故障。并构造了基于Hausdorff距离系数的永久故障识别判据和实现方案。PSCAD/EMTDC仿真计算与实验验证结果表明,该方法可有效判别永久性故障,并且基本不受过渡电阻、故障位置的影响。     

基于交直流保护协同配合的交直流碰线保护新方案

交直流混联电网迅速发展,交直流碰线故障成为其特有故障类型。以不同类型交直流碰线故障为研究对象,着眼于故障隔离至线路重合/重启全过程,揭示了现有交直流两系统相关保护出口动作逻辑存在的不足及风险,并进一步提出在交流侧设计并新增交直流碰线保护方案的新思路,通过构造一种可以反映直流系统等值阻抗相角特性的保护算法,实现交直流碰线故障识别。基于此,通过优化交流侧新增的交直流碰线保护和直流侧已配置的交直流碰线保护间的动作时序和逻辑配合关系,实现了交直流碰线故障下直流系统的自适应重启,避免了交流侧重合于永久性故障场景下直流线路首末端发生工频过电压的风险。在PSCAD/EMTDC平台中搭建交直流碰线故障的仿真模型并进行大量仿真实验,仿真结果验证了所提交直流碰线保护新方案的可行性。     

风电场联络线非全相运行时的恢复电压研究

针对线路单相接地保护动作后非全相运行的情况,分析了故障相恢复电压特性及其影响因素,在此基础上研究了风电与常规能源的阻抗特性。在PSCAD中构建了线路非全相运行时的故障相恢复电压模型,仿真研究了故障性质、风机类型、注入容量、线路布置方式和电压等级对恢复电压的影响。研究结果表明,风电与常规能源不同,在风电联络线非全相运行时,风电场正、负序阻抗远大于零序阻抗,引起健全相电流增大,导致电感耦合电压比常规能源大。研究结果可为风电场联络线自适应分相重合闸配置提供理论依据,进一步提高重合成功率。     

New adaptive reclosing technique using second-order difference of THD in distribution system with BESS used as uninterruptible power supply

This paper proposes a new adaptive reclosing technique that considers the battery energy storage system (BESS) in a distribution system. The proposed technique focuses on operation of the BESS as an uninterruptible power supply (UPS). The algorithm detects the fault clearance using second-order differences of total harmonic distortion (THD) (SODT) of the current supplied by the BESS and allows the BESS to keep feeding to the healthy phase. A synchronism check is adopted between the utility and the BESS to minimize the transients at the moment of reclosing. To verify the proposed algorithm, the whole system and algorithm were modeled using ATP-EMTP. Various simulations are performed by varying the fault clearance time, fault types, fault resistances, and fault locations. The simulation results show that the BESS can be operated as a UPS and provide an improved reclosing scheme.     

分布式电源接入配电网的快速保护方案研究

分析了分布式电源对配电网继电保护的影响.在此基础上,提出了分布式电源接入配电网的自适应电流速断保护方案.根据故障分量求解系统等效阻抗并判断故障类型.通过Matlab/Simulink仿真验证了保护方案的可行性.结果表明,此方案能快速可靠切除故障.