广西绿色建筑增量成本分析

明确了绿色建筑增量成本的定义及计算方法,通过对广西已获得绿色建筑设计标识项目绿建技术增量成本的统计分析,得出了广西地区不同建筑类型不同星级绿色建筑的增量成本范围。并以广西某绿色建筑项目为例,对其进行了绿色建筑技术增量的成本分析及投资回收期测算。     

西部小城镇污水厂、垃圾站的经济指标分析

在参考现有国内污水厂(站)经济指标及国内外经济指标费用模型的基础上,通过调查分析大量已建的西部城市污水处理厂的规模及投资情况,建立了适用于西部小城镇污水厂(站)的总的和分工艺的处理量一投资费用模型,并通过对运行成本构成的分析,构建了西部小城镇污水厂(站)的运行费用模型;同时,研究了全国采用卫生填埋工艺的城镇垃圾处理场的规模和投资情况,得出了西部小城镇垃圾处理设施的处理量一投资、单方库容投资费用模型及运行成本模型.     

皖北某市地下水水厂升级改造工艺设计探讨

介绍了电渗析、电吸附和反渗透处理工艺设计,针对皖北地区地下水源氟化物（以F-离子计）、离子盐（主要为SO4-、Na＋）超标的情况,提出了3种可行性处理方案,并进行了技术及经济比较.结果表明,电渗析工艺投资较低,运行成本略高;电吸附工艺投资及运行成本较高,但电吸附的设备寿命长;反渗透工艺投资略高,运行成本最低.     

户式燃气空调在上海住宅应用的可行性研究

为了研究燃气空调在上海住宅应用的可行性,本文采用BIN法计算分析了上海不同住宅类型全年负荷特性和不同燃气空调方案全年能耗和污染物排放量,并与电空调方案进行比较,确定其节能效果和环境效益.而后,应用费用年值法研究了燃气空调方案初投资和年运行费用,并与电空调方案进行比较,分析其经济性和方案的优劣性.通过分析得出:1)所有住宅类型中,燃气空调方案年度耗煤量均大于电空调系统.但是,在别墅住宅空调方案中燃气热泵空调系统和燃气炉 地板辐射采暖与风冷冷水机组方案年度耗煤量大约为21 t,与风冷冷热水热泵系统相比只多消耗了1.4 t;2)燃气空调方案费用年值普遍大于电空调方案,但在别墅住宅空调方案中只有燃气炉 地板辐射采暖与风冷冷水机组方案的费用年值与地源热泵系统、VRV空调系统相当;3)燃气空调方案与电空调方案相比污染物排放量更少,对环境破坏更小.     

水泥固化温州污染土的力学性质和微观结构特性

在不同水泥掺量和龄期条件下对NaCl、油脂、Pb(NO_3)_2污染的温州软土进行水泥固化处理后,土体的强度得到改善。为进一步得出水泥固化处理对于不同污染土的处理效果,对水泥固化稳定不同的污染土进行了无侧限抗压强度试验和微观结构研究。分析了不同污染物类型、污染物掺入量、水泥掺入量以及养护龄期对水泥固化污染土强度特性的影响以及不同污染物浓度下水泥固化土微观结构的差异。试验结果表明:NaCl在一定范围内促进了水泥固化土早期强度的提高;油脂使水泥固化土的强度明显降低,压缩性增大;Pb(NO_3)_2掺入到土体中后,水泥固化土的强度总体上略有降低,掺入量与强度之间大致呈线性关系。随着水泥掺入量及龄期的增加,水泥固化污染土的强度会有显著提高。扫描电镜(SEM)结果分析得出:由于污染物的作用,污染物浓度的增加使固化土中孔隙增多,结构变得疏松。     

天津开发区第一污水厂升级改造工艺的选择与分析

随着国家和地方对城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准的逐年提高,已经建成的很多污水处理厂均面临升级改造,如何确定改造工艺是众多设计人员面临的严峻问题。以天津开发区第一污水处理厂升级改造工程为例,在处理规模不能减量及用地受限等约束条件下,分析探讨了污水处理厂升级改造工艺的选择要点。指出,对污水处理厂的升级改造需充分挖掘现有工艺的潜力,结合工程投资、运行成本、工程周期、处理效果等,根据具体情况确定改造工艺。     

分流预处理-兼氧串联好氧工艺处理农药废水

针对农药生产废水污染物种类多、成分复杂、毒性大等特点,采用分流预处理-兼氧串联好氧工艺进行处理.结果表明,该系统对无机盐、有机磷、COD、NH3-N等均有很好的去除效果,分流预处理对保证后续生物处理系统的正常运行起到了重要的作用.处理出水水质达到广东省地方排放标准《水污染物排放限值》(DB 44/26-2001)的二级排放标准,系统年污水处理成本为68.5万元.     

杭州卷烟厂新型工艺排风热回收系统的应用研究

针对卷烟厂工艺排风特点,将一种高效喷淋多级化学清洗塔的全热回收系统应用于杭烟绿色工房项目中,该系统能同时对排湖井出来的高温、高异味气体进行能量回收和除尘、除异味处理.理论分析表明,这种新型工艺排风热回收系统每年净节省142万元,静态投资回收期为6.8年.相比分别设置异味处理装置和热回收装置的系统,设备成本降低了22.5％,同时,也减少了运行费用和占地面积.测试条件下,系统平均热回收效率为21.4％,能效比为9.2;异味排放浓度为500～750味道单位,满足GB14554—93《恶臭污染物排放标准》的要求.     

水解/接触氧化/气浮工艺处理印染废水

以青岛市某印染废水处理工程为例,介绍了水解/接触氧化/气浮工艺处理印染废水的工艺设计参数、处理效果、工程投资和运行成本.该工程处理水量为300m3/d,进水COD、BOD5和色度分别为644mg/L、151 mg/L和688倍.运行结果表明,对COD、BOD5和色度的去除率分别为88%、92%和95%,相应的出水水质分别为78 mg/L、12 mg/L和31倍,达到<纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准>(GB 4287-1992)的一级排放标准,处理费用为1.01元/m3.该工艺具有运行费用低、处理效果好、操作管理方便等优点.     

污泥干化焚烧乃污泥处理/处置终极方式

剩余污泥处理/处置目前在我国已成为比污水处理本身更为棘手的问题。丢弃(填埋,土地利用等)固然省事、省力、省钱,但限于填埋空间有限和土地利用受阻,再加上环境二次污染问题,这一低端途径已经或即将走进"死穴",这也是发达国家面临的现实情况。高端污泥处理/处置以焚烧为代表,但多数国人认为投资太高而烧不起。针对这一问题,该研究以污泥脱水/干化后直接焚烧作为建议处理/处置方案,对这一建议工艺进行能量衡算以及投资与运行成本匡算,并与传统处理/处置工艺、介入热水解预处理工艺横向对比。计算结果显示,建议工艺与其他两种工艺对比,无论在能量赤字还是投资与运行成本上均为最低,分别为109 kW·h/t DS、374万元/t DS和2 663元/t DS,较其他两种工艺能量赤字分别减少66. 4%和65. 2%,投资成本分别降低36. 4%和39. 2%,运行成本分别减少1. 5%和12. 1%。如果污水余温可就近用于污泥干化,建议工艺的可持续性将大幅增加,不仅可实现污水处理厂自身碳中和运行,亦可能向外输电。与此同时,建议工艺还能使灰分磷回收变得更加有效。     

Socio‐economic impacts of the pharmaceuticals detection and activated carbon treatment technology in water management – an example from the Czech Republic

The fast development of laboratory methods has revealed increased amounts of trace concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) in waste waters in the Czech Republic. This paper focuses on the expected costs to solve this problem by quaternary treatment of waste water based on activated carbon filtration. The one‐time investment costs in 155 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with a capacity of over 10 000 population equivalent (PE) would represent an amount of around 300 million EUR. The increase in end‐user operating costs would be 0.4 EUR/m³, which would mean a 15% increase in water and sewage costs. A sociological survey showed that most respondents (65%) would agree with an increase in price but only by 10%. Currently the cost of the quaternary treatment of wastewater is based primarily on estimates. Therefore changes in legislation leading to stricter limits and an increase in the efficiency of wastewater treatment should be preceded by additional applied research.     

Cost models for small wastewater treatment plants

The cost models of small wastewater treatment plants serving to population sizes of 2000 to 25,000 were prepared for Turkey with intermediate degree of accuracy. In the first phase, kinetic models of aerated lagoon, stabilization pond, trickling filter, oxidation ditch and rotating biological contactor (RBC) were derived in terms of area and flow rates at various treatment efficiencies considering different temperature ranges. Secondly the construction, mechanical, electrical equipment, operation and maintenance costs were computed as function of flow rates for each biological treatment process in the development of cost models. These models will be employed in the selection of the appropriate biological treatment process before investment of limited funds.     

集中式污水处理系统的最佳规模研究

综合分析污水处理厂的吨水投资、管网投资和运行费用有助于弄清城镇污水末端处理的规模效应。研究表明,中、小规模污水处理厂的吨水投资、运行费用在不同处理工艺间均存在规模效应,且相关性显著;大型和特大型污水处理厂的吨水投资和运行费用均保持在较低的范围内,且随着处理规模的增加而逐步稳定;当污水管网的收集规模<6×104m3/d时,其吨水投资的规模效应突出;随着污水管网规模的增大,吨水管网投资趋于较低的水平。当污水处理厂仅作为排水系统的末端环节时,综合考虑污水处理厂和收集管网的单位投资及运行费用等因素,最佳的处理规模为10×104m3/d左右;当污水处理厂具有污染治理和污水再生回用的双重功能而成为水资源循环的中间环节时,适宜的污水处理规模受多种因素的影响,区域性的半集中式处理模式将成为一种可行的选择。     

Effects of design flow and treatment level on construction and operation costs of municipal wastewater treatment plants and their implications on policy making

Construction costs of 55 municipal wastewater treatment plants in Israel (secondary, advanced secondary, and advanced treatment) were analysed in order to derive cost functions expressing the effects of design flow and treatment level on construction costs. Three equations were derived (statistically significant, p<0.01), one for each treatment level. These indicate that economy of scale may become weaker as treatment level rises. Analysis of the distribution of construction costs revealed negative correlation (p<0.05) between the proportional cost of civil engineering and design flow, positive correlation (p<0.05) between the proportional cost of elecromechanical equipment and design flow, and no correlation between the proportional cost of electricity and control and design flow. Operation costs were found to be 20–70% more sensitive than construction costs to treatment level. The share of operation costs as part of the total annual costs was found to increase both with design flow and treatment level, whereas the share of construction costs concurrently decreased. The implication of the findings on policy, and consequently on treatment plants performance is discussed in the last part of the paper.     

Cost-effectiveness analysis of sewer mining versus centralized wastewater treatment: Case study of the Arga river basin,Spain

In the context of the EU Water Framework Directive, a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) was performed to compare centralized and decentralized wastewater treatment strategies aimed to improve the ecological status of a Spanish river. The implementation of several hybrid membrane bioreactors within the urban framework for sewer mining (SM) was compared with the more common wastewater treatment plant enlargement option. The assessment ranked six alternatives based on 12 potential scenarios, aimed at narrowing the uncertainty of the CEA. The cost analysis illustrated that SM is the most expensive option in regard to both investment and operation and maintenance costs. However, the effectiveness of the alternatives evaluated depends significantly on the scenarios considered, with SM the most effective in most cases. Finally, the cost-effectiveness ratio showed SM as the best cost-effective alternative. CEA provides an ecological-economic indicator useful to prioritize wastewater treatment alternatives to achieve a given objective.     

Simulation and optimization of chemically enhanced primary/activated sludge treatment for small communities

Over the last two decades, the use of coagulation and flocculation has been emphasized for the enhancement of primary sedimentation in municipal wastewater treatment plants. This work is concerned with the development of an approach for the simulation and optimization of a chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT)/activated sludge scheme for municipal wastewater treatment using ferric chloride as a coagulant. A mathematical model has been developed which comprises empirical relations for the CEPT stage based on reported experimental data. The activated sludge model has been based on reported rules of thumb.

Optimization has been undertaken using the BOX Complex Routine to minimize a cost objective function with controlling parameters. The effect of varying operating cost components on the cost function has been also assessed via sensitivity analysis.

Results indicate that, for small communities, the addition of a CEPT stage is recommended based on technical and economic consideration for current and prospective costs and prices.     

浅谈部分建筑安装工程投资估算的编制方法

为适应时代发展的需要和投资估算的编制及应用，合理确定投资估算。本文以施工招标工程预算造价资料依据为基础，研究和建立部分建筑安装工程费投资估算的编制方法，应用在前期阶段投资估算的编制。     

Effect of regulation on power-plant operation and investment in the South East Europe Market: An analysis of two cases

This paper analyses the differences between investment decisions for coal-fired power plants in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The long-run marginal cost (LRMC) of each plant is calculated based on a technical analysis that accounts for the important influences on overall project costs by combining a mathematical model and a simulation model. The former was used to calculate annual costs and the latter to predict power plant performance on the electricity market. This research offers insights about potential risks associated with power-plant investment with a particular focus on the regulatory framework and the relevance of participation in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) for costs, prices, and environmental impacts.     

某公共建筑空调系统方案选择的经济性分析

从一次性投资与运行管理费用两方面，用费用年值法对宁波市某公寓空调系统方案选择作了经济性分析与比较。提出在不同类型建筑中．应综合考虑整个系统的建设初投资和运行费用，选出最佳方案，为江浙地区公共建筑空调系统方案选择的经济性提供一些依据。     

Economic evaluation of alternative wastewater treatment plant options for pulp and paper industry

Excessive water consumption in pulp and paper industry results in high amount of wastewater. Pollutant characteristics of the wastewater vary depending on the processes used in production and the quality of paper produced. However, in general, high organic material and suspended solid contents are considered as major pollutants of pulp and paper industry effluents. The major pollutant characteristics of pulp and paper industry effluents in Turkey were surveyed and means of major pollutant concentrations, which were grouped in three different pollution grades (low, moderate and high strength effluents), and flow rates within 3000 to 10,000 m³/day range with 1000 m³/day steps were used as design parameters. Ninety-six treatment plants were designed using twelve flow schemes which were combinations of physical treatment, chemical treatment, aerobic and anaerobic biological processes. Detailed comparative cost analysis which includes investment, operation, maintenance and rehabilitation costs was prepared to determine optimum treatment processes for each pollution grade. The most economic and technically optimal treatment processes were found as extended aeration activated sludge process for low strength effluents, extended aeration activated sludge process or UASB followed by an aeration basin for medium strength effluents, and UASB followed by an aeration basin or UASB followed by the conventional activated sludge process for high strength effluents.