锅炉水冷壁爆管分析

锅炉水冷壁发生了钝边和无明显塑性变形爆管。通过对失效的锅炉水冷壁管进行宏观检查、化学分析和金相试验以及X射线衍射分析，发现该管向火侧外壁(烟气侧)发生了导致管壁严重减薄的高温硫腐蚀和内壁(水侧)垢下酸性腐蚀，而垢下腐蚀产物为氢原子渗入基体与Fe3C反应生成的CH4，由它引发沿晶微裂纹，最终由氢致裂纹引起管材失效。     

连续式热处理炉专用吊具断裂失效分析

连续式热处理炉专用吊具在连续使用约70次后发生断裂,应用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、光学金相显微镜和光谱仪等检测手段对该吊具进行了失效分析.结果表明,该吊具材质存在缺陷,在高温条件下使用发生高温蠕变,最终因沿晶断裂而失效.     

主汽门阀盖螺栓断裂失效分析

某电厂在停炉检修时发现一主汽门阀盖螺栓断裂失效,采用宏观分析、化学成分分析、硬度试验、金相分析、断口以及能谱分析等方法对螺栓断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:螺栓断裂的主要原因为螺栓显微组织粗大且不均匀,在长期高温和应力作用下,局部位置的晶界发生蠕变产生蠕变孔洞;然后在腐蚀介质的作用下,裂纹从晶界蠕变孔洞处萌生并沿晶界扩展,最终造成一次性沿晶脆性断裂。     

304不锈钢弯头开裂失效分析

某公司304不锈钢弯头在使用5a(年)后出现周向裂纹而失效,通过宏观观察、金相检验、扫描电镜分析、化学成分分析、力学性能试验和晶间腐蚀试验等方法,对弯头失效原因进行了分析。结果表明:该304不锈钢弯头裂纹为应力腐蚀形成的沿晶裂纹。弯头暴露在空气中并附着有长期因雨水、盐分产生的弱腐蚀介质,再加上管道输送的氧气对管壁外表面产生的拉应力以及弯头材料本身抗晶间腐蚀性差,最终弯头发生开裂失效。     

锅炉水冷壁过热管穿孔失效原因

某发电机组的锅炉水冷壁自投入使用以来,多次发生过热管穿孔失效事故。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、拉伸性能试验、硬度测试、金相检验等方法对过热管的穿孔失效原因进行分析。结果表明:失效过热管长期处于450℃以上的高温状态,局部区域管壁温度达到600℃,使过热管长期承受高温及氧化腐蚀作用,过热管的珠光体组织发生明显球化,局部完全球化,沿晶界存在较多游离渗碳体,显微组织的恶化使过热管的强度和力学性能下降;被腐蚀减薄的过热管在管内压力作用下膨胀变形,最终导致过热管穿孔失效。     

加氢反应加热炉管道泄漏失效的分析

炼油厂加氢装置受到H2S腐蚀易引发安全事故。采用宏观检测、力学性能测试、金相显微分析、扫描电镜(SEM)观察、裂纹尖端及扩展部位的成分的电子能谱分析,对TP321钢制加氢反应加热炉炉管泄漏原因进行了分析。结果表明:焊接时连续快速加热使碳铬化合物沿晶界析出,导致焊缝晶界附近贫铬使其抗腐蚀性能下降,油气中含有较高浓度的H2S,从而在焊缝晶界处发生高温H2S腐蚀产生裂纹,裂纹在残余应力及其他外力的作用下以穿晶和沿晶混合模式扩展,最终导致炉管泄漏,设备失效。     

合成氨废热锅炉换热管开裂分析

对某石化厂合成氨废热锅炉换热管开裂进行失效分析,结果表明:换热管材料在该使用工况条件下产生高温氢腐蚀,进而引起沿晶开裂,此为锅炉换热管开裂的失效主要原因。并相应提出了防止产生类似失效情况的预防措施。     

汽轮机低压转子1Cr12Ni3Mo2VN不锈钢叶片的开裂原因分析

对某火力发电厂2号汽轮机组末级开裂叶片进行宏观检查、化学成分分析、金相组织以及断口扫描和元素成分能谱分析。结果表明：该叶片裂纹形成属于腐蚀疲劳失效,蒸汽中存在氯、硫等腐蚀介质引起叶片发生电化学腐蚀,在离心拉应力作用下发生沿晶应力腐蚀开裂,形成裂纹源。在腐蚀介质、拉应力和激振力综合作用下,腐蚀疲劳裂纹加速扩展,并最终发生瞬时断裂。     

超临界“W”火焰炉氢腐蚀爆管原因分析

针对超临界“W”火焰炉氢腐蚀爆管现象,采用宏观检查和金相检验的方法对水冷壁管爆口进行了检测分析,宏观检查表明爆口附近有多处鼓包、壁厚变薄,金相检验说明了爆口内壁金相组织出现严重的脱碳和沿晶腐蚀裂纹,即高温氢腐蚀。根据水冷壁的材质、超临界水汽特性和水质情况的分析,精处理混床出水氯离子超标是引起此次爆管的一个关键因素。     

炉管破裂原因分析

采用宏观检验、化学成分分析和金相检验等方法对锅炉管破裂原因进行了分析。结果表明：由于锅炉长期在高温下使用,形成的沿晶碳化物组织削弱了晶界原子间结合力,加速了炉管的内外壁的氧化腐蚀,从而引起其快速破裂。     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to     

Win-Win Cooperation

正The Chinese Premier Li Keqiang's recent trip to the UK has reinforced the China-UK comprehensive strategic partnership;just as the British Prime Minister David Cameron put it,"the relationship is gaining in strength,depth and understanding"after a bucket of business deals being inked worth more than 30 billion US dollars.From the first agreement signing in 2004 to the new agreement of mutual standards recognition and adoption in     

Systematic Approach for Emerging Industry

正A national directory of standards complexes for strategic emerging sectors was recently developed and released jointly by 12governmental departments,namely,SAC,NDRC,MOST,MIIT,MEP,MOA,AQSIQ,State Forest Administration,State Administration of Science and Technology for National Defense,State Oceanic Administration and National Railway Administration.     

Strictest Pollutants Emission Standards

正Four new national standards on air pollutant emission control offi cially issued by the Ministry of Environment Protection(MEP)together with AQSIQ and SAC has been brought into force from July 1,2014.The Emission standard for air pollutants of coal-burning,oil-burning and gasfi red boilers,which is the strictest emission standard historically,will tackle the stubborn pollution problem of boilers and waste incineration in most of China’s regions.     

Instructions to Authors

New Carbon Materials is a bimonthly journal published with the permission of the Ministry of Science and Technology and of the State News and Publication Agency.The journal is sponsored by the Institute of Coal Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and is published by Science Press.Aims and Scope     

Progress on Standards Copyright Protection

正Recently,National Copyright Administration of China(NCAC)has rewarded 215 organizations and 179 individuals for their outstanding efforts on investigating standards copyright infringement and piracy in 2013.Hua Jianhua,the Deputy-Director of National Standards Copyright Protection Workgroup Office won a third prize of the national individual award.In 2012,SAC set up the national standards copyright protection working group,and developed policies to crack down standards infringement and piracy behaviors and to strengthen standards copyright protection.