克雷伯氏菌菌株 ZD112 的菊酯农药降解酶特性研究

采用微生物农药降解酶解决农药残留污染问题是当前环境科学研究的热点,也是一个较新的研究领域.本实验室从农药厂的污泥中筛选到1株能降解菊酯类农药的菌株Klebsiella sp.ZD112.进一步研究发现,ZD112的胞外粗酶液对氯氰菊酯无降解活性,胞内粗酶液对氯氰菊酯的降解效能较高.胞内粗酶液降解氯氰菊酯最适温度为45 ℃, 最适pH为6.5.以氯氰菊酯为底物,胞内粗酶液的米氏动力常数(Km)为10.25μM,最大反应速率(Vmax)为114.94μM/min.     

固定化微生物降解环境内分泌干扰物DBP

目的 研究固定化微生物降解环境内分泌干扰物邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的生物特性。方法 将驯化活性污泥用聚乙烯醇包埋，并制成固定化小球。增殖培养后，在不同溶解氧、pH值、温度下对不同浓度的DBP水样进行降解试验。结果 固定化微生物增殖培养后对DBP的降解率较游离活性污泥高，并且对温度、pH值的适应范围变宽，其降解过程符合酶促一级反应动力学模型。结论 驯化获得的DBP降解优势菌群经固定、增殖培养后能有效降解底物DBP，且为酶促一级反应。     

细胞色素P450在有机磷农药研究中的作用

随着人们对有机氯农药对自然生态的侵害污染作用的认识,有机磷农药得到更加广泛的应用。低毒、高效、低残留的有机磷农药在近30年来成为农业化学家追求的目标。抗性的增加使得发展新农药成为迫切需要。为此,有必要在农药方面进行生化毒理学研究,为新农药的开发及其作用机制、昆虫抗性等机理的研究提供可靠的依据。有机磷农药作为外来物,一旦进入生物体内,就会被各种酶作用而进行生物转化,其中最重要的酶为混合功能氧化酶。此酶是广谱的非特异酶,可以降解大多     

人体生物材料中拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂残留检测方法研究进展

近年来,由于拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的广泛使用,拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对人体健康的影响不可忽视.因此,如何准确高效地检测人体拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的残留已成为人们研究的热点.但拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂人体残留量较低,代谢较快,检测也较难.本文回顾了近年来对人体生物材料中拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂残留检测的研究,详细罗列了对不同生物材料的预处理方法...     

残留杀虫剂在蔬菜上的衰减与去除的研究

探索农药在蔬菜上的分布、衰减的规律、半减期的计算以及残留杀虫剂的清除方法。实验证实 :蔬菜上杀虫剂的衰减符合化学一级反应动力学的公式 ,其半减期 ,可以用回归方程计算 ,也可以用本文推导的简便的公式计算 ,结果差异不显著。杀虫剂在蔬菜上的半减期 ,是安全使用农药和卫生监督的重要指标之一。喷洒在菜叶上的杀虫剂 ,其总体的衰减虽然符合一级反应公式 ,但杀虫剂在菜叶表面和内部之间的分布却与其总体的消失不一致。随着时间的延长 ,表面的杀虫剂逐渐向蔬菜内部转移 ,叶面上附着的残留杀虫剂的消失 ,却似成一复杂的指数曲线。用非离子型的清洗剂对残留杀虫剂的洗除率较清水为高 ,但也只能洗脱附着于菜叶表面的部分。吸收到蔬菜内部的杀虫剂却难以清除     

气相色谱-质谱法同时测定水中7种氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂

氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂是继有机氯、有机磷之后出现的一类重要杀虫剂，具有作用迅速、选择性高、易分解、残留毒性小等优点。而被广泛使用。但随着此类杀虫剂使用范围的不断扩大，大气、水体、土壤等环境遭到不同程度的污染，由其引起的食物中毒、误服以及投毒事件时有发生，因此有必要建立一种多种氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的分析检测方法，为环境检测和临床诊断提供依据。氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的测定方法主要有薄层层析法、气相色谱法、液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱法、气相色谱-质谱法等，     

某品牌全自动消毒洗菜机消毒与清除农药效果检测分析

[目的]了解某品牌全自动消毒洗菜机消毒与清除有机农药的效果。[方法]2004 年 5~9 月,将污染到蔬菜上的细菌、乙肝表面抗原、有机磷农药、菊酯类杀虫剂,用某品牌洗菜机进行了现场效果、安全稳定性、对被洗涤的蔬菜无破坏损伤等试验。[结果]对污染到蔬菜上的大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌的清除率均在 99%以上,清除了污染蔬菜上的乙肝表面抗原;对污染菠菜、黄瓜、油菜上的氧化乐果清除率分别为75 5%、76 5%、89 4%,对污染菠菜、黄瓜、油菜上的氯氰菊酯清除率分别为72 9%、77 8%、95 6%;菠菜洗涤后维生素E、蛋白质含量无明显改变。[结论]洗菜机对致病菌、乙肝病毒、残留农药与杀虫剂有较高的清除率,不破坏洗涤蔬菜的营养成分。     

环境中六六六农药残留及降解情况调查

环境中六六六农药残留及降解情况调查肖学成裴汉杰周雪梅邱家佑杨利佳彭蔚六六六是一种耐热、耐酸、脂溶性大、残效期长的有机氯杀虫剂。１９８３年４月１日，我国已停止生产六六六农药。本文着重报道我市环境中六六六在停止生产使用前后其含量随时间的变化情况。从１９８...     

膳食环境中有机氯杀虫剂污染指数法的探讨

本文应用污染指数法,对某市不同区的膳食环境中有机氯杀虫剂的污染状况进行了评价。结果表明,滴滴涕的污染,城镇极重,棉区中等、棉稻区轻,稻区则尚属清洁;六六六的污染、以上4种地区尚属清洁。研究证明、只要有关参数和权重选择合适,污染指数法即有可能就有机氯杀虫剂经食物链的摄入量,对其在不同时间和不同地区膳食环境中的分布,以及人体脂肪组织有机氯杀虫剂的负荷等,给予一个正确的综合性评价。污染指数法亦可对膳食环境的污染程度进行综合性评价。     

蚊体羧酯酶定量测定方法的改进

蚊虫体内的羧酯酶是对杀虫剂解毒的重要水解酶之一,它普遍存在于蚊虫体内各组织中。许多文献证实,此种酶参与酯类杀虫剂的水解作用,有些蚊种对杀虫剂的抗药性与该酶的活性含量有直接关系。如蚊虫对马拉硫磷、敌百虫等磷酸酯类杀虫剂的抗药性,羧酯酶的活性起着关键作用。     

Reduction in the Sex Ratio of the Progeny of a Parasitoid Wasp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichogramma brassicae</Emphasis>) Surviving the Insecticide Chlorpyrifos

Due to the wide use of insecticides and their contribution to environmental pollution, the determination of their sublethal effects on the reproduction of parasitoids regulating pest populations is a necessity. In this work, sublethal effects of a lethal dose 20% of chlorpyrifos on the reproduction and the sex ratio of Trichogramma brassicae were assessed. The organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos is one of the most used insecticides for agricultural and domestic purposes in a worldwide market. A decrease in the number of parasitized hosts was observed for females surviving the insecticide. Furthermore, while untreated females presented a very biased sex ratio in favor of daughters, the offspring of treated females surviving the insecticide presented an almost balanced sex ratio due to a decrease in the number of daughters. This decrease in sex ratio was interpreted to be resulting from a decrease in fertilized eggs due to the perturbation of nerve transmissions induced by the insecticide. These results highlight the need for considering not only the direct mortality induced by insecticides but also sublethal effects liable to modify important fitness traits involved in the dynamic of beneficial insect populations.     

Screening of organophosphate insecticide pollution in water by using Daphnia magna

A simple and rapid screening method using Daphnia magna Straus (water fleas) on the basis of their immobilization was developed for detecting pesticide pollution. The laboratory testing of the toxicity of 11 organophosphate insecticides to D. magna determined 50% inhibition concentration of mobility at 48 h of exposure (48-h EC50) of 0.19 to 2.6 microg/L. The mobility of D. magna was inhibited in several river and stream waters sampled from May 1995 to February 1998 in Tokyo. Chemical analysis of the waters revealed that they were polluted by sub-ppb or ppb level of organophosphate insecticides. A significant relationship was observed between the immobilization of D. magna and the pollution level of the river and stream waters. The D. magna test could be used as a low-cost preliminary screening method for insecticide pollution.     

复配杀虫剂对抗性家蝇杀灭效果的研究

目的：研究杀虫剂的合理复配，提高复配杀虫剂对抗生家蝇的杀灭效果，方法：本实验采用农药登记卫生杀虫剂室药效试验方法和农药登记卫生杀虫剂内药效评价标准。在实验室内对复配卫生杀进行了杀灭抗性家蝇的药效试验研究，结果，单方杀虫剂即使在提高浓度和剂量后，其杀灭效果仍不如复配杀虫剂，结论：复配杀虫剂对抗性的家蝇药效与抗性调查的结果基本一致，单方杀虫剂即在提高浓度和剂量后，可以提高杀虫剂杀灭效果，是家蝇在综合防制中化学灭蝇的一种重要手段，也是延缓及减少抗性发生和发展的有效方法。     

Modification, by the insecticide chlorpyrifos, of the behavioral response to kairomones of a parasitoid wasp, Leptopilina boulardi

Parasitoids are key species involved in the regulation of natural populations. Host parasitization is realized via some important steps in which kairomone perception is essential. Due to the wide use of insecticides and their contribution to environmental pollution, the determination of their sublethal effects on behaviors involved in the reproduction of parasitoids becomes a necessity. In this work, we analyzed the effects of a lethal dose 20% of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphorus insecticide, on the behavior of L. boulardi toward the kairomone of its host. The insecticide significantly modified the kinetics of the residence time of parasitoids on a patch marked by kairomones. Females exposed to the insecticide were less efficient in finding the kairomone patch than control females, and they tended to stay on that patch, whereas control females rapidly left it. These effects are discussed considering the mode of action of the insecticide. Because search time allocation of host is an important component for parasitism efficiency, this modification of behavior could interfere with the reproduction capacity of parasitoids. Therefore, in a context of environmental pollution, the repercussions of such sublethal effects on the population biology of insects need to be considered. Received: 19 December 2000/Accepted: 12 May 2001     

缓释杀虫剂的种类及应用

缓释杀虫剂是一种目前应用比较成功的杀虫新剂型,它的产生使传统的杀虫剂使用效果和方式发生了重大变化。综述了目前缓释杀虫剂的种类及应用情况,缓释杀虫剂分为物理型和化学型两大类,介绍了几种常见的缓释杀虫剂应用效果,分析了缓释杀虫剂发展中存在的问题。     

Screening of Organophosphate Insecticide Pollution in Water by Using Daphnia magna

A simple and rapid screening method using Daphnia magna Straus (water fleas) on the basis of their immobilization was developed for detecting pesticide pollution. The laboratory testing of the toxicity of 11 organophosphate insecticides to D. magna determined 50% inhibition concentration of mobility at 48 h of exposure (48-h EC₅₀) of 0.19 to 2.6 μg/L. The mobility of D. magna was inhibited in several river and stream waters sampled from May 1995 to February 1998 in Tokyo. Chemical analysis of the waters revealed that they were polluted by sub-ppb or ppb level of organophosphate insecticides. A significant relationship was observed between the immobilization of D. magna and the pollution level of the river and stream waters. The D. magna test could be used as a low-cost preliminary screening method for insecticide pollution.     

细胞色素P450在家蝇抗药性中的作用

细胞色素P450是几乎存在于所有生物体中的一类重要的酶,已知在昆虫对杀虫剂的代谢解毒过程中发挥着非常重要的作用。细胞色素P450对杀虫剂解毒作用的增强是导致昆虫对杀虫剂产生抗药性的普遍而重要的机制。该文综述了有关家蝇细胞色素P450研究的一些重要进展,着重介绍家蝇抗药性相关的细胞色素P450以及细胞色素P450在一些相对新的杀虫剂抗性中的作用。     

环境友好型卫生杀虫剂的研究进展

随着社会进步和经济发展,人们的健康意识及环保意识逐渐增强,对卫生杀虫剂的要求越来越高。与此同时,化学合成农药的缺点日益突出,植物源、微生物源和昆虫调节剂渐为今后卫生用药的发展趋势和迫切需要。根据国内外这3类杀虫剂在主要媒介昆虫防治研究中所取得的成果,系统介绍了它们的活性成分、靶标害虫、作用方式及在我国病媒生物防制中已登记用药等方面的研究进展,提出我国卫生杀虫剂的发展方向。     

商丘市区卫生杀虫剂使用状况及蚊蝇抗药性研究

目的调查商丘市区卫生杀虫剂使用情况,探讨其与当地淡色库蚊、家蝇抗药性的相关性,为治理病媒生物抗药性提供科学依据。方法采用现场调查市售及病媒生物防治专业机构使用的卫生杀虫剂状况;浸渍法测定淡色库蚊,点滴法测定家蝇对杀虫剂的敏感性。结果共调查208种次的卫生杀虫剂,其中杀虫气雾剂124种次、蚊香和电热蚊香77种次、其他7种次;一元制剂占25.00%、二元或三元制剂占75.00%;杀虫有效成分均含有拟除虫菊酯,以胺菊酯为主,占60.26%。淡色库蚊对高效氯氰菊酯、双硫磷的抗药性测定结果,均表现为低抗水平;家蝇对高效氯氰菊酯、氯菊酯、溴氰菊酯表现为高抗,对敌敌畏表现为低抗。结论商丘市区淡色库蚊和家蝇抗药性的产生与农药使用有关,科学合理使用卫生杀虫剂才能延缓蚊蝇抗药性的产生。     

抚顺市城区德国小蠊对5种杀虫剂的抗性调查

目的掌握抚顺城区德国小蠊对常用杀虫剂的抗性情况,以便合理用药,提高防治效果,为城市卫生害虫防治提供技术保障。方法采用药膜接触法测定抗药性。结果德国小蠊对拟除虫菊酯类和氨基甲酸酯类属低抗水平,抗性系数在3.34~5.46之间;对敌敌畏抗性系数>9.5,属于中抗水平。结论抚顺城区今后开展灭蟑工作用药时,应以拟除虫菊酯和氨基甲酸酯为主、辅以有机磷,利用杀虫剂各品种的特点相互轮换使用,最大程度上减少抗性产生,使杀虫剂在今后全市大面积灭蟑工作中发挥出最大的作用。