基于介质变黏–弹特征的深海柱塞泵压力控制特性

为预测变深环境下柱塞泵压力控制性能变化规律,基于水下动黏度–变刚度介质模型建立深海柱塞泵压力控制系统模型。从稳定性、快速响应性与稳态误差等3个方面对系统控制性能进行了综合分析,得出变深环境下,只考虑黏度影响时,系统稳定性指标和动态响应参数由初态值,即相位裕度59.4°、幅值裕度8.77 dB、上升时间0.045 s、稳态误差3.4%,分别增加至138.4°、23.4 dB、0.28 s、7.4%;只考虑刚度影响时,各参数由初态值分别减少为42.6°、23.4 dB、0.038 s、1.2%;考虑黏度–刚度复合作用时,各参数由初态值分别增加至137.6°、23.1 dB、0.265 s、7.3%。结果表明:变深环境下只考虑黏度影响与考虑黏度–刚度复合作用时,系统稳定性均随水深的增加而增加,快速响应性与稳态误差均随水深的增加而下降;只考虑刚度影响时,相关特性的变化趋势刚好相反;并得出在0～1 000 m、1 000～7 000 m两海层下泵压力控制系统可分别视作变黏度–动刚度系统、变黏度–定刚度系统。最后,通过模拟变深环境下泵的动静性能试验,验证了上述理论分析结果的合理性和有效性。     

电塔塔基边坡受风荷载影响的稳定性研究

以镇江五峰山输电铁塔塔基边坡为研究对象,在分析研究区工程地质环境背景的基础上,借助FLAC3D三维数值模拟软件,采用强度折减法,详细分析了塔基边坡在自然风（风速3.4 m/s）、大风90°、大风60°、大风45°、大风0°（大风风速30 m/s）五种工况下的变形特征,计算了各工况下塔基边坡的稳定性系数,结果表明,以上五种工况下塔基边坡基础的整体不均匀沉降分别为0.43‰、0.66‰、0.50‰、0.33‰、0.65‰,边坡稳定系数分别为1.31、1.25、1.23、1.23、1.18,表明在五种工况下边坡均处于稳定状态,大风0°时塔基边坡的稳定性相对较小。     

负载与支承刚度对面齿轮传动系统动态特性的影响分析

为研究负载及支承刚度变化时对面齿轮传动系统动态特性的影响,建立了包含支承、齿侧间隙、时变啮合刚度、综合传动误差、阻尼和负载激励等参数的系统弯-扭耦合动力学模型,并使用PNF（Poincaré-Newton-Floquet）方法进行求解。计算结果表明,在不同的负载及支承刚度条件下,系统会出现简谐响应、次谐响应、拟周期响应及混沌响应4类稳态响应。增加负载及支承刚度能有效降低系统的动载荷,而增大支承刚度还可以减小面齿轮支承在方向与方向上的振动位移幅值差距。     

等边三角形微孔端面机械密封多楔现象对性能的影响

微孔端面机械密封是通过设计改变微孔的几何特性以期望得到更优的密封性能,但几何特性如何影响密封性能却缺乏机理上的研究和指导。结合流体楔效应理论,采用数值计算的方法,基于Fluent多相流空化模型,针对等边三角形微孔端面机械密封,建立了其中1个微孔周期的间隙流体的3维数值计算模型,研究不同方向角下等边三角形微孔几何特性的改变对泄漏率和开启力的影响。首先,使用了流动因子判定流动状态、网格无关性分析确定网格尺寸、文献计算结果对比等方法,保证了数值计算模型的正确性。然后,结合楔效应理论与压力云图分析,提出了多楔现象,即：等边三角形微孔存在3个性质不同的楔。方向角的变化改变了各楔与密封端面旋转线速度间的夹角,故各楔的性质与强度随方向角的变化而变化。流体流经各楔,会产生不同的楔效应,多楔效应的组合影响了压力分布,最终决定了密封性能。最后,基于多楔现象,研究了等边三角形微孔端面机械密封的泄漏率与开启力。低压差下,方向角α=40 °时泄漏率最小;高压差下,α=110 °时泄漏率最小;增大转速将强化泄漏率的变化趋势。开启力在α∈[0 °,120 °]时,先减小后增大,α=60 °时开启力最小;当α∈[0 °,40 °]及α∈[100 °,120 °]时,开启力随转速增加而增大;当α∈[40 °,100 °]时,开启力随转速增加而减小。     

扇形探测技术在超前探测中的应用研究

用扇形探测技术代替了常规的测量方法以提高矿井瞬变电磁法超前探测资料的解释精度.在数据采集过程中,调整巷道迎头左侧拐角处天线的法线方向与左侧巷道壁的夹角,以60°,45°和30°的夹角进行探测,在迎头断面处布置2-3个测点,调整巷道迎头右侧拐角处天线的法线方向与右侧巷道壁以30°,45°和60°的夹角进行探测.通过调整天线的法线与巷道底板的夹角,探测巷道顶板、顺层和巷道底板方向上介质的电性变化情况.研究结果表明：在超前探测中使用扇形探测技术可提高巷道超前探测资料的解释精度,能更准确的反映出异常体的空间特征.在实际应用中探测成果图上钻孔中心点位置与实际揭露钻孔中心点位置误差不到2 m.     

大跨度光伏跟踪支架结构风振响应特性研究

为研究大跨度光伏跟踪支架的风振响应特性,以某平单轴跟踪式光伏支架为研究对象,分析其动力学特性,采用谐波叠加法模拟脉动风速时程,通过时程分析方法对支架进行风振响应研究并考察平均风速、光伏板倾角以及风向角对光伏跟踪支架结构风振响应的影响。研究结果表明:光伏跟踪支架自振频率较低且分布集中;所有支撑组件中,檩条风致位移响应最大,主梁和立柱位移响应较小;檩条顺风向长度上位移响应具有不对称性,主梁横风向长度上位移响应与自身结构对称性一致;结构风致位移响应随着平均风速、光伏板倾角、风向角的增大而增大;负向风荷载作用下,光伏跟踪支架风振响应更剧烈,光伏板倾角从25°增大到35°时,支架的刚度会迅速降低,横向脉动风对主梁和立柱的位移响应影响很大。     

种植机械深度控制系统液压油黏度PID算法研究

针对不同温度下使用不同液压油的种植机械种植深度控制系统,提出一种考虑液压油黏度的PID控制算法。首先,采用Ziegler-Nichols(Z-N)第二方法确定PID系数,应用Routh稳定性准则对系数进行优化;其次,采用PID控制器的极点和双零点最小化响应的持续振荡;最后,将算法应用于3种液压油（32号,46号,68号）进行性能验证。仿真结果表明：不考虑黏度的PID控制算法响应速度慢,不满足边界条件,不能对种植深度进行精确控制;考虑黏度的PID算法能精确控制系统比例阀的压力,所有液压油最大压力不超过1.55 MPa,稳定时间不大于0.45 s,稳态误差为0%,最大超调量17.52%,满足设定要求。     

全风向角下二维切角方形桥塔气动措施数值模拟

采用SST K-ω湍流模型,对二维切角方形桥塔气动措施进行了全风向角下的CFD数值模拟研究,雷诺数为5×10⁴。分析了添加气动措施对桥塔气动力系数、横风向气动力频谱、斯托罗哈数的影响,并与试验结果进行了对比,二者吻合较好。研究结果表明,风向角α≤25°,升力系数呈下降趋势,添加翼板会显著增大桥塔升力系数;α>25°,升力系数呈上升趋势,添加气动措施对桥塔升力系数没有影响。添加气动措施后桥塔阻力系数会增大,最小阻力系数出现在5°~10°风向角范围内。不同风向角下的模型涡脱方式不同,包含的涡脱频率也不同,漩涡脱落不一定是单纯的正弦现象。添加气动措施会减小模型St数,最大St数出现在5°~15°风向角之间。     

防污自洁建筑膜材的制备

采用等离子体处理和化学方法相结合的方式对PVDF薄膜进行表面处理,构筑出具有防污自洁功能的建筑膜材表层．探讨了等离子体处理工艺参数、化学处理试剂和处理方式时膜材表面性能的影响．结果表明：PVDF薄膜表面经氧气气氛等离子体处理300s后再经G502与含氟丙烯酸酯复配溶液（1：2）进行化学处理,薄膜表面接触角可达132°,滚动角在6°以下;集灰实验证实其防污自洁效果良好,说明采用等离子-化学两步法制备防污自洁建筑膜材可行．     

转叶舵机用复式摆动缸操舵原理

转叶舵机具有结构紧凑、机械效率高、安装简便等优点,在舰船上得到广泛应用。现有转叶舵机为单层液压摆动缸,舵叶转动区间受摆动缸结构限制具有饱和非线性。此外,舵叶受水动力干扰引起的冲舵、滞舵和跑舵现象,严重影响船舶航向控制和舵减摇效果。针对上述问题,以直驱式电液伺服转叶舵机为对象,在建立数学模型,分析水动力对舵角干扰的基础上,提出一种复式结构摆动缸操舵新原理。复式摆动缸采用双层结构,内层为舵驱动缸,外层为力矩解耦缸。内外层转子同向转动,可增大舵叶的工作区间,同时,外层力矩解耦缸转子输出助推力矩作用于舵驱动缸转子,可抵消水动力在驱动缸转子上产生的负载力矩,提高舵叶转动精度,解决舵机运动中的力位耦合问题;内外层转子反向转动,可使舵机及时制动、换向,提高舵机操纵性能。复式摆动缸用于转叶舵机,舵机系统具有较大的稳定裕量,幅值裕度为45.3dB、相角裕度为99.2deg,满足伺服系统设计指标。仿真分析表明,在有外负载干扰下,相较于单层摆动缸加控制策略的操舵方式,复式摆动缸操舵响应速度更快,无超调,达到稳态的速度提升约36%,且稳态误差维持在±0.05°范围内。在跟踪斜率为0.01°/s的斜坡信号时,转舵精度可保持在±0.03°位置误差带内,具有较高的位置控制精度。     

Analysis and Optimization of Passenger Side Knee Slider Compression in Front Impact

The influences of different design factors,as well as dummy posture,on an occupants' knee slider compression,were studied in this paper.Based on the vehicle geometry data,the simulation model,including both the multi-rigid-body and finite element(FE)part,was built up and validated with China New Car Assessment Program(C-NCAP)full impact to ensure the accuracy of the model.By adjusting the design parameters and the posture of the femur and lower leg,different factors affecting the passengers' knee slider compression were evaluated,with the help of MAthematical DYnamic MOdel(MADYMO)simulations.The study indicated that the leg posture,the stiffness of the IP and angles of the carpet have significant effects on the knee slider compression in this case.By decreasing the angle between the femur and lower leg from 133° to 124°,the maximum knee slider compression was decreased by 17.3% and by scaling the IP stiffness from 1 to 0.7,it could be decreased by 18.6%.Also,decreasing the angles of the carpet from 28° to 37°can help reduce the knee slider compression by 18.3%.     

Design of high performance multilayer microwave absorbers using fast Pareto genetic algorithm

The application of the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) in designing microwave absorbers is described in this paper. To obtain high performance coatings, we put forward three cost functions, which represent three objectives of strong-absorption, broad-bandwidth and thin structure, and study the tradeoffs between each other. Numerical calculations on available materials in 2–18 GHz are implemented to construct the Pareto front and Pareto-optimal surface for two and three objectives respectively. Results indicate that the NSGA-II can work more efficiently and effectively than traditional Pareto genetic algorithms. Additionally, we present several particular designs from the above Pareto front (surface) for potential applications in different frequency bands. For example, a four-layer absorber with thickness of 2.8071 mm is obtained to provide average reflection coefficient of −11.95 dB and average reflection bandwidth of 0.5780 in 2–18 GHz, considering arbitrary incident angles (0°–89°) and both TE and TM polarizations. Supported by Fund for Basic Research from National Scientifical and Industrial Technology Committee (Grant No. BZJ050504)     

The design of predictive control with characterized set of initial condition for constrained switched nonlinear system

Stabilization of the constrained switched nonlinear systems is an attractive research subject. Predictive control can handle variable constraints well and make the system stable. Its stability is typically based on an assumption of initial feasibility of the optimization problem; however the set of initial conditions, starting from where a given predictive formulation is guaranteed to be feasible, is not explicitly characterized. In this paper, a hybrid predictive control method is proposed for a class of switched nonlinear systems with input constraints and un-measurable states. The main idea is to design a mixed controller using Lyapunov functions and a state observer, which switches appropriately between a bounded feedback controller and a predictive controller, and to give an explicitly characterized set of initial conditions to stabilize each closed-loop subsystem. For the whole switched nonlinear system, a suitable switched law based on the state estimation is designed to orchestrate the transitions between the consistituent modes and their respective controllers, and to ensure the whole closed-loop system's stability. The simulation results for a chemical process show the validity of the controller proposed in this paper.     

汽油机活塞二阶运动分析及优化设计

为了降低活塞二阶运动并寻求优化措施,综合考虑裙部润滑摩擦状况、活塞体径向刚度、活塞体及缸套热态型面影响,建立某汽油机活塞组件动力学模型,采用数值仿真方法进行分析研究.从换向平稳性、运动平稳性、活塞敲击能和摩擦损耗4个方面对活塞二阶运动计算结果进行评价.分析在多种工况下（1 200、4 200、6 000 r/min）活塞裙部型线、配缸间隙和活塞销偏置对活塞二阶运动的影响,以敲击能和摩擦损耗为主要评价标准,提出相应的优化思路.结果表明：优化后的裙部型线使活塞的径向位移和角位移有一定幅度减小,径向位移最大值在3种工况下分别降低了22.2%、19.8%、21.2%,角位移最大值降低了12.9%、13.3%、23.6%;活塞对缸套的动态敲击力在优化后也有明显降低,为活塞整体优化提供可靠依据.     

New development of Einstein＇s viscose law for powder suspension systems

Through the analysis of the present situation of the rheology of suspension disperse systems, the classical Einstein‘s viscosity law was developed into the generalized Einstein‘s viscosity law which can be further developed into universalized form, called the universalized Einstein‘s viscosity law by introducing modification function f(φ). Some rational forms of the function f(φ) were discussed according to functional approximation method, and were consequently developed into a few suspension disperse system rheological equations suitable for high particle concentration. These equations all keep good consistence with the models acquired in experiments or other mathematical physics analysis.     

Failure mode and strength anisotropic characteristic of stratified rock mass under uniaxial compressive situation

A stratified rock mass model was founded by FLAC^3D. The failure mode and anisotropic characteristic of strength for stratified rock mass were analyzed. The analysis results show that the numerical simulation can visually reflect the failure modes of rock samples under different inclination angles β of structural plane. The stiffness of rock sample before peak strength changes in the compressive procedure. With the increase of β, the compressive strength σ _c of rock sample decreases firstly and then increases; when β is in the range of 20°–30° and 80°–90°, σ _c has the largest sensitivity to β; while β falls in the range of 30°–70°, σ _c varies little. When ϕ _j <β<90° (β _j is friction angle of structure plane), the results obtained from numerical simulation and theoretical analysis are in almost the same values; while β⩽ ϕ _j or β=90°, they are in great different values. The results obtained from theoretical analysis are obvious larger than those from numerical simulation; and the results from numerical simulation can reflect the difference of compressive strength of rock samples for the two situations of β⩾ ϕ _j and β=90°, which is in more accordance with the real situation. Foundation item: Project (50099620) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Modeling and Experiment on Contact Stiffness and Accuracy Analysis of Ball Linear Guide Feed Unit

直线滚动导轨进给单元刚度及误差分析建模与试验

张巍^1,2,王民¹,乐兵兵¹

(1.北京工业大学机电学院先进制造北京市重点实验室,北京 100124;

2.内蒙古科技大学工程训练中心,内蒙古 包头 014010）

中文说明：

随着精密数控机床的发展,迫切需要对机床的关键执行部件进行受力、变形及误差进行更精确的分析。

1）利用多体系统理论对滑块和工作台的对称中心建立坐标系,利用受力和位移平衡方程得到每一个滑块在三维坐标系中的变形量。在通过坐标变换得到工作台的变形量和误差量。

2）对直线进给单元滑块中的每一个滚珠的赫兹变形及受力进行分别求解,考虑了同时承载滚珠的数目。并考虑进给单元受力点相对对称中心的相对位置确定工作台的两直线度误差量和3个旋转量误差量。这对实际工作有积极借鉴作用,实际工况下,可根据切削力的大小和力的作用点的不同对进给执行机构进行误差补偿,从而得到更为精确的加工尺寸。

3）研究中使用高精度的三向力力学传感器（量程范围2kN）,利用激光传感器检测直线进给单元受力的微小变形,为更大限度的减小测量误差,试验装置还采用120度对称检测杆,分别测量3个位置的变形误差值,最后对3个误差值进行平均处理。得到的实验值与理论计算值相似程度更高。

     

Rheological behaviors and processing windows of low viscosity epoxy resin for VIMP

The chemorheological behaviors of a low viscosity epoxy resin system (Huntsman 1564/3486) for vacuum infusion moulding process (VIMP) were studied with viscosity experiments.The dual-Arrhenius rheological model and the engineering viscosity model were established and compared with the experimental data.The result showed that the viscosity in the earlier stage calculated by dual-Arrhenius model were smaller than the experimental data,while the data calculated by the engineering model were larger.Combining the two models together can predict the rheological behaviors of the resin system in a more credible manner.The processing windows of the resin system for VIMP were determined based on the two models.The optimum processing temperature is 30-45 ℃.     

广义无量纲强度载荷模型在核电站数字化控制系统可靠性评价中的研究

本文对机械系统中的强度-载荷模型进行了拓展.把强度、载荷的含义应用于数字化控制系统的可靠性研究当中.从理论和仿真两方面对该模型进行了验证.并给出了该模型的两种函数表达式:基于乘法定理和基于安全裕度系数.同时,文章还考虑了时间效应与载荷的随机性,给出了设备在强度变化情况下的可靠度与失效率函数.并做了实例验证分析.     

高速气缸压力反馈式缓冲阀

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