DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF ASYMMETRIC SPIRAL RAINBANDS AROUND THE LANDING OF TYPHOON HAITANG (2005)

By using WRF mesoscale model, this paper carries out a numerical simulation and diagnostic analysis of the structural characteristics of the asymmetric spiral rain bands around the landing of Typhoon Haitang during the period of July 19 to 20, 2005. The result indicated that the two rainbands associated with the precipitation centre was mainly located northeast of the typhoon centre. The movement and intensity of the southern rainband corresponded well with the 850-hPa positive vorticity band from 0200 to 1800 UTC July 19, 2005. Under the effect of cyclonic circulation, the positive vorticity band at 850 hPa connected with a southern rain band, leading to the intensification of rainfall in the southern centre of the precipitation. The southward rainband gradually moved toward and then merges with the northward one, strengthening the rainfall in the northern centre of the precipitation. Besides, the relationship between the heavy rainfall and the divergence field of vertical shear wind in the high altitude is analyzed. Finally, the relationship is revealed between the development of the vertical component of convective vorticity vector and the rainfall near the two centres of precipitation in the low altitude.     

台风“珍珠”(2006)螺旋雨带发展机制的数值模拟研究

基于2 km分辨率的ARW-WRF数值模拟资料,讨论了台风"珍珠"(2006)螺旋雨带中对流单体及内雨带的发展机制。结果表明:模式很好地再现了台风的路径和强度。作为雨带中仅仅存在于眼壁外侧的内雨带,其传播机制与重力波、涡旋Rossby波及混合波没有联系,其可能发展机制仅与低层出流、水平风场和变形场有关。低层出流使得内雨带径向向外运动,而低层的水平风场和变形场使其形成螺旋结构。同时,就螺旋雨带中精细对流单体的发展而言,涡度收支方程定量分析表明,其主要通过两种方式获得垂直涡度:水平涡度倾斜为垂直涡度;上升运动拉伸垂直涡度。随着平流输送,对流单体在眼壁附近合并和汇聚。     

2006年“珍珠”台风影响期间福建省降水酸度分布特征分析

利用2006年"珍珠"台风影响福建省期间的酸雨监测资料和新一代天气雷达回波资料,对城市降水酸度分布特征及福州市短时段降水酸度进行分析,结果表明:来自海上的台风降水呈偏碱性;登陆后台风对福建省城市降水酸度的影响与其螺旋雨带上降水云团的移动路径及城市周边污染源分布有关;"珍珠"台风的短时段降水酸度并非保持恒定,对福州市降水酸度的影响会随着台风强度、风场结构的变化及螺旋雨带上降水云团途经下垫面城市大气污染排放状况而发生改变.     

南海台风“尤特”螺旋结构的综合分析

应用卫星观测等资料及高分辨数值模拟方法,综合分析了台风“尤特”（2001）螺旋结构的多要素三维动热力特征。结果表明：台风螺旋结构在许多动热力物理量场上都有明显表现,如散度、垂直速度、涡度、相对湿度、水汽通量散度、垂直水汽通量、θse、位势高度、对流云等,但是不同要素及在不同高度层上的表现有所不同,主要具有以下特点：（1）台风螺旋结构在大多数动热力物理量场上都有明显的表现,不同要素及不同高度上螺旋结构的表现形式有所不同,但通过动热力过程相互关联;（2）地面螺旋雨带与低空辐合、上升运动、低空高湿高θse、高空辐散等对应,反映了螺旋结构的对流特性;（3）螺旋结构自下往上明显向外倾斜,其中散度场的倾斜比垂直运动大;（4）螺旋带的强度和伸展高度沿径向渐次减弱和降低。     

DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOON SPIRAL CLOUD BAND AT SEA WITH SSM/I IMAGE

This paper describes the characteristics of the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) onboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP),analyzes absorbing,re-emitting and scattering effects of the atmospheric particles (especially cloud particles and rain drops).The inner physical cause of typhoon's representative form on microwave images is revealed.An index of particle size is then induced as such:Symmetrically inverse channel 85H's (85H is an abbreviation for channel 85.5 GHz in horizontal polarization,see Table 1 in the text.) absorption segment and put it into the extension of the scattering segment.The precipitation index was formed as the average of three elements:normalized 19H,normalized 37H,and inversed normalized 85H.It is approved that the image of particle size index overcomes some shortcomings of the single raw channel,such as:37H is not sensitive to large rain drops,85H is not sensitive to mid-size rain drops and can reveal typhoon's spiral structure more clearly.     

对台风麦莎(2005)的熵流特征初步分析

根据热力学第二定律推导出熵平衡方程,并在数值模拟输出结果的基础上利用熵平衡方程中的熵流项来分析2005年台风"麦莎"发生、发展和消亡各阶段的熵流特征.(1) 从对流层的低层到对流层的高层,台风中心附近的熵流分布会逐渐由负熵流占优势互补趋向于以正熵流为主;(2) 对流层中层500 hPa的负熵流分布显示出,随着台风的强度加强(减弱),台风中心附近的负熵流强度也会随之加强(减弱);(3) 台风中心附近的负熵流分布和强度特征对于台风强度和未来移动路径有一定的指示意义.     

模拟台风Ewiniar（2006）内部扰动的时空变化特征

在使用WRF（V2．2）模式双向移动嵌套方案对台风Ewiniar模拟结果的基础上,利用空间上的离散功率谱和时间上的连续功率谱、最大熵谱方法对Ewiniar内部扰动的时空变化特征作简要的分析。结果表明：台风内部波动在空间上以长波分量占优,距台风中心越近,长波分量的比重越大,而台风外围的短波分量则有所增加;Ewiniar内部的振荡现象具有非对称特征,这种非对称特征在对流层中高层及台风前移的左右两侧的眼壁内表现得非常明显,越往台风外围、越往对流层低层越不明显;对流层低层的台风眼壁内部,无论是台风前移的左侧还是右侧,低频振荡总是占很大优势。     

BOUNDARY LAYER STRUCTURE IN TYPHOON SAOMAI (2006): UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT

Recent studies have shown that surface fluxes and exchange coefficients are particularly important to models attempting to simulate the evolution and maintenance of hurricanes or typhoons.By using an advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting(ARW)modeling system,this work aims to study the impact of modified exchange coefficient on the intensity and structures of typhoon Saomai(2006)over the western North Pacific.Numerical experiments with the modified and unmodified exchange coefficients are used to investigate the intensity and structure of the storm,especially the structures of the boundary layer within the storm.Results show that,compared to the unmodified experiment,the simulated typhoon in the modified experiment has a bigger deepening rate after 30-h and is the same as the observation in the last 12-h.The roughness is leveled off when wind speed is greater than 30 m/s.The momentum exchange coefficient(CD)and enthalpy exchange coefficient(CK)are leveled off too,and CD is decreased more than CK when wind speed is greater than 30 m/s.More sensible heat flux and less latent heat flux are produced.In the lower level,the modified experiment has slightly stronger outflow,stronger vertical gradient of equivalent potential temperature and substantially higher maximum tangential winds than the unmodified experiment has.The modified experiment generates larger wind speed and water vapor tendencies and transports more air of high equivalent potential temperature to the eyewall in the boundary layer.It induces more and strong convection in the eyewall,thereby leading to a stronger storm.     

台风“珍珠”登陆期间动量通量的多尺度分析

利用台风"珍珠"登陆前后的近地层湍流观测资料,分析了该台风经过观测场地前后地面气象要素的变化及其动量通量特征。结果表明,台风"珍珠"经过观测场地前后的近地层气象要素发生了急剧的变化,并且在台风前部存在强的中尺度对流系统,反映在风速能谱密度结构上,频率f在3×10-4~2×10-3Hz之间的中尺度信号对能谱的贡献比平稳天气形势下的能谱贡献大很多,尤其是顺风方向风速的能谱密度的峰值与湍流信号的峰值相当;动量通量分析结果表明,台风中心经过观测场地的前后三小时,近地层通量以向下输送的中尺度通量为主,湍流通量的贡献相对于中尺度通量较小,也是向下输送的;而在其他时段,近地层通量主要以向上输送的湍流通量为主,中尺度通量量值很小,可以忽略。     

台风Dan(9914)的水汽输送特征

利用ECMWF 2.5°×2.5°的再分析资料,用大尺度水汽通量流函数和速度势以及水汽收支对台风Dan(9914)在形成、加强和减弱过程中的水汽输送和收支进行了诊断分析。结果表明:台风Dan西行期的水汽主要从西边界和东边界流入台风,水汽主要是来自于副热带高压南侧偏东气流对水汽的输送;转向北移后则以西边界流入的水汽占主导作用,水汽主要是来自南海。台风Dan的水汽输送主要集中在对流层中低层,一般在925 hPa有最大的水汽总收支。在Dan发生发展的不同时期,由大尺度水汽通量流函数和速度势表示的水汽通量输送和辐合也有明显的变化,表明水汽输送和辐合在Dan的发生发展及消亡过程中有一定作用。     

台风暴雨的研究进展

台风灾害的主要部分往往是由台风暴雨引起的,对台风暴雨的研究有利于提高对台风天气的预报水平.过去十几年中,在远距离台风暴雨、螺旋雨带的形成理论、台风系统对中纬度地区降水的影响、暴雨分布、下垫面特征对暴雨的影响和暴雨的突然增幅等方面都取得了新的进展.我们对上述进展作了综述,并对现阶段存在的问题进行讨论.     

台风"玛姬"(9903)数值模拟试验

通过对台风“玛姬”(9903)个例进行数值模拟,探讨了海温和地形作用对台风“玛姬”(9903)路径的影响,分析了环境气流、台风非对称结构与台风移动路径之间的关系。结果表明：海温对台风“玛姬”(9903)路径有一定的影响,地形作用对台风“玛姬”(9903)路径的影响不可忽视,台风非对称结构对9903号台风异常路径的作用非常重要。     

台风登陆前后雨带断裂与非对称降水的成因分析

利用美国WRF(Weather Research Forecast)模式对“海棠”台风(0505)登陆前后的雨带变化进行分析和模拟试验。结果显示：台风登陆前后其雨带会产生断裂,这种现象可发生在陆地和海上,使非对称降水更加明显。分析得出雨带断裂不仅与地形有关,而且与高层台风环流和中纬度系统的相互作用有关：台风登陆前后,200 hPa南亚高压和台风外围的辐散气流结合形成在台风西北方向的弱倒槽,台风中心西侧及西北侧的中低层辐散流场稳定维持,使高层气旋性流场加强,与气旋性流场相伴的正涡度一部分随气流逆时针旋转,并逐步平流至台风中心附近的正涡度区形成一个沿22～25 °N的正涡度输送带并延伸至台风中心东部,而中心东部高层的正涡度带中有下沉运动,不利于降水发展而导致雨带断裂是非对称降水的主要原因。高层台风的带状涡度向外围的传播可导致中纬度气旋性环流的进一步加强和正涡度向台风输送的加强,使雨带断裂更加明显。     

A CLOUD-RESOLVING MODELING STUDY OF SURFACE RAINFALL PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH LANDFALLING TYPHOON KAEMI(2006)

The detailed surface rainfall processes associated with landfalling typhoon Kaemi(2006) are investigated based on hourly data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation. The model is integrated for 6 days with imposed large-scale vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal temperature and vapor advection from National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) / Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) data. The simulation data are validated with observations in terms of surface rain rate. The Root-Mean-Squared (RMS) difference in surface rain rate between the simulation and the gauge observations is 0.660 mm h^-1, which is smaller than the standard deviations of both the simulated rain rate (0.753 mm h^-1) and the observed rain rate (0.833 mm h^-1). The simulation data are then used to study the physical causes associated with the detailed surface rainfall processes during the landfall. The results show that time averaged and model domain-mean P_s mainly comes from large-scale convergence (Q_WVF) and local vapor loss (positive Q_WVT). Large underestimation (about 15%) of P_s will occur if Q_WVT and Q_CM (cloud source/sink) are not considered as contributors to P_s. Q_WVF accounts for the variation of P_s during most of the integration time, while it is not always a contributor to P_s. Sometimes surface rainfall could occur when divergence is dominant with local vapor loss to be a contributor to P_s. Surface rainfall is a result of multi-timescale interactions. Q_WVE possesses the longest time scale and the lowest frequency of variation with time and may exert impact on P_s in longer time scales. Q_WVF possesses the second longest time scale and lowest frequency and can explain most of the variation of P_s. Q_WVT and Q_CM possess shorter time scales and higher frequencies, which can explain more detailed variations in P_s. Partitioning analysis shows that stratiform rainfall is dominant from the morning of 26 July till the late night of 27 July. After that, convective rainfall dominates till about 1000 LST 28 July. Before 28 July, the variations of in rainfall-free regions contribute less to that of the domain-mean Q_WVT while after that they contribute much, which is consistent to the corresponding variations in their fractional coverage. The variations of Q_WVF in rainfall regions are the main contributors to that of the domain-mean Q_WVF, then the main contributors to the surface rain rate before the afternoon of 28 July.     

台风“黑格比”登陆期间浙江地区水汽演变特征分析

在 2020 年 8 月 3—5 日台风“黑格比”登陆期间,浙江地区出现了强降水。利用中国自动站与 CMORPH融合降水产品及ERA5再分析资料进行分析,表明浙江地区强降水分两个阶段。为探究两个阶段降 水成因,采用扰动天气图方法、拉格朗日轨迹追踪模式HYSPLIT与FLEXPART(the Flexible Particle Model)重点 分析浙江地区强降水期间水汽输送特征,结果表明伴随强盛西南夏季风环流的水汽通道起着重要作用。最后, 利用中尺度模式WRF_ARW进行了水汽条件的敏感性试验,进一步验证了西南季风水汽输送的重要性。在台 风登陆降水预报过程中,需要关注西南夏季风背景下不同水汽输送影响。     

VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION USING WAVELET BACKGROUND ERROR COVARIANCE: INITIALIZATION OF TYPHOON KAEMI (2006)

Background error covariance plays an important role in any variational data assimilation system, because it determines how information from observations is spread in model space and between different model variables. In this paper, the use of orthogonal wavelets in representation of background error covariance over a limited area is studied. Based on the WRF model and its 3D-VAR system, an algorithm using orthogonal wavelets to model background error covariance is developed. Because each wavelet function contains information on both position and scale, using a diagonal correlation matrix in wavelet space gives the possibility to represent some anisotropic and inhomogeneous characteristics of background error covariance. The experiments show that local correlation functions are better modeled than spectral methods. The formulation of wavelet background error covariance is tested with the typhoon Kaemi (2006). The results of experiments indicate that the subsequent forecasts of typhoon Kaemi’s track and intensity are significantly improved by the new method.     

初始场结构对台风路径影响的数值试验

设计了一个套网格的准地转正压模式，对模式的可用性进行了检验。用该模式实施了两组不同初始场的试验，分析了初始场结构对台风路径的影响，指出台风移动具有内在随机性的特征。     

多时刻台风Bogus资料同化对台风"天鹅"的影响

基于GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Predition System)三维变分同化系统,设计在6小时内分别应用三小时一次和逐小时的台风定位和定强信息对台风进行多次BDA(Bogus Data Assimilation)同化,在多次BDA中只同化近似程度高的涡旋风分量而近似...     

用SSM/I微波遥感图像分析海上台风的螺旋云带

文中介绍了美国国防气象卫星专用微波成像仪 (SSM /I)上各通道的特性 ,分析了大气中各种粒子 (尤其是云滴和降水滴 )对各通道辐射的吸收和散射效应。通过对SSM /I图像上台风单通道剖面、双通道散点图的分析 ,揭示了台风在微波图像上表现形式的内在物理原因。在此基础上 ,设计了一个降水指数 ,方法是 :将 85 .5GHz的吸收段对称拉伸到散射段的延长线上 ,然后求归一化后的 19.35 ,37.0GHz和经拉伸处理的 85 .5GHz图像 3者的平均值。 3个通道合成降水指数克服了 37.0GHz对大雨滴不敏感 ,和 85 .5GHz对中等大小雨滴不敏感的缺点 ,比原始单通道微波图像更清楚地显示了台风的螺旋云带结构     

PREDICTIVE MODEL ON THE YEARLY FREQUENCY OF TYPHOON LANDING IN SOUTH OF CHINA

The major purpose of this study was to develop a predictive model of the yearly frequency of typhoon.Based on historical data, a predictive model of yearly frequency of typhoon that landed in South China was proposed during the season of typhoon using the basic thinking and its algorithm of Pro.jcction Pursuit Regression (PPR). The results show that the predictive precision of PPR model is much better than that of stepwise regression (SR) model.