世界与俄罗斯玻璃市场

介绍了当今世界玻璃市场和俄罗斯的玻璃工业,简述了皮尔金顿、PPG和俄罗斯研制的三种浮法玻璃生产工艺的区别.     

Chemical bonds in carbon fibres

In reporting the results of an examination of the mechanism of formation of chemical bonds in carbon fibres, the following conclusions can be drawn: — the existing concepts concerning curved hybrid bonds and σ-, π-bonds do not explain their compatibility with the high thermal stability of carbon fibres; — the concept of formation of chemical bonds in carbon fibres because of the gravitational effect of atoms with energy corresponding to the energy of chemical bond formation due to the high value of the gravitational constant of 1.6·10⁻²⁸ cm³/g·sec²) caused by the high density of the substance in the atom of 10¹²–10¹³g/cm³, is substantiated; — the gravitational constant is calculated with the equation of the dynamics of orbital motion for the potential energy; the values obtained are in satisfactory agreement with the results of the calculation based on tensiometric and spectroscopic data. __________ Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 41–44, November–December, 2006.     

World development of chemical fibres in 1996

The Near and Far East (except for Japan) will be the primary promising markets for chemical fibres to the end of the 1990s. In particular, Taiwan is now in second place in the world (after the US) in production of chemical fibres. The fibre production capacities of China, the Republic of Korea, and recently India are continuously expanding. In China, according to plan specifications, the capacities of the chemical fibre industry will significantly increase from 3.5 million tons in 1995 to 4.5 million tons in 2000, while production will increase from 2.9 to 4.0 million tons, respectively. It is believed that this will allow increasing the degree of supplying the textile industry with domestically produced chemical fibres to 85–90% by 2000. The total production volume of chemical fibres in “third world≓ countries is now almost four times higher than the production volume for all of Western Europe. The structural changes in the world chemical fibre industry can thus hardly be considered complete; global, radical changes in the market for these fibres are most probably coming, and Russia will carefully monitor them, exhibiting patience and interest in the development of her own potential. Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 3, pp. 3–7, May–June, 1998.     

World production and consumption of carbon fibres

The total world production volume of carbon fibres (CF) is 70–80,000 tons/year. In the last two to three years, there has been a trend toward significant growth in their production and use. Polyacrylonitrile fibre is the basic type of raw material for production of CF. New areas of application of CF have appeared. The quality level attained for carbon fibres is examined on the example of several leading manufacturers.     

World production of chemical fibres and yarns in 2005

World production of chemical fibres and yarns did not increase significantly (+0.8%) in 2005 for the first time in recent years. China is still the indisputable leader, with a large annual increase in production of all types of fibres. A decrease (−17.2%) in production of both synthetic (−5.9%) and man-made (−40.2%) fibres and yarns occurred in Russia. Of the CIS countries, the chemical fibre sector in Belarus developed most successfully. __________ Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 5, pp. 71–76, September–October, 2006.     

Chemical fibres and thread in a crisis year

For the first time in recent years, the total consumption of all types of fibres dropped significantly in 2008 — by 6.7%, including natural fibres by 10.1% and chemical fibres by 4.5%. The economic crisis affected the large-tonnage synthetic fibre sector especially negatively: world consumption decreased by 4.1% in comparison to 2007: polyacrylonitrile by 20%, polypropylene by 11%, polyamide by 10%, and polyester by 2%. Chemical fibre production in 2008 was 42,156 tons, i.e., a 4.5% decrease, primarily in Europe, Japan, and the US. China alone enjoyed a 2.5% increase in comparison to 2007. In CIS countries, chemical fibre production decreased by 2.6%. Belarus leads on all indexes, although there was a decrease there, too, especially in the first half of 2009. In Russia, the crisis was deeper, with an unfortunate tendency for chemical fibre production to decrease from year to year: in 2008, it was 18% lower in comparison to the preceding year, with an extremely low (almost postwar) volume of 121,000 tons/year. Many enterprises in the sector almost disappeared, production of viscose fibres and polyester staple fibre for textile applications almost totally stopped, and production of polyacrylonitrile and polypropylene fibres, and PA-6 textile and cord fibres dropped sharply. The development of production of nonwovens in the country was comforting. The revival around construction of new enterprises is still only apparent.     

World production and consumption of polyester fibres and thread

In the last 20 years, PES fibres and thread have developed at very high tempos (by 7.2% a year on average). The share of PES fibres and thread in Asia is 64.6% of the world level for chemical fibres. China is still the unconditional leader, where production of PES fibres from 2004 to 2008 will increase from 11.5 to 18.5 million tons. Progressive methods of manufacturing TPA (terephthalic acid) from DMT (dimethyl terephthalate), synthesis of PET directly from PC (polycarbonate) and ethylene, the two-reactor poly condensation scheme, highly efficient catalytic systems, and new kinds of fibres and thread from modified polyesters are being developed. In Russia, scarce PET and the raw material for it are consumed for manufacturing bottles to the detriment of development of PES fibres and thread, of which there are almost none in the country at present, while the scales of production of packaging materials from biodegradable polymers made from environmentally safe and regularly reproducible sources are more and more actively increasing abroad. Based on proceedings of the conference “Polymer Fibres and Thread: Fabrication, Processing, Use,” All-Russian Exhibition Center, Moscow, March 29, 2006. __________ Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 3, pp. 67–72, May–June, 2006.     

2006年世界化学工业

2006年全球化学工业继续面对能源价格和原材料成本高涨的挑战.美国摆脱了飓风的影响,化工生产增长了2.5%;加拿大化工生产增长了1.3%;欧洲增长2.5%;韩国增长3.5%;只有日本减少了0.8%.化学工业的健康发展,使化学品贸易收获了一个好年景.进出口大幅增长,扩大了贸易顺差或减少了贸易逆差.化工公司为控制生产成本,继续减少或控制员工增长;但公司利润增长提高了投资愿望;兼并重组使化工公司竞争力提升.     

Chemical stability and use of thermostabilized polyacrylonitrile fibres

The chemical stability of thermostabilized polyacrylonitrile fibre was investigated. It was found that the material is resistant to acids with concentration of up to 30%, petroleum products, and salt water, and is less resistant to bases. The material is promising for fabrication of chemically stable gasket packing of different cross sections and densities.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 1, pp. 45–46, January–February, 1995.