抗IBDV独特型抗体免疫效果观察

应用抗ＩＢＤＶ独特型抗体分别与福氏完全佐剂和福氏不完全佐剂按１∶１比例乳化制备成抗ＩＢＤＶ独特型抗体疫苗，免疫接种ＳＰＦ鸡和普通京白公鸡，然后用ＩＢＤＶ野毒株经点眼和滴鼻方式攻毒，保护率分别为８／８，１４／１４，由此证实了抗独特型抗体疫苗潜在的研究价值和应用价值。     

兔源抗IBDV独特型抗体疫苗的制备

用纯化的抗鸡传染性腔上囊病病毒（ＩＢＤＶ）抗体免疫家兔，将所获效从较高（１：１６）的兔源抗ＩＢＤＶ独特型抗体分别与福氏完全和福氏不完全佐剂按１：１比例乳化制备成抗ＩＢＤＶ独特型抗体疫苗，用该疫轩免疫迪卡公雏鸡和ＳＰＦ组鸡，经用ＩＢＤＶ强毒株以点眼和滴鼻方式攻击，试验组的保护率分别为９８／９８，１００／１００，４９／４９，大群免疫接种的应答率为１００％。     

应用鸡新城疫荧光抗体对鸡新城疫自然病例的诊断

在用自制的鸡新城疫荧光抗体检查鸡新城疫强毒人工感染鸡和鸡胚成纤维细胞,取得满意结果的基础上,进行了检查鸡新城疫自然病例的研究,并以部分自然病例的病料和健康鸡的材料,进行了病毒分离试验,证实该荧光抗体为一种特异性强,检出率高的制品。人工感染传染性喉气管炎和传染性支气管炎病鸡的材料,经鸡新城疫荧光抗体检查均有阴性。另外确定小鸡在接种疫苗后3—26日期间,其脾脏即不再对鸡新城疫荧光抗体诊断产生干扰现象,但肾脏持续时间较长消失亦不规律。我们于1980年研制成功鸡新城疫荧光抗体,对鸡新城疫强毒人工感染鸡病料及接毒的鸡胚成纤维细胞进行检查取得了满意结果。为了证实该荧光抗体能否实际应用于鸡新城疫自然病例的诊断,进行了本研究,结果报告如下。     

新城疫病毒免疫小鼠的免疫效价检测

本试验主要采用鸡胚尿囊腔繁殖病毒的方法繁殖新城疫病毒(NDV),差速离心法对NDV进行纯化,用纯化的NDV作为抗原,与弗氏佐剂充分乳化后,免疫8周龄的Balb/C小鼠。首免弗氏完全佐剂,二免、三免、四次加免用弗氏不完全佐剂。四免后第14天取免疫小鼠血清,用血凝抑制试验HI和间接ELISA测定抗体效价,分别为1:128和1:6.4×104,获得抗体与NDV具有良好的特异性反应,与鸡传染性法氏囊病毒、鸡传染性支气管炎病毒、鸡流感病毒均无交叉反应性。     

鸽新城疫病毒分离株的部分生物学特性鉴定及疫苗免疫试验

从暴发疑似鸽新城疫的某赛鸽场分离到1株病毒，通过血凝（HA)试验、血凝抑制（HI）试验及鸡胚中和试验初步鉴定为鸽新城疫病毒，进而进行了鸡胚半数感染量（EID50）、鸡胚平均死亡时间（MDT）测定和对不同动物红细胞的凝集试验，证明该分离株属新城疫强毒力毒株，将该毒株经鸡胚尿囊液增殖后用甲醛灭活，制成油佐剂来活苗，对鸽免疫后检测其血清抗体水平并进行攻毒试验，结果在免疫后21d抗体达到高峰，攻毒试验表明油佐剂灭活苗对鸽新城疫病毒感染有较强的保护力。     

抗IBDV独特型抗体免疫效果观察

应用抗ＩＢＤＶ独特型抗体分别与福氏安全佐剂和福氏不完全佐剂按１：１比例乳化制备成抗ＩＢＤＶ独特型抗体疫苗，免疫接种ＳＰＦ鸡和普通京白公鸡，然后用ＩＢＤＶ野毒株经点眼和滴鼻方式攻毒，保护率分别为８／８，１４／１４，野毒株经点眼和滴鼻方式攻毒，保护率分别为８／８，１４／１４，由此证实了抗独特型抗体疫苗潜在研究价值和应用价值。     

兔源抗IBDV独特型抗体疫苗的制备

用纯化的抗IBDV抗体作为抗原免疫家兔,将分离制得的致价（1：16）较高的兔源抗IBD独特型抗体分别与福氏完全和福氏不完全佐剂按1：1比例乳化制备成抗IBDV独特型抗体疫苗,免疫接种普通迪卡公雏鸡和SPF鸡,然后用IBDV强毒株经点眼和滴鼻方式攻毒,试验组的保护率分别为98／98、100／100、49／49,大群免疫接种应答为100％,具有良好的免疫保护效果。由此也证实了抗独特型抗体疫苗的制备潜在的研究和应用价值。     

水貂链球菌病荧光抗体诊断法的研究

将从黑龙江省某貂场分离的水貂β溶血性链球菌菌株(简称 MSZ 菌株)培养后,用0.5%甲醛灭活,加入福氏不完全佐剂乳化作为免疫原免疫家兔制备的高免血清,用饱和硫酸铵提取免疫球蛋白(IgG),标记异硫氰酸荧光黄(FITC)制成兔抗水貂链球菌荧光抗体(FA)。用以检测20例人工感染水貂。脾脏的检出率为100%(20/20),肝脏和心脏检出率为55%(11/20);检测10例自然病例,脾脏、肝脏和心脏检出率均为100%(10/10);它们的肺脏和胃的检出率均较低。试验表明,脾脏可作为本法检测的首选器官,可在2小时内报告病原学诊断结果。     

直接免疫荧光检测禽呼肠孤病毒方法的建立

本研究利用经纯化的原核表达禽呼肠孤病毒(ARV)结构蛋白σ3作为免疫抗原,免疫兔子三次,血清效价达到27时采血分离血清.用硫酸铵沉淀法浓缩纯化血清中的IgG,纯化的IgG用荧光素FITC加以标记.利用制备的荧光标记特异性抗体和对反应条件进行优化,建立了表达σ3蛋白荧光抗体检测ARV的诊断方法.结果经纯化获得特异性抗ARV结构蛋白σ3的荧光标记IgG抗体.用标记的抗体检测ARV病毒感染的单层细胞,出现特异性的荧光.用建立的σ3-FA方法检测接种疑似ARV感染的病料的鸡胚原代成纤维细胞,检出的阳性样品与病毒分离结果一致.表明本研究建立的σ3-FA方法检测ARV病毒有较好的特异性,可用于ARV感染的临床样品检测.     

鸡新城疫,减蛋综合症,传染性支气管炎三联油佐剂灭活苗的研究：I…

分别用三个滴度的ＮＤＶ、ＥＤＳ７６Ｖ、ＩＢＶ作正交配比，制成八组不同配比的三联油佐剂灭活苗，鸡免疫后每月采血分离血清，应用ＨＩ监测其抗体，结果表明，三种病毒适当配比，不产生干扰，疫苗的免疫效果与抗原量有关。本疫苗与Ｉｎｔｃｒｖｃｔ公司生产的ＮＤ－ＩＢ－ＩＢＤ三联油佐剂灭活苗作比较试验，免疫鸡所产生的ＮＤ、ＩＢ抗体无显著性差异。应用含抗原量最低配比的疫苗，对不明原因的有产蛋率下降疫病感染史的鸡群作免     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.