晶界驰豫研究50年

文章综述了我国科学工作者５６０年来关于晶界驰豫研究的早期开拓和近期发展,前者包括扭摆内耗仪的民昌界内耗峰的发现和无序原子群晶界模型的提出,后者包括澄清了关于介内耗峰来源的争论,揭示限晶界弛豫具有一个临界温度,从而提出了一个适合于各种温度的综合的晶界模型,一个最重要的进展是关于竹节晶界内耗峰的发现与其机理的阐明,从而揭示了介附近的位错亚结构能够影响晶一身性质和结构,这对于研究多晶金属的力学性质提供了     

晶界力学弛豫研究的新成就

概括地介绍了近１０年来葛庭燧教授领导的中国科学院固体物理研究所内耗与固体缺陷开放研究实验室在晶界力学弛豫方面所做的大量的创造性工作，其中包括确证了晶界力学弛豫的来源，发现了低频高温范围若干新的力学弛豫现象和非线性效应，在晶界弛豫与晶界结构的联系上得到一些极有价值的实验结果．这是继１９４７年葛庭燧教授发现晶界内耗峰以来我国科学工作者对线性和非线性内耗研究领域发展作出的新的重大贡献。     

晶界滞弹性弛豫理论的现代进展

上世纪中期,人们通过扭摆试验测量内耗,发现晶界滞弹性弛豫峰．后来尽管很多学者提出了各种理论模型,但晶界滞弹性弛豫的微观机理仍然是不清楚的．最近,Xu根据弹性应力引起晶界溶质偏聚或贫化实验结果,提出了晶界滞弹性弛豫的微观机理是晶界吸收或发射空位,建立了晶界滞弹性弛豫的平衡方程和动力学方程,解析地表述了晶界滞弹性弛豫过程,并成功地阐明了普遍存在于金属中的中温脆性峰温度移动现象．本文将综述晶界滞弹性弛豫理论的这一现代发展．     

晶界内耗研究的新进展

由不同取向差的纯Al双晶的内耗实验观察到,不同类型晶界的弛豫参量有明显差别.用耦合模型对内耗数据的分析表明,小角度晶界内耗的基本机制是位错攀移,而大角度晶界内耗的基本机制是晶界扩散.在此基础上,对多晶中晶界内耗的一些特征也作了解释.     

晶界内耗研究的新进展

由不同取向差的纯Al双晶的内耗实验观察到，不同类型晶界的弛豫参量有明屁差别。用耦合模型对内耗数据的分析表明，小角度晶界内耗的基本机制是位错攀移，而大角度晶界内耗的基本机制是晶界扩散。在此基础上，对多晶中晶界内耗的一些特征也作了解释。     

间隙原子非线性应力感生扩散的简化弹性偶极子模型

为了阐明体心立方晶体中外应力、位错应力和八面体间隙原子相互作用的本质,从理论上解释S-K弛豫和位错对Snoek弛豫的影响,提出一个简化的含有可动位错的一维弹性偶极子格点模型,讨论位错应力场中间隙原子的非线性应力感生扩散,为进一步对实际晶体的从头数值计算奠定基础。对一维模型的计算机模拟计算,表明位错应力场使得间隙原子形成具有非线性扩散特征的缺陷Fermi-Dirac分布,并增强了Snoek效应,在Snoek峰高温侧出现一个非线性扩散Snoek型内耗峰。 关键词：     

晶界内耗研究的进展

固体在机械振动过程中由于材料内部原因引起的能量损耗称为内耗。晶界内耗峰是我国科 学家葛庭燧于1947 年用他发明的“葛氏扭摆” 在多晶纯铝中发现的。晶界内耗峰和相关的滞弹 性效应可以用滞弹性理论和粘滞性滑动模型给予合理的解释。这个内耗峰已被广泛地用来研究晶 界的动力学行为,杂质在晶界的偏聚,以及材料科学中相关的问题。 以往晶界内耗的研究大多数是用多晶试样进行的,其中包含了不同类型晶界的贡献。由于不 同类型晶界的结构和性质不同,因而多晶试样中的晶界内耗只能反映不同晶界的“平均效应”, 它的具体机制也难以解释清楚。 二十一世纪以来,人们对双晶试样（其中只包含单一晶界）中的晶界内耗进行了比较细致的 研究。实验结果表明,晶界内耗可以反映不同类型晶界的“个性”,因而可以应用于“晶界的设 计和控制”（或称“晶界工程”）。此外,新近还发现了晶界内耗中的“耦合效应” 和“补偿效 应”。这些发现加深了对晶界内耗机制的认识。 本文首先对以往多晶试样中的晶界内耗研究做一个简要的概述,然后介绍近年来双晶试样中 晶界内耗研究的新进展,并对晶界内耗的微观机制和应用前景进行分析和展望。     

1993年第4期《物理》内容预告

中国物理学会固体耗与超声衰减专业委员会祝贺学部委员葛诞燧诞辰80周年专稿动态局域畸变引起的内耗(王业宁);晶界力学弛豫研究的新成就(张立德、朱爱武);位错晶界与点缺陷交互作用引起的非线性、非稳定和非德拜型弛豫的理论方向(孙宗琦);高温超导体中氧行为的内耗研究(陈廷国);镍钛台金的内耗(朱劲松);Cu-Zn-Al-Ma合金的预贝氏体相变研究(沈惠敏等);内耗方法在研究蠕变和蠕变断裂中的应用(孔庆平);钢铁中稀土合金化的内耗研究( 景文);固体内耗新模型和分形、混沌(王养璞等);聚合物力学弛豫谱及应用(张立德、李健);月龄对鸡肌腱内耗的影响…     

扩展位错低频内耗的模型

本文提出面心立方合金中扩展位错引起低频内耗峰的一个模型,用来解释高浓度Cu-Al和Cu-Zn合金经过冷加工后在210K附近出现的弛豫型内耗峰(测量频率约为1Hz)。文中指出,扩展位错在外力作用下的运动,可以分解为相对运动(两个部分位错之间的相对位移)和整体运动(扩展位错中心的位移)。除了考虑两个部分位错之间交互作用引起的回复力和位错线张力引起的回复力以外,本文引入了邻近位错之间长程交互作用引起的回复力,并且论证了这种回复力只影响扩展位错的整体运动,但不影响其相对运动。扩展位错的相对运动和整体运动,分别导致相对运动内耗峰和整体运动内耗峰。二者峰温相近。实验上观察到的内耗峰是这两个内耗峰的叠加。本文模型的推论与实验结果相符。 关键词：     

位错芯区扩散引起的非线性滞弹性内耗峰

若干年来,我们对于出现在Al-Cu和Al-Mg系中的表现正常和反常振幅效应的坐落在室温附近的内耗峰进行了系统研究,测得的激活能接近于溶质原子在位错管道中扩散的激活能，从而认为内耗峰的基本过程是溶质原子在隹错芯内的扩散，并且提出了根据位错弯结模型的物理图像。在70年代，Windler-Gniewek等根据弦模型对于位错芯内的扩散进行了理论计算，推导出描述内耗行为的数学表达式与我们的实验结果有许多相似之处。本文对于弦模型和弯结模型进行了对比，分析了位错芯内的纵向扩散和横向扩散所引起的内耗的非线性表现以及内耗峰温和峰高随着应变振幅和测量温度而变化的情况，进一步了我们发现的室温非线性内耗峰（非线性滞弹性内耗）是由于溶质原子在位错芯内扩散所引起的。 关键词：     

Internal friction in Al bicrystals with ⟨111⟩ tilt and twist grain boundaries

Internal friction measurements were performed on various ?111? tilt and twist grain boundaries in high-purity Al bicrystals. The temperature dependence of the grain boundary internal friction peak was determined, and the activation parameters of grain boundary relaxation were obtained. These parameters were found to change in a wide range depending on boundary geometry. The activation enthalpy of boundary relaxation and the pre-exponential factor of the relaxation time are related according to the compensation effect. The results are discussed in terms of the model of correlated relaxations. Bicrystals with vicinal Σ3 boundaries were observed to behave like single crystals, i.e. an internal friction peak did not appear. This evidences that both coherent and incoherent (60° ?111? tilt) twins possess a high mechanical resistance.     

Significant decrease in interfacial energy of grain boundary through serrated grain boundary transition

The mechanism of serrated grain boundary formation and its effect on liquation behaviour have been studied in a wrought nickel-based superalloy – Alloy 263. It was newly discovered that grain boundaries are considerably serrated in the absence of γ?′-phase or M₂₃C₆ at the grain boundaries. An electron energy-loss spectroscopy study suggests that serration is triggered by the discontinuous segregation of C and Cr atoms at grain boundaries for the purpose of relieving the excessive elastic strain energy. The grain boundaries serrate to have specific segments approaching one {111} low-index plane at a boundary so that the interfacial free energy of the grain boundary can be decreased, which may be responsible for the driving force of the serration. The serrated grain boundaries effectively suppress grain coarsening and are highly resistant to liquation due to their lower wettability resulting from a lower interfacial energy of the grain boundary.     

Examination of Dislocation Mechanism on Grain Boundary Sliding in High Angle Grain Boundaries by Stress Change Test

In order to understand the factors dominating grain boundary sliding, stress change tests and stress reversal tests were conducted on aluminum bicrystal specimens with high angle grain boundaries. It is found that small change in stress results in the remarkable change in the rate of grain boundary sliding. Stress reversal tests showed that grain boundary slide hardening does not work for the sliding to the direction opposite to that before the stress reversal. Mean internal stresses for the dislocations contributing to grain boundary sliding are experimentally measured by a method consisting of stress change and annealing. It is found that the velocity of dislocations in the grain boundary is in proportion to the mean effective stress.     

Progress in the Investigations of Grain Boundary Relaxation

Internal friction (or damping) is a measure of energy dissipation during mechanical vibration. The internal friction peak induced by grain boundary (GB) relaxation was discovered by Kê in polycrystals in 1947. The GB internal friction and related anelastic effects have been successfully interpreted by Zener's anelastic theory and viscous sliding model. Since then, the GB internal friction peak has been widely used to study the dynamic process of GBs, impurity segregation at GBs and relevant processes in materials science.

Previously, the GB internal friction was mostly studied with polycrystalline materials, in which mixed contributions of different types of GBs are involved. Since the microstructures and behaviors for different types of GBs are different, the detailed mechanism of the GB peak in polycryatals has not been clearly clarified.

From the beginning of the 21th century, the internal friction in bicrystals (each has a single boundary) with different misorientations and rotation axes has been systematically investigated. The results indicate that the internal friction can be used to distinguish the individual behavior of different types of GBs and applied to the practice of “GB engineering.”

Moreover, the coupling effect and compensation effect involved in GB relaxation has been recently observed and explained. The coupling effect means a correlated atomic motion occurred in GB relaxation. The compensation effect indicates that the apparent activation enthalpy is linearly related to the activation entropy in GB relaxation. These findings improve the understanding of the mechanism of GB internal friction.

This article attempts to give a comprehensive review to the investigations of GB internal friction in polycrystals, bamboo-crystals, and bicrystals. The microscopic mechanisms and the further applications of GB internal friction are discussed and prospected.     

用双粒子模型研究微量元素与Ni在Ni3Al晶界共富集现象

双粒子模型的基础是描述原子之间相互作用势为EAM(embedded atom method)势的Monte Carlo模拟. 模型建议：在Ni₃Al晶界弛豫时，微量元素原子既被看作为偏析子又被看作为诱发子. 作为偏析子它在晶界偏析(或富集)，作为诱发子它诱发Ni原子在晶界偏析(或富集). 可见本模型能解析共偏析(或共富集)现象. 根据正(或诱发子)效应与负(或偏析子)效应的联合影响，模型解释了Ni在Ni₃Al晶界最明显富集现象. 关键词： 偏析子与诱发子 基体效应 在晶界共富集 晶界内聚性     

Grain boundary interdiffusion in the case of concentration-dependent grain boundary diffusion coefficient

The grain boundary diffusion in a binary system which exhibits a grain boundary phase transition is considered in the framework of Fisher's model. The kinetic law of the growth of the grain boundary phase and the distribution of the diffusant near the grain boundary are calculated. The method of determining of the concentration dependence of the grain boundary diffusion coefficient from the experimentally measured penetration profiles of the diffusant along the grain boundaries is suggested. The experimental results on Zn diffusion in Fe(Si) bicrystals, Ni diffusion in Cu bicrystals and grain boundary grooving in Al in the presence of liquid In are discussed in light of the suggested model.     

Correlation among grain boundary character,carbide precipitation and deformation in Alloy 690

The correlation among grain boundary character, carbide precipitation and deformation in the grain boundary engineering (GBE) treated Alloy 690 samples with and without pre-deformation aged at 715^oC for 15?h was analysed by scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The fraction of low Σ coincidence site lattice (CSL) grain boundary was enhanced by GBE treatment. The fraction of Σ3 grain boundary decreased, and most of Σ9 and Σ27 grain boundaries disappeared in the deformed GBE samples. After aging treatment, bigger carbide precipitated at coherent Σ3 grain boundary, however, most of plate-like carbide precipitated at incoherent Σ3 grain boundary disappeared in the pre-deformed GBE samples. The larger carbide precipitated on the random grain boundary in the 5% pre-deformed sample, while smaller carbide can be observed in the 15% pre-deformed sample. During the in situ tensile test of the aged GBE samples, grain boundary carbide migrated with the grain boundary migration. The slip bands go across Σ3 grain boundary directly, but cannot go across other grain boundaries. The high density of carbide plate precipitated near incoherent Σ3 and Σ9 grain boundaries can resist the evolution of slip bands. Compared to the Σ3 and Σ9 grain boundaries, Σ27 and random grain boundaries are more easily to form microcrack during deformation. The initiation of grain boundary microcrack not only related to the character of grain boundary but also related to the character of nearby grain boundaries. The phase interface of carbide and matrix is another region to initiate the microcrack.     

Kinetics of Grain Boundary Recovery in Deformed Polycrystals

Annealing kinetics are studied for nonequilibrium ensembles of dislocations occurring in grain boundaries during plastic deformation. Two types of dislocation ensembles are considered: 1) walls of sessile extrinsic grain boundary dislocations (EGBDs), which cause a change of the GB misorientation angle, and 2) arrays of glissile EGBDs having a Burgers vector tangential to the grain boundary plane. For both types similar exponential relationships are obtained for the relaxation of the average EGBD density, with approximately the same characteristic time proportional to the cube of grain size.     

多晶材料晶粒生长粗化过程的相场方法模拟

基于采用晶体有序化程度参量ψ和晶体学取向θ来表示多晶粒结构的相场模型,利用自适应有限元方法模拟了多晶材料等温过程中的晶粒粗化现象.模拟结果显示,在曲率作用下,通过晶界迁移弯曲晶界逐渐平直化,小晶粒逐渐被大晶粒吞并,当晶界之间的取向差较小时,满足一定能量和几何条件的两晶粒在界面能作用下会发生转动,合并为单个晶粒.模拟结果与实验结果符合较好.因此,该相场模型可以很好地用来模拟固态相变中多晶材料的生长粗化等现象. 关键词： 相场 晶界迁移 晶粒转动 粗化