Taxonomical and Biogeochemical Investigation of Elements in Holocene Mollusk Shells in the South and Southwestern Marmara Basin,Turkey

Concentrations of some heavy metals and trace elements such as Cr, Ga, Ni, Zn, Mo, Cu, Pb, Yb, Y, Nb, Ti, Sr, Ba, Mn, Sc, Co, V, Zr, Fe, Al, W, Se, Bi, Sb, As, Cd in recent mollusk shells and factors affecting their distribution and deposits collected from various depths in the southern and southwestern parts of the Marmara Sea are investigated. The distribution of the elements in the shells is categorized into four groups. Of these, concentrations of 12 elements （As, Bi, Cd, Co, Ga, Mo, Nb, Sb, Se, Sc, W and Yb） are below zero [（0.053-0.79）×10^-6]; concentrations of seven elements （Cr, Ni, Pb, V, Y, Zr and Cu） are （1.0-6.0）×10^-6; concentrations of four elements （Ti, Mn, Ba and Zn） are 10- 20×10^-6; and concentrations of five elements （Si, Al, Fe, Mg and Sr） are （47.44-268.11）×10^-6. The taxonomic characteristics of the 29 elements were studied separately in mollusk shells such as Chamalea gallina （Linn6）, Pitar rudis （Poli）, Nassarius reticulatus （Linn6）, Venerupis senescens （Coocconi）, Mytilus galloprovincialis （Lamarck）, Mytilaster lineatus （Gemelin in Linne） and Chlamys glabra. It was found that, in mollusk taxonomy, the elements have unique values. In other words, element concentrations in various mollusk shells depend mainly on the taxonomic characteristics of mollusks. In various bionomic environments different element distributions of the same species are attributed to the different geochemical characters of the each environment. Data obtained in this study indicate that the organisms are the most active and deterministic factors of the environment.     

Pedo-geochemical baseline content levels and soil quality reference values of trace elements in soils from the Mediterranean (Castilla La Mancha, Spain)

To evaluate trace element soil contamination, geochemical baseline contents and reference values need to be established. Pedo-geochemical baseline levels of trace elements in 72 soil samples of 24 soil profiles from the Mediterranean, Castilla La Mancha, are assessed and soil quality reference values are calculated. Reference value contents (in mg kg^?1) were: Sc 50.8; V 123.2; Cr 113.4; Co 20.8; Ni 42.6; Cu 27.0; Zn 86.5; Ga 26.7; Ge 1.3; As 16.7; Se 1.4; Br 20.1; Rb 234.7; Sr 1868.4; Y 38.3; Zr 413.1; Nb 18.7; Mo 2.0; Ag 7.8; Cd 4.4; Sn 8.7; Sb 5.7; I 25.4; Cs 14.2; Ba 1049.3; La 348.4; Ce 97.9; Nd 40.1; Sm 10.7; Yb 4.2; Hf 10.0; Ta 4.0; W 5.5; Tl 2.3; Pb 44.2; Bi 2.2; Th 21.6; U 10.3. The contents obtained for some elements are below or close to the detection limit: Co, Ge, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Yb, Hf, Ta, W, Tl and Bi. The element content ranges (the maximum value minus the minimum value) are: Sc 55.0, V 196.0, Cr 346.0, Co 64.4, Ni 188.7, Cu 49.5, Zn 102.3, Ga 28.7, Ge 1.5, As 26.4, Se 0.9, Br 33.0 Rb 432.7, Sr 3372.6, Y 39.8, Zr 523.2, Nb 59.7, Mo 3.9, Ag 10.1, Cd 1.8, Sn 75.2, Sb 9.9, I 68.0, Cs 17.6, Ba 1394.9, La 51.3, Ce 93.5, Nd 52.5, Sm 11.2, Yb 4.2, Hf 11.3, Ta 6.3, W 5.2, Tl 2.1, Pb 96.4, Bi 3.0, Th 24.4, U 16.4 (in mg kg^?1). The spatial distribution of the elements was affected mainly by the nature of the bedrock and by pedological processes. The upper limit of expected background variation for each trace element in the soil is documented, as is its range as a criterion for evaluating which sites may require decontamination.     

NEW TRACE ELEMENT AND REE DATA IN THIRTEEN GSF REFERENCE SAMPLES BY ICP-MS

Analytical data on 34 geochemically significant trace elements (Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Cs, Ba, Hf, Ta, Pb, The, U and REE) by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), for 13 reference rock samples obtained from the Geological Survey of Finland are presented. For many elements, especially most of the heavy-REE, concentrations are reported here for the first time.     

Concentration and distribution of elements in Late Permian coals from western Guizhou Province,China

With the aim of better understanding geochemistry of coal, 71 Late Permian whole-seam coal channel samples from western Guizhou Province, Southwest China were studied and 57 elements in them were determined. The contents of Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hf, K, Li, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Sn, Ta, Ti, Th, U, V, Zr, and REEs in the Late Permian coals from western Guizhou Province are higher than the arithmetic means for the corresponding elements in the US coals, whereas As, Ba, Br, F, Hg, P, Se, and Tl are lower. Compared to common Chinese coals, the contents of Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Hf, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sc, Sn, Ti, U, V, Zn, and Zr in western Guizhou coals are higher, and As, F, Hg, Rb, Sb, Tl, and W are lower. Five groups of elements may be classified according to their mode of occurrence in coal: The first two, Group A, Tm–Yb–Lu–Y–Er–Ho–Dy–Tb–Ce–La–Nd–Pr–Gd–Sm, and Group B, As–Sr–K–Rb–Ba–F–Ash–Si–Sn–Ga–Hf–Al–Ta–Zr–Be–Th–Na, have high positive correlation coefficients with ash yield and they show mainly inorganic affinity. Some elements from Group B, such as Ba, Be, Ga, Hf, and Th, are also characterized by significant aluminosilicate affinity. In addition, arsenic also exhibits high sulfide affinity (r_S–Fe>0.5). The elements, which have negative or lower positive correlation coefficients with ash yield (with exceptions of Bi, Cs, Nb, Mn, Se, and Ti), are grouped in other four associations: Group C, Cr–V–Mo–U–Cd–Tl; Group D, Hg–Li–Sc–Ti–Eu–Nb–Cs–W; Group E, Bi–Sb; and Group F, Co–Ni–Cu–Pb–Zn–Mg–Se–Ca–Mn–S–Fe. The correlation coefficients of some elements, including Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mo, Ni, P, S, Sc, U, V, and Zn, with ash yield are below the statistically significant value. Only Cr and Cu are negatively correlated to ash yield (−0.07 and −0.01, respectively), showing intermediate (organic and inorganic) affinity. Manganese and Fe are characterized by carbonate affinity probably due to high content of epigenetic veined ankerite in some coals. Phosphorus has low correlation coefficients with any other elements and is not included in these six associations. There are five possible genetic types of enrichment of elements in coal from western Guizhou Province: source rock, volcanic ash, low-temperature hydrothermal fluid, groundwater, and magmatic hydrothermal inputs.     

XRF AND INAA DETERMINATIONS OF MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF JAPAN IGNEOUS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCK STANDARDS

Major and trace element analyses have been obtained by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence for the Geological Survey of Japan Igneous rock series and selected samples from the Sedimentary rock series reference samples. Additional trace element data for the Igneous rock series were obtained by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Samples were analyzed multiple times for 10 major elements (with loss-on-ignition) and the following trace elements; As, Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Eu, Ga, Hf, La, Lu, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn and Zr.     

残坡积土壤层中铁锰氧化物的吸附特性及其地球化学找矿意义

作者用不同方法研究了粤北某铅锌矿区近矿灰岩风化土壤中铁锰氧化物对微量元素的富集作用。发现铁锰氧化物对Sb、Pb、Cd、Ni等元素具有强烈的吸附作用;对Zn、Cu等21种元素有程度不等的吸附;对Ti、Sr等12种元素不吸附。据此,作者认为在土壤地球化学找矿中,应着重在铁锰结核层和铁锰粘土层取样,或用编提取方法分析铁锰氧化物相的元素含量,强化异常,提高找矿效果。     

Bottled drinking water: Water contamination from bottle materials (glass,hard PET,soft PET), the influence of colour and acidification

A test comparing concentrations of 57 chemical elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Ho, I, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn and Zr) determined by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS) in 294 samples of the same bottled water (predominantly mineral water) sold in the European Union in glass and PET bottles demonstrates significant (Wilcoxon rank sum test, α = 0.05) differences in median concentrations for Sb, Ce, Pb, Al, Zr, Ti, Th, La, Pr, Fe, Zn, Nd, Sn, Cr, Tb, Er, Gd, Bi, Sm, Y, Lu, Dy, Yb, Tm, Nb and Cu. Antimony has a 21× higher median value in bottled water when sold in PET bottles (0.33 vs. 0.016 μg/L). Glass contaminates the water with Ce (19× higher than in PET bottles), Pb (14×), Al (7×), Zr (7×), Ti, Th (5×), La (5×), Pr, Fe, Zn, Nd, Sn, Cr, Tb (2×), Er, Gd, Bi, Sm, Y, Lu, Yb, Tm, Nb and Cu (1.4×). Testing an additional 136 bottles of the same water sold in green and clear glass bottles demonstrates an important influence of colour, the water sold in green glass shows significantly higher concentrations in Cr (7.3×, 1.0 vs. 0.14 μg/L), Th (1.9×), La, Zr, Nd, Ce (1.6×), Pr, Nb, Ti, Fe (1.3×), Co (1.3×) and Er (1.1×).     

A Compilation of Silicon,Rare Earth Element and Twenty‐One other Trace Element Concentrations in the Natural River Water Reference Material SLRS‐5 (NRC‐CNRC)

The natural river water certified reference material SLRS‐5 (NRC‐CNRC) was routinely analysed in this study for major and trace elements by ten French laboratories. Most of the measurements were made using ICP‐MS. Because no certified values are assigned by NRC‐CNRC for silicon and 35 trace element concentrations (rare earth elements, Ag, B, Bi, Cs, Ga, Ge, Li, Nb, P, Rb, Rh, Re, S, Sc, Sn, Th, Ti, Tl, W, Y and Zr), or for isotopic ratios, we provide a compilation of the concentrations and related uncertainties obtained by the participating laboratories. Strontium isotopic ratios are also given.     

Clarkes of concentrations of trace elements in the Riphean fine-grained terrigenous rocks of the Uchur-Maya region and the Yenisei Range

The clarkes of concentrations (K_c) of a wide range of trace elements (Li, Be, B, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Sb, Cs, Ba, REE, Hf, Ta, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, and U) were analyzed for fine-gained terrigenous rocks (mudstones, metapelites) from the reference Riphean sections of the Uchur-Maya region and the Yenisei Range. It was established that the shales and mudstones of the Uchur and Aimchan groups in the Riphean hypostratotype section are characterized by moderate (2.5 < K_c < 5) and intense (K_c > 5) geochemical specialization for Li, B, and Zn. At the same time, the similar rocks of the Lakhanda and Ui groups do not exhibit any distinct geochemical specialization, although they are notably enriched in HREE. The metapelites from the basal formations of the Riphean sedimentary successions in the Yenisei Range are distinctly specialized for B and slightly for Li, Rb, Be, Nb, Ta, Th, Ge, and Cd. In addition, moderate specialization for Cu is characteristic of the metapelites from the Korda and Lopatino formations; for Bi, Sb, Hg, and V, for their analogs from the Potoskui Formation; and, for Hg and Cs, for the similar rocks from the Lopatino Formation. The metapelites of the Lower Riphean Korda Formation from the central zone of the Yenisei Range have elevated contents of significantly more elements (Li, Be, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Rb, Y, Zr, Nb, Sb, Ag, In, Hf, Hg, and others) than their counterparts from its eastern near-platform part. The mudstones of the ore-bearing (Pb, Zn) Gorevo Formation are characterized by elevated concentrations of several ore elements such as Pb, Cd, As, Sb, and Bi. The elevated K_c values of the rare lithophile and of several ore elements in the metapelites of the Yenisei Range are determined by the high geochemical differentiation of the Early Precambrian blocks constituting the western margin of the Siberian Craton, which were eroded in the Riphean, and the syn-sedimentary riftogenic and intraplate magmatism. On the contrary, the fine-grained and terrigenous rocks from the basal part of the Riphean section in the Uchur-Maya region are compositionally closer to the immature Late Archean substrates or their Early Proterozoic analogs.     

Heavy Metal Distribution in Soils near the Almalyk Mining and Smelting Industrial Area,Uzbekistan

Abstract: The present study demonstrates distribution and chemical forms of heavy metals in soils of the Almalyk mining and smelting industrial area along five transects. The study area is located in Almalyk, Uzbekistan, where the intensification of industrial enterprises negatively impacts the environment. The distribution of 17 heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Th, and U) were studied in 21 sampling locations (21×3=63 soil samples) along five radial transects with a total length of 60?km downwind deposition gradient. Soil samples were collected from the upper layer (0–10?cm) at 4–6?km intervals. As a result of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry analyses by using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF, Philips Analytical Ink, USA ), a significant decrease in heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb) deposition was found going from the source in a downwind direction. Soil samples taken from the first location (near the pollution sources) showed higher concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb, and lower concentrations with increasing distance from the source. Obtained data showed different impact of pollution sources to heavy metal deposition and distribution in soils. The Almalyk mining and smelting complex is the major source of Pb, Zn and Cu enrichment in soils. Distribution of other trace elements does not exceed background content and suggests lithogenic background. This allowed us to divide these elements into two groups: (1) technogenic (Cu, Zn and Pb); and (2) lithogenic (Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Th and U) origins.     

四川省癌死亡率与土壤环境中化学元素的关系

利用中国癌死亡率与土壤坏境中化学元素的相关性成果，研究了四川省癌死亡率与土壤环境中化学元素：As、Cd、Co、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb、Se、V、Li、Na、K、Rb、Cs、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、B、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu、Th、U、Sn、Ti、Zr、Hf、Sb、Bi、Ta、Te、Mo、W、Br、I、Fe等52个元素含量的关系     

Distribution of Selected Critical Elements in the Carboniferous Coal-bearing Series of the Upper Silesian and Lublin Coal Basins (Poland)

The distribution of selected critical elements in the sedimentary rocks of the Carboniferous coal-bearing series within the Polish Coal Basins is presented.Critical elements such as Be,Mg,Si,P,Sc,V,Co,Y,Nb,In,Sb,La,Ce,Hf,Ta,W,Bi were analysed using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP/MS).Concentrations of elements such as Sb,Bi,In and,to a slightly lesser extent,Nb,as well as Sc,show average concentrations higher than those from the upper continental crust.The average concentrations of elements like Hf,Mg,P,Y,La,and Ce are slightly lower than in the upper continental crust.Other elements,such as Be,Co,Si,Ta,W and V have average concentrations that are similar,but slightly enriched or slightly depleted,relative to the upper continental crust.The research showed enrichment of some critical elements in the analysed samples,but not high enough that extraction would be economically viable.Statistical methods,which include correlation coefficients between elements and cluster analysis,reveal a strong positive correlation between elements like Be,Bi,Nb,Sc,Ta,W and V.Very high,almost total,positive correlation is also noted between La and Ce.     

酸性矿山排水影响的水库沉积物微量元素地球化学特征

为了解酸性矿山排水（AMD）影响下水库沉积物中微量元素的质量分数水平及其分布特征,对常年受酸性废水影响的贵州兴仁猫石头水库沉积物中26种微量元素的质量分数、相关性及控制因素进行了分析。结果表明：猫石头水库沉积物柱中Sr、Ba、Zr、V、Cr和As质量分数平均值超过了100 μg/g,其中As质量分数最高,平均值超过800 μg/g;Be、Ta、Co、Ag、Cd、Sn和Se质量分数的平均值都在5 μg/g以下;其他元素质量分数平均值则在10~60 μg/g之间。相较未受AMD影响的水系沉积物,研究区水库沉积物具有明显的As和Sb富集特征。水库沉积物中Li、Be、Rb、Sr、Cs、Ba、Sc、Y、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Th之间存在显著正相关关系,而As与这些元素之间存在显著负相关关系。元素相关分析、因子分析及微量元素图解表明,Li、Be、Rb、Sr、Cs、Ba、Sc、Y、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Th、Cr、Sb等元素受控于流域岩石化学风化和土壤物理侵蚀,这也是控制研究区元素分布最重要的因素,而Cu、Cd等重金属元素则与AMD对地层中元素的溶蚀析出和有机质等细颗粒物的吸附有关。另外,研究区重金属元素中,Cd、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn的生态风险轻微,而As和Sb则具有很强的潜在生态风险。     

Trace element geochemistry in topsoil from East China

The concentrations of 23 trace elements in 50 topsoil samples collected from sites ranging between 18°19′N and 49°13′N in East China were analyzed. Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, and Ta have mean contents more than two times higher than in the continental upper crust. Three elements, Rb, Sr, and Ba, are present at lower concentrations than in the continental upper crust. Finally, a group of elements consisting of Ge, Y, Zr, Nb, Sc, Hf, Pb, Th, and U are present at concentrations 1–2 times higher than in the continental upper crust. However, concentrations of trace elements are mainly affected by parent rock. The contents of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, and Cu for 29 soils from basalt were found to increase from north to south, whereas Rb, Sr, and Ba contents were found to decrease. In addition, element concentration shows a close relationship with annual average temperature (AAT) as well as annual average precipitation (AAP). Since the 29 soils are all from basalt, the trends of the elemental contents should reflect the influence of climate, which determines the intensity of weathering. These elemental trends suggest that the content of certain elements may indicate the intensity of basalt weathering. Ba/Nb and Sr/Nb ratios were both found to have good correlations with AAT and AAP in this study, which means that these ratios can also indicate the intensity of chemical weathering of basalt.     

波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定古陶瓷胎釉中37 个主次痕量元素

采用压片制样波长色散X射线荧光光谱法对古陶瓷胎釉样品的Na2O、MgO、Al2O3、SiO2、P2O5、K2O、CaO、Sc、TiO2、V2O5、Cr2O3、MnO、Fe2O3、CoO、NiO、CuO、ZnO、Ga、As、Br、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Sn、Sb、Cs、BaO、La、Ce、Nd、Sm、Hf、PbO、Bi和Th等37个主、次、痕量组分进行测定。使用经验系数法和康普顿散射、背景作内标校正基体效应。方法经土壤和水系沉积物国家标准物质验证,测定值与标准值吻合;除个别组分,大多数元素11次测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于10%。方法的检出限、精密度和准确度能满足古陶瓷样品的分析要求,应用于7个古陶瓷样品的分析检测,分析结果与其他分析方法对比具有很好的一致性。     

Effects of alteration on element distributions in archean tholeiites from the Barberton greenstone belt,South Africa

Major and trace element and modal analyses are presented for unaltered, epidotized, and carbonated tholeiite flows from the Barberton greenstone belt. Au, As, Sb, Sr, Fe⁺³, Ca, Br, Ga, and U are enriched and H₂O, Na, Mg, Fe⁺², K, Rb, Ba, Si, Ti, P, Ni, Cs, Zn, Nb, Cu, Zr, and Co are depleted during epidotization. CO₂, H₂O, Fe⁺², Ti, Zn, Y, Nb, Ga, Ta, and light REE are enriched and Na, Sr, Cr, Ba, Fe⁺³, Ca, Cs, Sb, Au, Mn, and U are depleted during carbonization-chloritization. The elements least affected by epidotization are Hf, Ta, Sc, Cr, Th, and REE; those least affected by carbonization-chloritization are Hf, Ni, Co, Zr, Th, and heavy REE. Both alteration processes can significantly change major element concentrations (and ratios) and hence caution should be used in distinguishing tholeiites from komatiites based on major elements alone. The amount of variation of many of the least mobile trace elements in the altered flows is approximately the same as allowed by magma model calculations. Hence, up to about 10% carbonization and 60% epidotization of tholeiite do not appreciably affect the interpretation of trace-element models for magma generation.     

深海沉积物及多金属结核中微量元素的光谱测定

用全燃烧法一次曝光发射光谱同时测定了大洋深海沉积物和多金属结核中多个微量元素；重点考察了缓冲剂和分析条件的优化，解决了大洋试样吸湿性强、光谱相互干扰多及激发时易喷溅等问题。所测项目有Ｂ、Ｂａ、Ｂｅ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｇａ、Ｌａ、Ｍｏ、Ｎｂ、Ｎｉ、Ｐｂ、Ｓｃ、Ｓｒ、Ｔｌ、Ｖ、Ｙ、Ｙｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｚｒ共２０项。用国家一级深海标准物质对方法进行检验，所得结果与标准值相符，相对标准偏差（ｎ＝３０）大多在１０％左右。方法用于新研制的大洋标准物质ＧＳＭＳ＿２，３和ＧＳＰＮ＿２，３定值分析，结果与初定值符合。     

Interelement relationship in abyssal Pacific ferromanganese nodules and associated pelagic sediments

By R-mode factor analysis and enrichment factor calculations, most of the elements in abyssal ferromanganese nodules and associated pelagic sediments (excluding common authigenic minerals like apatite, barite, opal and carbonates) are found to be preferentially concentrated in one of the following three major phases: aluminosilicates (e.g., Al, Si, Sc, Ga, Cr, Be, Na, K, Rb and Cs), Fe-oxides (e.g., Fe, P, S, V, Se, Te, As, B, Sn, U, Hg, Pb, Ti, Ge, Y, Zr, Nb, Pd, In, rare-earths, Hf, Th, Pa, Pu, Am, Ru and Bi), and Mn-oxides (e.g., Mn, Tl, Ag, Cd, Mg, Ca, Ba, Ra, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Sb and probably W). The specific association of elements with these three phases can be explained by the difference in chemical forms of elements in seawater and by fundamental differences in physicochemical properties (e.g., the pH of zero point of charge and dieletric constant) of these three phases.     

Mode of occurrence of trace elements in the Pellana lignite (SE Peloponnese,Greece)

Mineralogical and geochemical analyses of the Pellana lignite (SE Peloponnese, Greece) were carried out in order to predict the mode of occurrence of trace elements and their mobility during lignite combustion for power generation. Lignite and ash samples (after combustion at 750 °C) of two cores from this deposit were examined. The mean ash content is 30% to 43% and C contents on dry, ash-free basis range from 45% to 60%, respectively. The mineral phases contained in the lignite are quartz, K-feldspars, mixed-layer clays (illite-rich), micas, gypsum and pyrite. Factor analysis on geochemical data shows that the elements As, Ba, Mn, Mo, Sb, Se, Sr, U and V have both organic and inorganic affiliation. To study the mobility of each element during combustion, the relative enrichment factor was calculated. The most depleted and hence the most mobile elements, proved to be Hf, Nb and Sb, while Se, Ba and Bi are moderately depleted. In case of the Pellana lignite utilization we should expect environmental problems associated with the elements As, Ba, Bi, Hf, Mn, Mo, Nb, Sb and Se. These elements may be either volatilized during combustion or leached from fly ash-disposal areas into underground waters, causing severe environmental and health impacts.     

Synthesis and Preliminary Characterisation of New Silicate, Phosphate and Titanite Reference Glasses

Eleven synthetic silicate and phosphate glasses were prepared to serve as reference materials for in situ microanalysis of clinopyroxenes, apatite and titanite, and other phosphate and titanite phases. Analytical results using different micro-analytical techniques showed that the glass fragments were homogeneous in major and trace elements down to the micrometre scale. Trace element determinations using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), multi-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS), laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and secondary ionisation mass spectrometry (SIMS) showed good agreement for most elements (Li, Be, B, Cs, Rb, Ba, Sr, Ga, Pb, U, Th, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Zr, Hf, Ta, Nb) studied and provide provisional recommended values.