薄翼失速翼型前缘分离泡对失速特性的影响

DES方法结合了RANS(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes)和LES(Large Eddy Simulation approaches)的优点。在近壁面它体现为RANS模型的特点而在远离物面处又起到LES的亚格子模型的特性。论文应用DES(Detached-EddySimulation)方法讨论了影响薄翼失速的分离泡对翼型的升力特性影响。     

多段翼型失速分离特性的计算

本文用高阶奇点分布板块法(Panel Method》及边界层理论,对多段翼型的失速性能进行计算。采用分离尾迹的模型,按尾迹是流线用迭代法求出分离尾迹边界(此为内迭代)。在尾迹上配置奇点,然后把尾迹考虑在内进行粘/位流迭代(此为外迭代)。收敛后可得多段翼型空气动力特性,且可计算到失速以后的情况。算例有单段翼型GA(W)-1,NACA 4412,和F111飞机的三段翼剖面,所得结果与实验值能很好地符合。     

冰形表面粗糙度对翼型的失速特性影响分析

结冰翼型气动影响分析是飞机结冰问题重要的研究内容之一,可帮助进行飞机结冰安全分析和容冰设计.为填补现阶段关于冰形表面粗糙度对翼型气动影响的研究空缺,以冰形的粗糙度参数(冰形表面粗糙高度和冰形表面粗糙分散度)为依据,提出了一种冰形粗糙度叠加方法;并通过有限体积法求解空间离散的RANS方程,结合S-A湍流模型,分别针对流线...     

飞虫粘附翼型对翼型气动特性影响的实验研究

在西北工业大学NF-3低速风洞进行了飞虫粘附翼型对翼型气动性能影响的风洞实验研究。结果表明：模型表面粘附的飞虫数量累计到一定程度时,将会导致翼型表面50%区域以上的面积发生分离,引起翼型失速,并且实验前模型表面的飞虫数量会改变翼型的失速迎角,因此实验前必须将模型擦拭干净。鉴于飞虫粘着数量的不确定性,对于翼型在复杂环境下使用时其气动性能的变化需要加以关注。     

雷诺数变化对翼型边界层发展及失速特性的影响

翼型失速及其边界层发展是飞行器设计中的基础科学问题,而雷诺数变化对其影响很大。针对后缘失速翼型,采用Menter k-ω SST模型及耦合扰动放大因子输运方程的转捩模型,进行雷诺数变化对层流-湍流转捩边界层特性和失速特性的影响分析。结果表明:雷诺数增大时,对于转捩边界层,当地涡量雷诺数增大,转捩前移且分离泡减小,流动能量耗散减小,翼型整体表面剪切效应增强,动能更充沛,流动自持能力增强,压力分布可以维持较长距离的梯度抵抗分离能力增强;因此雷诺数增大使翼型失速迎角提高、升力系数增加。     

多相等离子体气动激励抑制翼型失速分离的实验

开展了多相等离子体气动激励抑制NACA0015翼型失速分离的实验,详细研究了翼型升阻特性随激励电压、激励相角、输入电压波形和占空比等激励参数的影响.研究表明:雷诺数Re=4.9×105(来流速度60m/s)时,多相等离子体气动激励可有效抑制NACA0015翼型吸力面的流动分离,将翼型临界失速攻角提高2°;相位对流动控制...     

基于IDDES方法的翼型结冰失速分离流动数值模拟

应用基于k-ωSST湍流模型的IDDES(Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation)方法,就失速点附近翼型前缘典型双角状积冰导致的复杂分离流动进行了数值模拟研究.通过与风洞试验结果进行对比,表明对于此类分离流动问题,IDDES方法能够在壁面附近取得良好的速度预测结果,有效解析分离区域内的中小尺度湍流结构,较为准确地描述大尺度时均分离泡的再附位置和形态特征,适用于翼型结冰后复杂流动的精细分析.同时计算结果显示当此带冰翼型位于失速点附近时,角状冰后方脱落剪切层内部的旋涡不稳定析出和输运过程促进了外部流动与回流区域流动间的掺混,将导致流动发生非定常再附现象.     

相对厚度对低雷诺数流动中翼型动态气动力特性的影响

以固定翼微型飞行器为研究背景,研究了相对厚度对低雷诺数流动中翼型动态气动力特性的影响规律.采用Roe迎风差分格式和双时间步迭代方法,数值求解拟压缩性修正不可压Navier-Stokes方程,给出了数值算法与实验数据的对比验证.以翼型弦长为特征长度,在Re=500～50,000情况下,选取不同最大相对厚度和不同最大相对厚度位置的翼型,计算了其等速上仰时的动态气动力,结果表明前者对气动力影响显著,较小最大相对厚度值可获得较大的动态升阻比.     

层流翼型转捩与分离实验研究

为满足型号研制的需要，针对层流翼型实验中出现的一些气动现象，对层流翼型的转捩与分离及其对翼型气动性能的影响进行了实验研究。     

用粘流—无粘流相互作用方法计算翼型的分离和失速

本文用势流－边界层相互作用方法计算低速翼型的分离和失速。势流用对称面元法。边界层用改进的滞后掺混法，考虑了高阶项影响，适用于计算分离。文中对粘流－无粘流耦合方法作了改进，改进的半反－局部联立耦合方法。考虑了相邻点之间的作用，收敛性较好。计算了ＮＡＣＡ４４１２翼型在不同迎角下的压力分布和气动力。计算结果与实验符合良好，算例表明，翼型高升力状态计算必须包括尾流的作用，也应用对势流计算压力与实际压力之间     

Dynamic stall on a supercritical airfoil

For the present investigations of dynamic stall a supercritical airfoil was chosen. This new airfoil designed by DLR will be used in dynamic stall control research activities (project ADASYS) planned for the near future: the leading edge portion of the airfoil will be drooped down dynamically to improve dynamic stall characteristics on the retreating side during blade motion. The optimised transonic properties of the airfoil, i.e., reduction of shock strength over a Mach number range will improve in addition the performance of the advancing rotor blade. Dynamic stall experiments on the rigid supercritical airfoil have first been carried out in the DNW-TWG transonic wind tunnel with a 1 m × 1 m cross section of the test section and adaptive top and bottom – walls. This tunnel has the advantage to cover the speed range of both retreating and advancing blade. Emphasis has been placed on unsteady pressure measurements along the adaptive walls simultaneously with the unsteady pressure measurements on the pitching model. In addition to the experiments corresponding numerical simulations with a RANS-code have been carried out and their results are compared with the experimental data. Of main concern are the influence of laminar-turbulent boundary-layer transition as well as wind-tunnel-wall interference effects on the unsteady results.     

Computational prediction of airfoil dynamic stall

The term dynamic stall refers to unsteady flow separation occurring on aerodynamic bodies, such as airfoils and wings, which execute an unsteady motion. The prediction of dynamic stall is important for flight vehicle, turbomachinery, and wind turbine applications. Due to the complicated flow physics of the dynamic stall phenomenon the industry has been forced to use empirical methods for its prediction. However, recent progress in computational methods and the tremendous increase in computing power has made possible the use of the full fluid dynamic governing equations for dynamic stall investigation and prediction in the design process. It is the objective of this review to present the major approaches and results obtained in recent years and to point out existing deficiencies and possibilities for improvements. To this end, potential flow, boundary layer, viscous–inviscid interaction, and Navier–Stokes methods are described. The most commonly used numerical schemes for their solution are briefly described. Turbulence models used for the computation of high Reynolds number turbulent flows, which are of primary interest to industry, are presented. The impact of transition from laminar to turbulent flow on the dynamic stall phenomenon is discussed and currently available methods for its prediction are summarized. The main computational results obtained for airfoil and wing dynamic stall and comparisons with available experimental measurements are presented. The review concludes with a discussion of existing deficiencies and possibilities for future improvements.     

翼型动态失速的数值研究

用不可压缩流动的求解算法，结合WilcoxDC提出的k－ω模式和k－ωSST湍流模式，对翼型的动态失速进行了数值模拟。通过对典型的振荡翼型轻失速和深失速算例的计算结果分析可以看出：（1）绕动态失速翼型的流场结构十分复杂，轻失速和深失速在流动特性上有很大区别。计算结果显示：轻失速主要是由于后缘分离引起，分离涡的影响范围主要是在后缘附近。而深失速则首先形成很大的前缘分离涡，该分离涡在翼型表面上运动，并诱发出二次分离涡，引起翼型升、阻力系数的显著变化。（2）对于动态失速的翼型绕流，k－ωSST湍流模式是较为有效的，计算出的气动力系数迟带曲线变化趋势与实验结果符合得比较好。     

不同振动形式下的翼型失速特性

通过求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,研究了翼型在强迫振动和自然结构振动下的大迎角流场特性,尤其是失速迎角附近的流场和气动特性.研究结果表明:在接近颤振临界速度情况下结构自然振动可以引起翼型大尺度的分离,导致失速分离涡提前出现;强迫性的沉浮运动和俯仰运动在一定幅度下也可以引起失速性质的大分离,而且沉浮和俯仰振动的频率和振幅都是影响翼型大尺度分离的重要因素.     

Effects of relative thickness on aerodynamic characteristics of airfoil at a low Reynolds number

This study focuses on the characteristics of low Reynolds number flow around airfoil of high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles(HAUAVs) cruising at low speed.Numerical simulation on the flows around several representative airfoils is carried out to investigate the low Reynolds number flow.The water tunnel model tests further validate the accuracy and effectiveness of the numerical method.Then the effects of the relative thickness of airfoil on aerodynamic performance are explored, using the above numerical method, by simulating flows around airfoils of different relative thicknesses(12%, 14%, 16%, 18%), as well as different locations of the maximum relative thickness(x/c = 22%, 26%, 30%, 34%), at a low Reynolds number of 5 · 105.Results show that performance of airfoils at low Reynolds number is mainly affected by the laminar separation bubble.On the premise of good stall characteristics, the value of maximum relative thickness should be as small as possible, and the location of the maximum relative thickness ought to be closer to the trailing edge to obtain fine airfoil performance.The numerical method is feasible for the simulation of low Reynolds number flow.The study can help to provide a basis for the design of low Reynolds number airfoil.     

仿生正弦前缘对翼面动态失速的影响

动态失速导致叶片气动载荷急剧变化,造成振动载荷激增,桨叶寿命大幅衰减。针对动态失速问题,从座头鲸胸鳍在动态倾转下取得良好的流动特性获得启示,据此模化出仿生正弦前缘翼面（包含3种波峰和2种波长）,旨在实现动态失速控制。借助三维非定常数值模拟方法,采用运动网格技术,基于SC1095旋翼翼型,研究了仿生前缘动态失速流动控制机理及运动参数和来流速度的影响。结果表明：正弦前缘大幅度降低俯仰力矩系数峰值和阻力系数峰值;前缘波峰越大、波长越小,阻力系数峰值与俯仰力矩系数峰值的抑制效果越明显,虽然升力系数峰值减小,但其减小量远小于前两者,例如其中一种仿生翼使俯仰力矩系数峰值减小了47.7%,阻力系数峰值减小了36.4%,升力系数峰值减小14.1%;在最大迎角附近,正弦前缘能够缓和失速特性,使载荷变化更为平缓;在高平均迎角、低俯仰频率、低马赫数下,仿生翼动态失速控制效果更强,相比较而言迎角振幅的影响较小。     

等离子体激励抑制翼型失速分离的实验研究

进行了低速、低雷诺数条件下等离子体激励抑制NACA0015翼型失速分离的实验研究,研究了等离子体激励电压、激励电极数目和激励位置对流动分离抑制效果的影响.在翼型吸力面敷设不对称电极布局的等离子体激励器.在来流速度为4.27m/s,雷诺数为4.96×104的情况下,未施加等离子体激励时,从攻角为9°起翼型吸力面发生显著的前缘流动分离;施加等离子体激励后,流动分离在攻角小于26°的情况下均能很好地重附到翼型吸力面表面.实验表明,流动分离越严重,对等离子体激励的强度要求也越高,等离子体激励的电压和电极组数也必须相应增大;给定的流动分离状态下,等离子体激励的电压和电极组数存在一个阈值;等离子体激励的最佳位置在流动分离起始点的前缘;雷诺数增大后,流动分离更难抑制.     

翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验

针对动态失速引起的翼型气动性能恶化的问题,利用小型化的激励电源和介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器,借助动态压力测量和外触发式粒子图像测速（PIV）等手段开展了翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验研究。结果表明,等离子体气动激励能够有效控制翼型动态失速,改善平均气动力,提高翼型气动效率,减小气动力随迎角变化的迟滞区域。等离子体诱导出前缘附近的贴体翼面涡,促进分离流再附;增加了上翼面0.2~0.4弦长区域的吸力,减小了升力系数功率谱密度（PSD）分布的二、三、四阶能量幅值,在研究工况下实现了平均升力系数增加7.1%、失速迎角推迟1.3°和迟滞区域减小4.5%的明显控制效果;4°~9°迎角段,等离子体使得翼型平均阻力系数减小40%。此外,振荡频率增加使翼型绕流的非定常性增强,较高雷诺数下的翼型动态分离涡更加难以被抑制,均需要增加等离子体激励强度才能达到较好的控制效果。