食品添加剂对冷冻面团面包品质的影响

采用快速发酵法制作冷冻面团面包,研究了酵母、海藻糖、抗冻改良剂(F-99)和硬脂酰乳酸钠(SSL)等添加剂对冷冻面团面包质构和感官品质的影响,通过单因素和正交试验,优化确定了不同添加剂的最佳添加量。结果表明:添加适量的酵母、海藻糖、F-99和SSL等添加剂能提高面包弹性、降低硬度等,4种添加剂添加量对冷冻面团面包品质影响顺序为:海藻糖SSL酵母F-99。最佳添加剂配方为:酵母1.8%,海藻糖5%,F-99 6%,SSL 0.4%,制作的冷冻面团面包水分含量42%、比容5.1m L/g、酸度4.4o T、硬度3.13N、弹性11.93mm、胶黏性2.5N、咀嚼性29.88m J,面包质量符合国家规定标准,硬度、弹性等指标明显优于对照制品。     

响应面法优化混合发酵制作冷冻面团馒头的复合食品添加剂配方

将酵母与酵子按4∶5的质量比混合,研究木聚糖酶、聚丙烯酸钠、双乙酰酒石酸单双甘油酯（diacetyltartaric acid ester of mono(di)glycerides,DATEM）、海藻糖4 种食品添加剂添加量对混合发酵剂制作冷冻面团馒头品质的影响。利用响应面分析法对4 种食品添加剂的配方进行优化。在单因素试验的基础上,进行Box-Behnken试验设计,得到了4 种添加剂对冷冻面团馒头感官总分影响的数学模型和最佳添加量。结果表明,4 种食品添加剂添加量对冷冻面团馒头品质影响顺序为：木聚糖酶＞聚丙烯酸钠＞DATEM＞海藻糖。冷冻面团馒头复合食品添加剂的最佳配方为：DATEM添加量0.15%、聚丙烯酸钠添加量0.05%、木聚糖酶添加量25.73 mg/kg、海藻糖添加量3.65%。在此条件下预期的酵子冷冻面团馒头的感官总分是84.646,实际得分为84±0.74。复合食品添加剂能够改善相同较高扫描频率条件下面团的流变学特性,增大其弹性模量（G’）和黏性模量（G”）。复合食品添加剂能够抑制冰晶的重结晶,减弱冰晶对混合发酵剂和面筋网络结构的破坏,从而提高了面团的加工品质和成品的质量。     

硬脂酰乳酸钠对冷冻面团及其烘烤面包品质的影响

将硬脂酰乳酸钠(Sodium stearyl lactate,SSL)加入自制冷冻面团中,通过测定冷冻面团的流变学特性,以及冷冻面团烘烤面包的比容、质构特性和感官评分,研究SSL对冷冻面团及其烘烤面包品质的影响。结果显示,随着SSL添加量增加,冷冻面团弹性模量先升高后降低,损耗角正切tanδ先降低后升高,其中最优SSL添加量为0.20%;冷冻面团烘烤面包的硬度、咀嚼性先降低后升高,弹性、回复性、比容和感官评分先升高后降低,当SSL添加量为0.20%时,各指标达到各自的峰值,说明SSL改善了冷冻面团及其烘烤面包的品质。30 d冷冻储藏期内,加入SSL后,冷冻面团及其烘烤面包劣变幅度减小,说明SSL改善了其储藏特性。上述结果表明:加入SSL后,冷冻面团及其烘烤面包的品质及储藏特性得到改善,且最佳添加量为0.20%。     

复合改良剂对小麦面团特性及馒头品质的改善作用

为了改善小麦面团的加工特性和馒头品质,选取硬脂酰乳酸钠（SSL）、L-抗坏血酸、β-葡聚糖酶三种改良剂进行复配优化试验。首先以小麦面团特性和馒头品质为评价指标,进行单因素试验,结果发现三种改良剂的添加均对小麦面团特性或馒头品质有显著影响。在此基础上,以硬度为响应值,进行三因素三水平的响应面试验,确定了复合改良剂的最佳配方：SSL添加量0.16%、L-抗坏血酸添加量160 mg/kg、β-葡聚糖酶添加量80 mg/kg。添加复合改良剂后馒头硬度为875.58 g,下降了38.4%;比容为3.01 mL/g,增大了12.7%,优于单一乳化剂对馒头的改善效果。此外,复合改良剂亦改善了小麦面团的流变、拉伸等加工特性,并且增强了小麦面团的持水性,表明其具有减慢产品老化速率,延长货架期的潜力。     

快速发酵冷冻面团馒头的品质变化研究

本文研究快速发酵工艺条件下冷冻面团的品质变化,以及添加剂对馒头品质的影响.观察测量馒头的比容、柔软性、弹性、组织结构等(与空白的面团相比)的方法来评价冷冻面团和馒头品质的变化,并以发酵时间、单甘脂、Vc、CMC进行了正交试验并获得了最佳配方:单甘脂0.35%,Vc 0.12%,CMC 0.075%.     

复合品质改良剂对冷冻面团面包品质影响的研究

为了明确不同的品质改良剂对冷冻面团面包品质的影响,在实验前期研究结果的基础上,选择了包括卵磷脂、硬脂酰乳酸钠(SSL)、阿拉伯胶、酪蛋白酸钠、木聚糖酶和脂肪酶等品质改良剂采用正交实验设计进行复配,考察复合添加剂对面包体积、质构及感官品质的影响。结果显示:卵磷脂、阿拉伯胶和脂肪酶对冷冻面团面包品质的改善效果,分别优于同种类另一品种。同时,阿拉伯胶几乎对冻藏0天的样品没有影响。当添加了0.45%卵磷脂、1%阿拉伯胶和25 mg/kg脂肪酶时,冷冻面团面包具有最大的比容、最低的硬度和胶黏性以及最优的感官品质。     

V_C对冷冻面团及保鲜馒头品质的影响

主要研究了VC对冷冻面团,馒头品质的影响。随着VC添加量的变化,冷冻面团品质及馒头的的弹性、内聚性、黏性和回复性也发生变化。研究结果表明:最佳VC添加量为0.1%,在此条件下冷冻面团品质良好,可以使馒头获得较好感官品质。     

复配型面条改良剂的应用研究

研究了四种食品添加剂对面条品质的改良作用及它们的复配增效作用。结果表明,采用海藻酸钠0.15%,黄原胶0.08%,变性淀粉0.01%,SSL 0.05%复配而成的复合添加剂能明显改善面团特性,增强面条强度与烹煮品质。     

不同改良剂对冷冻面团及其蒸制包子品质的影响

冷冻面团加工技术是重要的发酵面制品保鲜技术之一，它实现了面团制作和蒸制的分离。包子在我国的饮食文化中占据非常重要的地位，目前其工业化生产主要采用冷冻面团法，然而，冷冻过程会对面筋网络结构、酵母活力及其品质等产生不良影响。本文研究黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶、硬脂酰乳酸钠和双乙酰酒石酸单(双)甘油酯4种改良剂对冷冻面团及其蒸制包子流变、比容、高径比、质构和感官品质的影响。在单因素实验基础上，利用响应面法优化改良剂复配工艺，得到适合制作冷冻面团包子的最佳改良剂复合配方。试验结果表明:在单因素实验中，当改良剂最适添加量分别为黄原胶0.1%、瓜尔豆胶0.1%、硬脂酰乳酸钠0.2%和双乙酰酒石酸单(双)甘油酯0.3%时，冷冻面团包子综合品质得到明显改善。同时，基于冷冻面团包子的感官评分进行响应面优化，获得最优的复合改良剂配方为黄原胶0.1%、瓜尔豆胶0.11%、硬脂酰乳酸钠0.28%和双乙酰酒石酸单(双)甘油酯0.35%。     

复配泡打粉对冷冻面团和速冻馒头品质的影响

以玉米淀粉、碳酸氢钠、碳酸钙、磷酸二氢钙、焦磷酸钠、葡萄糖酸内酯等为原料复配了3种泡打粉,测定其p H值等基本性质,研究了3种复配泡打粉对冷冻面团发酵流变学性质、拉伸特性和速冻馒头比容、质构、色度等品质的影响。实验结果表明,3种复配泡打粉均能改善面团冷冻前后发酵流变学性质,增加面团产气量,同时在一定程度也改善了面团拉伸特性,具有一定增筋作用。比容、质构、色度的测定结果显示,复配泡打粉对冷冻2月的馒头比容增加明显,分别增加了3.12%、22.21%、11.26%;无论冷冻前后,添加泡打粉较之空白组,馒头硬度明显减小,弹性明显增加。添加复配泡打粉的馒头亮度下降,黄色增加,冷冻前后变化较小,肉眼不易观察。综合比较,复配泡打粉配方为碳酸氢钠32.7%、玉米淀粉16%、碳酸钙4%、焦磷酸钠47.3%(均为质量分数),对改善冷冻面团和速冻馒头品质效果最佳。     

品质改良剂对复合杂粮面包粉流变学特性的影响

以营养优化后的复配杂粮面包粉为原料,选择谷朊粉、硬脂酰乳酸钠（sodium stearoyl lactylate,SSL）、黄原胶及瓜尔豆胶为品质改良剂,通过单因素试验研究4 种品质改良剂对杂粮面包粉流变学特性的影响,在此基础上通过响应面分析试验,以面团综合得分为响应值,得出复合改良剂的最佳配方为：1 000 g杂粮面包粉（杂粮粉占比34%）为基重,谷朊粉3.77%、SSL 0.35%、黄原胶1.08%、瓜尔豆胶0.35%。各因素对杂粮面包粉综合评分的影响大小为：黄原胶添加量＞谷朊粉添加量＞瓜尔豆胶添加量＞SSL添加量。添加复合改良剂后杂粮面包粉的稳定时间由4.7 min上升到14.2 min,形成时间由3.9 min上升到了13.3 min,粉质指数从56上升到192。复配杂粮面包粉流变学特性有很大程度改善,达到制作杂粮面包的粉质要求。     

焙烤用冷冻面团复配添加剂的研制

借助质构分析仪，采用单项和正交的方法，研究了4种面团改良剂对焙烤用冷冻面团抗拉伸特性的影响，结果表明：单甘酯（DMG）0．3％、硬脂酰乳酸钠（SSL）0．3％、硬脂酰乳酸钙（CSL）0．3％、瓜尔豆胶0.8％单项添加时．以及按照DMG：SSL：CSL：瓜尔豆胶=4：3：2：12比例复合添加，冷冻面团的抗拉伸性良好。并以此配合进行了冷冻面团制品的焙烤对照试验，添加改良剂的制品的比体积、表皮颜色、形状、瓤芯质地结构、色泽、平滑度、芯弹柔性和口感都好于对照制品。     

冷冻华夫面团保质期内品质提升的研究

研究了冷冻华夫面团冻藏期间的水分质量分数、水分分布、酵母含量、产气能力、持气能力等指标的变化,阐明冷冻面团品质变化的机制。实验表明,冷冻华夫面团冻藏时间对产品品质具有显著影响,当冻藏时间为3个月时,酵母含量、产气能力、持气能力分别下降了28%、23%和36%。通过研究不同类型添加剂(谷朊粉、黄原胶、羟丙基甲基纤维素、结冷胶)对冷冻面团冻藏期间品质的影响,发现适量加入添加剂对于产品品质的提升具有一定效果,其中谷朊粉和黄原胶在降低冰晶体机械损伤、提高面团发酵能力方面效果显著。与对照相比,谷朊粉提升酵母含量131%,发酵能力210%,黄原胶提升酵母含量107%,发酵能力181%。     

增稠剂对冷冻面团品质影响的研究

以高筋粉及特一粉冷冻面团为对象,研究添加黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶、卡拉胶、聚丙烯酸钠增稠剂对冷冻面团拉伸特性、湿面筋含量、失水率及色泽的影响。结果表明：对于特一粉,黄原胶（0.3%）、瓜尔豆胶（0.8%）、卡拉胶（0.6%）、聚丙烯酸钠（0.05%）添加时,拉伸面积和湿面筋含量最高;对于高筋粉,黄原胶（0.2%）、瓜尔豆胶（1.2%）、卡拉胶（0.6%）、聚丙烯酸钠（0.05%）添加时,拉伸面积和湿面筋含量最高;冷冻面团加入增稠剂后,失水率有所减小,但规律性不强;随着黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶、聚丙烯酸钠添加量的增加,L值增大,面团亮度增强,但随着卡拉胶添加量的增加L值减小,面团亮度减弱。     

Study on processing and quality improvement of frozen noodles

The processing method and quality improvement of frozen noodles were studied. To obtain the best mouthfeel and control the breakage during processing and cooking, noodles with a thickness of 1.1 mm and width of 3.4 mm were produced. The precooking method for raw noodles was steaming for 10 min and then boiling for 4 min before freezing to obtain the optimal characteristics for frozen noodles. Five frequently used food additives (guar gum, sodium stearyl lactate (SSL), cassava starch, glucose oxidase (GOD), and α-amylase) were used to improve the quality of frozen noodles. Cooking losses and sensory evaluation scores were adopted to optimize the formulation of frozen dough by a response surface methodology (RSM): guar gum 0.28%, SSL 0.44%, cassava starch 4.82%, GOD 0.003%, and α-amylase 0.04%. Frozen noodles had a more continuous microstructure and their storage quality was improved notably by this method.     

How Do Xanthan and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Individually Affect the Physicochemical Properties in a Model Gluten‐Free Dough?

To better understand the physicochemical changes imparted by hydrocolloids on gluten-free dough, 2 hydroxypropyl methylcelluloses (HPMCs) and xanthan gum were added at 2%, 3%, and 5% to rice cassava dough without the addition of alternative proteins. The formulated doughs were analyzed using thermoanalytic and rheological techniques to determine the role of water and subsequent flow behavior upon hydrocolloid addition. The baked loaves were then measured for specific loaf volume and tensile strength to determine bread quality. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results revealed that hydrocolloid-added dough held water more tightly than the rice cassava control with an additional water distribution at 85 to 88 °C. Rheologically, the increase of elastic moduli in the low methoxy HPMC and xanthan-added dough became more pronounced with gum addition; however, both HPMC formulations had increased viscous moduli allowing the gas cells to expand without collapsing. In the bread, the final specific loaf volume increased with high methoxy HPMC (2% to 5%) and low methoxy HPMC (2%) but was depressed with increased addition of low methoxy HPMC (5%) and xanthan (3% and 5%). Crumb hardness was decreased in high methoxy HPMC loaves but was increased significantly in low methoxy HPMC (5%) and xanthan (5%) formulations. From the gums studied, it was concluded that high methoxy HPMC was the optimum hydrocolloid in the rice cassava gluten-free dough. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Two types of hydrocolloids, xanthan gum and HPMC, were individually added to a gluten-free rice cassava formulation. Based on the thermoanalytic and rheological studies on dough, as well as the bread quality studies, high methoxy HPMC at 5% addition was determined to optimally improve the bread quality when only gum addition was considered. This study indicates the potential use of high methoxy HPMC as an additive in gluten-free bread formulations prior to considering alternative proteins.     

Effect of modified tapioca starch and xanthan gum on low temperature texture stability and dough viscoelasticity of a starch-based food gel

This work investigated the effect of modified tapioca starch and xanthan gum on dough viscoelasticity and texture stability during storage at 4 °C of starch sheets for Chinese shrimp dumplings. Hydroxypropylated starch and hydroxypropylated-crosslinked starch were used to substitute for tapioca starch in the control formulation, and xanthan gum was added to adjust the formulation. During storage, texture of the control became firmer due to amylopectin retrogradation confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. Conversely, gel sheets containing modified starches showed less texture change. Dough viscoelasticity of the formulations substituted by hydroxypropylated starch were much softer and easier to deform than that of the control one. Dough with hydroxypropylated-crosslinked starch was, however, stiffer and more strain-resistant. Moreover, the formulation comprising the mixture of both types of modified starches and xanthan gum gave dough viscoelasticity similar to that of the control, and provided gel sheet the least texture change. Consequently, this modified formulation could be beneficial for the application of frozen/chilled dumpling wrappers.     

低场核磁共振分析仪研究添加剂对冷冻面团 持水性的影响

为提高面团的持水性以降低面团在冷冻过程中的水分迁移。利用低场核磁共振分析仪(NMR)研究34种面团常用添加剂的持水特性。对于发酵面团,提高面团持水性能力排在前5位的依次为双乙酰酒石酸单(双)甘油酯(DATEM)、瓜尔豆胶、硬脂酰乳酸钠(SSL)、抗坏血酸(VC)、三聚磷酸钠,它们能使深层结合水的比例从19.29%分别提高到28.66%、25.80%、25.10%、24.90%、23.86%。对于未发酵面团,提高面团持水性能力排在前5位的依次为三聚磷酸钠、羟甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、瓜尔豆胶、VC、六偏磷酸钠,它们能使深层结合水的比例从17.27%分别提高到23.80%、23.35%、23.16%、23.07%、22.84%。     

乳化剂对冷冻面团(高筋粉)拉伸特性的影响

采用质构仪研究添加硬脂酰乳酸钙(CSL)、硬脂酰乳酸钠(SSL)、单干酯、大豆磷脂、双乙酰酒石酸单(双)甘油酯(DATEM)乳化剂对冷冻面团拉伸特性的影响,通过单因素试验,选出对拉伸面积影响较大的4种乳化剂进行响应面分析。结果显示:当SSL添加量为0.11%,单干酯添加量为0.62%,大豆磷脂添加量为0.27%,DATEM添加量为0.28%时,拉伸面积最大,对冷冻面团品质有很好的改良作用。