砷、锡、锑对30CrMnSiA钢回火脆性的影响

研究了３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＡ钢中复合加入不同量的砷、锡、锑对低温回火脆性及高温回火脆性的影响。证实该钢的低温回火脆性是马氏体板条间碳化物析出产生的准解理断裂所致，有害元素的存在会加剧这种脆性的发展。高温回火脆性是有害元素偏聚到晶界，助长沿晶断裂所致。这些元素在钢中的含量必须加以限制。     

砷,锡,锑对30CrMnSiA钢回火脆性的影响

研究了３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＡ钢中复合加入不同量的砷、锡、锑对低温回火脆性及高温回火脆性的影响。证实该钢的低温回火脆性是马氏体板条间碳化物析出产生的准解理断裂所致，有害元素的存在会加剧这种脆性的发展。高温回火脆性是有害元素偏聚到晶界，助长沿晶断裂所致。这些元素在钢中的含量必须加以限制。     

垂直晶界和倾斜晶界Cu双晶的疲劳开裂行为及其机制

用扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）研究了一种垂直晶界和两种倾斜晶界Ｃｕ双晶的疲劳开裂行为及其机制。这三种双晶组元晶体的取向均为「１３４」。结果表明,沿晶界的疲劳开裂是Ｃｕ双晶疲劳破坏的主要形式,但垂直晶界和倾斜晶界双晶疲劳裂纹萌生的机制有所不同。垂直晶界双晶沿晶疲劳裂纹主要由驻留滑移带撞击晶界面产生,而倾斜晶界双晶疲劳裂纹的萌生是由晶界两侧晶粒的滑移台阶而引起的应力集中所致。造成这种差别的原因同两种双晶的活动滑     

16Co14Ni10Cr2Mo钢回火脆性的研究

利用扫描电镜，透射电镜及俄歇能谱研究了１６Ｃｏ１４Ｎｉ１０Ｃｒ２Ｍｏ钢回火行为，结果表明，该钢在４４０℃发生第一类回火脆性，断口特征为准确理，产生原因与分布在板条边界的Ｆｅ３Ｃ和Ｍ３Ｃ及Ｍ２Ｃ与基体共格产生强烈静畸变有关，在５５０℃回火出现的第二类回火脆性，与Ｐ在晶界偏聚有关，断口为沿晶断裂。     

16Co14Ni10Cr2Mo钢回火脆性的研究

利用扫描电镜、透射电镜及俄歇能谱研究了１６Ｃｏ１４Ｎｉ１０Ｃｒ２Ｍｏ钢回火行为。结果表明，该钢在４４０℃发生第一类回火脆性，断口特征为准解理。产生原因与分布在板条边界的Ｆｅ_３Ｃ和Ｍ_３Ｃ及Ｍ_２Ｃ与基体共格产生强烈静畸变有关，在５５０℃回火出现的第二类回火脆性，与Ｐ在晶界偏聚有关，断口为沿晶断裂。     

Ca对60CrMnCuV钢中硫的晶界偏聚及冲击韧性的影响

本文研究了微量Ｃａ对６０ＣｒＭｎＣｕＶ钢回火马氏体室瘟冲击的影响，并用Ａｕｇｅｒ能谱分析了沿晶口表面的Ｃａ及其它元素含量。结果表明，微量Ｃａ明显提高６０ＣｒＭｎＣｕＶ钢回火马氏的室温击韧性。Ａｕｇｅｒ能谱分析表明，Ｃａ在奥氏体晶界有明显的偏聚，促进Ｃｒ的偏聚，抑制硫的晶偏聚。认为Ｃａ抑制硫的晶界偏聚作用是韧化的重要原因。     

连续冷却过程中低碳贝氏体钢的晶界化学

用俄歇电子能谱仪分析了低碳贝氏体钢奥氏体后炉冷，空冷，油冷和水冷时Ｃ，Ｂ，Ｐ，Ｓ等元素在晶界的偏聚行为，结果发现：在不同冷却速度下，各元素在晶界的偏聚量不同，慢冷速，Ｂ，Ｐ晶界浓度较高，快冷速下Ｓ晶界浓度较高。Ｃ在晶界的浓度随冷速的提高增加至一定值后趋于平衡，晶界上元素Ｃ，Ｂ，Ｐ，Ｓ之间，存在化学相互作用及位置竞争现象，用扫描电镜观察了断口形貌。     

Cu双晶的循环形变行为与疲劳裂纹萌生：Ⅱ.疲劳裂纹萌生与早期扩展

用扫描电镜观察了受应变疲劳载荷作用的Ｃｕ双晶物的表面形貌，发现晶界是疲劳形变双晶是有利的裂纺萌生地点，在滑移带撞击晶界的地方，特别是在几条粗滑移带共同撞击晶界的地方观察到许多疲劳微裂纹；并且发现与平行晶界双晶相比，垂直晶界双晶有有利于疲劳裂纹沿晶界作早期扩展。     

Fe_(76.5-x)Cu_1Nb_xSi_(13.5)B_9的磁致伸缩

Ｆｅ７６．５－ｘＣｕ１ＮｂｘＳｉ１３．５Ｂ９的磁致伸缩样品为Ｆｅ７３．５Ｃｕ１Ｎｂ３Ｓｉ１６．５Ｂ６和Ｆｅ７６．５－ｘＣｕ１ＮｂｘＳｉ１３．５Ｂ９（ｘ＝２，３和５）。Ｆｅ７３．５Ｃｕ１Ｎｂ３Ｓｉ１６．５Ｂ６非晶带经５３０℃退火，其他成分样品的退火温度...     

Si在变形Ni—Cu—Fe—Mn—Si合金中的行为

研究了热处理后前后变形Ｎｉ－Ｃｕ－Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ－Ｓｉ合金中的Ｓｉ的存在形式，在晶界及晶内的分布状态和结构，并研究了在热处理状态下，合金性能的变化，ＸＲＤ分析表明：Ｎｉ－Ｃｕ－Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ－Ｓｉ合金基体为面心方立结构，在热加工状态（Ｒ态）下，Ｎｉ－Ｃｕ－Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ－Ｓｉ合金除Ｎｉ３Ｓｉ相外，还出现了Ｎｉ３１Ｓｉ１２相。该相为立方结构。ＴＥＭ分析表明：第二相（Ｎｉ３Ｓｉ）在晶界和晶内弥散分布，少量在晶界聚     

Non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation of Bi in Cu bicrystals

The observations of grain-boundary segregation of Bi in Cu bicrystals were analyzed. According to equilibrium grain boundary segregation (EGS) model and non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation (NGS) model, respectively, the segregation kinetics of isothermal annealing at 500 °C and that of isochronal annealing for 24 h of Bi in Cu bicrystals were investigated. By qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, it is concluded that the grain-boundary segregation of Bi agrees well with the theory of NGS. Based on the kinetics model of NGS, some parameters that are useful to predicting and controlling the Bi-induced embrittlement in Cu alloys are calculated as follows: the diffusion coefficient of Bi-vacancy complexes D_c=7.8×10^?5exp[–1.46/(kT)]; the apparent diffusion coefficient of Bi atoms D_i^A=7.66×10^at+bexp[–1.76/(kT)], where a=8.45×10^?8 and b=–13.37.     

GRAIN BOUNDARY SEGREGATION AND INTERGRANULAR BRITTLENESS IN HIGH STRENGTH ALUMINIUM ALLOY

ＧＲＡＩＮＢＯＵＮＤＡＲＹＳＥＧＲＥＧＡＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＩＮＴＥＲＧＲＡＮＵＬＡＲＢＲＩＴＴＬＥＮＥＳＳＩＮＨＩＧＨＳＴＲＥＮＧＴＨＡＬＵＭＩＮＩＵＭＡＬＬＯＹ￥Ｓｏｎｇ，Ｒｅｎｇｕｏ；Ｚｈｅｎｇ，Ｍｅｉｇｕａｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｒｍｅｎｔｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉ...     

Atom probe investigations on temper embrittlement and reversible temper embrittlement in S 690 steel weld metal

Severe embrittlement was observed in weld material of a brand new penstock of a huge hydro power plant. Temper embrittlement (TE) was found as root case of embrittlement. Reversible temper embrittlement (RTE) treatment characterised by a short-time heating at about 600°C, by which the toughness of embrittled weld material can significantly be recovered, was qualified and successfully applied in the plant. Basic investigations were performed to explain the embrittlement as well as the de-embrittlement effect. By the application of high resolution analytics as Atom Probe Tomography (APT) applied on TE as well as on the RTE-treated material, revealed phosphorus segregation in the grain boundaries as root cause of embrittlement. By application of RTE treatment the APT results revealed, that the phosphorus segregation in the grain boundaries disappeared. The mechanism of this behaviour can be explained by referring the McLean [Grain boundaries in metals. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1957] based grain boundary equilibrium segregation of phosphorous. During RTE treatment, which occur at higher temperatures (600°C) that segregation (which starts during cooling at about 550°C), desegregation occurs. During this higher temperature, the diffusion is much faster than segregation producing the fast recovery of toughness.     

Intergranular fracture on fatigue fracture surface of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel at room temperature in air

Low-alloy steels serving for a long time at high temperature (∼500 °C) are very sensitive to temper embrittlement due to segregation of various trace elements at prior austenite grain boundaries and/or carbide/matrix interfaces. This type of segregation in combination with various environmental effects can adversely affect the fracture resistance and fatigue crack propagation rate with subsequent change in the fracture morphology of low-alloy steels. The present work describes the effects of heat treatments on impurity element segregation and its subsequent effects on fatigue fracture behavior of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel under different environmental conditions and temperatures. It has been found that either prior impurity element segregation caused during the heat treatment or hydrogen-induced embrittlement due to the presence of water vapor in laboratory air alone cannot produce intergranular fracture on the fatigue surfaces of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel at room temperature in air. The occurrence of intergranular fracture on the fatigue surfaces results from the combined effect of impurity element segregation-induced grain boundary embrittlement and hydrogen-induced embrittlement, and that the proportion of intergranular fracture is a function of prior impurity element segregation provided that the grain boundary segregation level exceeds a certain critical value.     

Grain boundary segregation and fracture behavior of boron containing Fe-Mn-Ni-(Mo,w) age hardening alloys

The effects of boron addition on the grain boundary segregation and fracture behavior of tempered Fe-Mn-Ni-Mo and Fe-Ni-Mn-W steels were investigated. High segregation of Mn to prior austenitie grain boundaries resulted in severe grain boundary embrittlement in W-bearing alloys. Boron addition did not significantly affect the grain boundary segregation of other alloying elements. Nevertheless, improvement of tensile properties is observed in 16 ppm boron doped W-bearing steel. Segregation of boron itself to grain boundaries is believed to affect the grain boundary strength of this alloy. Lower Mn segregation in Mo containing steels resulted in the ductile fracture when tempered at 480°C.     

ANTIMONY GRAIN BOUNDARY SEGREGATION AND ITS SUPPRESSION BY CERIUM IN Fe—2Mn—Sb STRUCTURAL STEELS

Antimony grain boundary segregation in Fe-2%Mn-Sb structure steels has been studied through measurements of the ductile-brittle transition temperature in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The research result reveals that during tempering or ageing after quenching at 980℃, Sb segregates to grain boundaries with both equilibrium and non-equilibrium natures and brings about temper embrittlement in the steels. Cerium can relieve temper embrittlement of the steels and its segregation to grain boundaries may play an important role in reducing this embrittlement.     

7050铝合金晶界偏析与应力腐蚀,腐蚀疲劳行为的研究

研究了不同时效状态的７０５０铝合金晶界偏析与应力腐蚀开裂及湿空气环境下疲劳裂纹扩展的关系，并采用修正的化学方法计算了晶界偏析对断裂应力的影响。结果表明：随着时效程度的增加，晶界上Ｍｇ偏析浓度减小，捕获Ｈ的能力减弱，晶界断裂应力的百分数随之下降，因而合金的抗应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳性能提高。     

Scanning AES and chemical investigation of materials failure due to phosphorus and sulphur grain boundary segregation in type AISI 304L stainless steel

Investigations have been performed on the influence of heat treatment on grain boundary segregation in austenitic stainless steel. In the present work segregation behaviour at type AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel containing relatively high amount of P and/or S has been examined after heat treatment at 550°C/1000 hours. In order to make grain boundaries accessible, the preparation conditions for a high intergranular fracture part have been determined. This procedure is based on cathodic hydrogen charging followed by thermal exposure and straining up to the yield stress. The enrichment of P and S at grain boundaries has been detected directly by means of Auger Electron Spectroscopy after in situ fracture in ultra high vacuum and indirectly by the Coriou test. Significant evidence for segregation of P and S at grain boundaries has been found after the heat treatment only. The segregation causes increasing intergranular stress corrosion susceptibility and embrittlement indicated by CERT (Constant Extension Rate Test).     

Grain boundary embrittlement by Mn and eutectoid reaction in binary Fe–12Mn steel

The grain boundary embrittlement in a binary Fe–12Mn is due to the grain boundary segregation of Mn. During tempering at 400 °C (higher than the equilibrium eutectoid reaction temperature 247 °C), reverted austenite particles were formed at lath and grain boundaries through the equilibrium reaction of lath martensite to ferrite + austenite. Surprisingly, hydrostatic pressure, which is induced by the transformation of epsilon martensite to austenite during heating at the tempering temperature, resulted in the nonequilibrium eutectoid reaction producing α-Mn precipitates at the interface between lath martensite and the transformed austenite during the tempering. The segregation concentration kinetics of Mn formed a convex profile due to the active grain boundary precipitation of the reverted austenite particles and the α-Mn particles, which act as a sink for the segregated Mn. Finally, the convex segregation profile of Mn corresponded to the concave profile of intergranular fracture strength.     

Impurity effects on the intergranular liquid bismuth penetration in polycrystalline nickel

The effects of impurities on the intergranular penetration of Bi based liquids in polycrystalline Ni at 700 °C were systematically investigated. In comparison with a nominally pure Ni (99.9945%), the presence of a total amount of <0.5 at.% impurities of Mn, Fe and Si in the Ni increased the penetration length by six times when a near-equilibrium Bi-Ni liquid was applied; when an initially pure Bi liquid was applied, this increment further enlarged to ∼20 times in the initial penetration stage. In a second set of controlled experiments, the addition of Mn, Sn and Fe to the liquid Bi-Ni all enhanced the intergranular penetration, but produced different kinetics and morphologies. We extended a concept that was initially proposed in the Rice-Wang model for grain boundary embrittlement to explain our observations of the impurity-enhanced intergranular penetration based on a theory that segregation of an impurity could reduce the grain boundary energy more rapidly than the solid-liquid interfacial energy. Correspondingly, a new analytical model for the effect of adding a third impurity on changing the equilibrium dihedral angle and the associated intergranular penetration kinetics has been derived for the dilute solution limit. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the interplay of bulk phase equilibria, interfacial segregation, transport (dissolution, precipitation and diffusion) processes and stress generation could effectively explain a variety of different intergranular penetration behaviors and morphologies that have been observed in the experiments conducted using 10 different combinations of the solid and liquid metals. The framework for understanding the impurity effects on intergranular liquid penetration developed in this study can be applied to other materials systems. This study has practically importance for understanding and controlling liquid metal corrosion and embrittlement.