不宁腿综合征与皮层下脑梗死的相关性分析

目的探讨不宁腿综合征(restless legs syndrome,RLS)与皮层下脑梗死的关系。方法选取2017-12-2018-10于福建医科大学附属第二医院神经内科住院的首次确诊为脑梗死病人407例。按脑梗死前有无RLS分为脑梗前RLS组及脑梗前无RLS组,按脑梗死位置分为皮层下梗死组及非皮层下梗死组。分别比较危险因素、临床和影像学特征。结果单因素比较分析提示,发病前有RLS组皮层下梗死的发生率明显高于脑梗前无RLS组(80.49%vs 32.24%,P0.001),其他方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。皮层下梗死组与非皮层下梗死组相比,在梗死前出现RLS、高血压史、高脂血症、吸烟史等差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析,脑梗死前出现RLS与皮层下梗死密切相关(OR=2.122,P=0.045)。结论脑梗死前出现不宁腿综合征的患者皮层下梗死的发生率较高。     

反馈式功能性电刺激治疗对脑梗死患者上肢运动功能恢复的影响及其机制的fMRI究

目的 探讨反馈式功能性电刺激治疗对脑梗死患者上肢运动功能恢复的影响以及应用功能核磁共振成像(MRI)分析其作用机制. 方法 将自2011年8月至2012年12月在中国康复研究中心神经康复中心住院的脑梗死患者21例(一侧肢体瘫痪且偏瘫侧肢体腕背屈关节活动度大于15°及肌张力为改良Ashworth Ⅰ+级及以下的可完成部分主动运动的患者、按随机数字表法分为反馈式功能性电刺激组8例、单纯功能性电刺激组7例及常规康复治疗组6例.3组患者均进行常规神经内科药物治疗和康复治疗,其中反馈式功能性电刺激组进行反馈式功能性电刺激治疗,单纯功能性电刺激组行功能性电刺激治疗,疗程4周.分别在治疗前及治疗4周后次日进行Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表上肢部分项目及腕背伸角度评估,以及3d内应用fMRI进行脑M1区激活强度检查. 结果 (1)治疗后4周时,3组患者的Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表上肢部分项目评分及腕背伸角度较治疗前均有改善,其中反馈式功能性电刺激组、单纯功能性电刺激组差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);反馈式功能性电刺激组亦明显优于单纯功能性电刺激组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(2)治疗后4周时,3组患者的患侧脑M1区激活强度较治疗前均有改善,其中反馈式功能性电刺激组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);反馈式功能性电刺激组亦明显优于单纯功能性电刺激组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 单纯功能性电刺激和反馈式功能性电刺激均有利于脑梗死后上肢运动功能的提高,并有助于脑功能的重组,且后者较前者疗效更佳.     

弥散张量成像对急性期皮质下脑梗死肢体运动功能恢复的预测

目的 对急性期内的运动功能残疾的皮质下脑梗死患者进行观察,探讨弥散张量纤维素成像(DTT)显示的锥体束累及程度等多个预测因素对运动功能改变的影响,以期发现最可靠和最密切的预测因素.方法 对82例急性脑梗死残疾患者(mRS评分≥3分),结合其基线临床特征、实验室与影像学等辅助检查及治疗方法 ,选取性别、年龄、高血压、糖尿病、高胆固醇血症、心房颤动或心绞痛史、吸烟史、酗酒史、初始残疾程度、同型半胱氨酸、C反应蛋白、治疗方式、梗死灶体积大小及锥体束累及程度作为观测指标,对患者发病后第90天的情况进行随访分析.结果 单因素差异检验采用x2检验,发现年龄(χ2=47.492,P＜0.01)、糖尿病(χ2=5.126,P=0.024)、高胆固醇血症(χ2=6.242,P=0.012)、初始残疾程度(χ2=45.359,P＜0.01)、锥体束累及程度(χ2=51.467,P＜0.01)均可影响残疾患者的康复.采用多因素Logistic回归分析对其进行多因素回归分析,结果提示年龄(OR=0.068,P=0.042)、锥体束累及程度(OR=0.026,P=0.002)是患者运动功能康复的独立预测因素,而糖尿病、高胆固醇血症、初始残疾程度无明显相关性.结论 通过DTT反映出的锥体束累及程度为对在急性期内的运动功能残疾的皮质下脑梗死患者的康复最有价值的预测因素.     

功能近红外光谱成像技术在帕金森病中的应用进展

帕金森病(Parkinson disease, PD)是一种常见的中枢神经系统变性病,由于其致病机制复杂,临床异质性较高,因此PD的诊断和治疗面临巨大挑战。功能近红外光谱成像技术(functional near-infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS)是一种基于光学原理的非侵入性神经活动成像技术,可通过检测大脑皮层氧合情况的变化辅助诊断PD,并能与PD不同治疗手段相结合,具有指导PD治疗及疗效评价的潜在价值。现就fNIRS在PD患者运动障碍和认知评估方面的应用进展进行综述,为PD临床诊疗提供指导。     

皮层下动脉硬化性脑病患者免疫功能的变化

采用全血形态法、致敏羊红细胞花环直接法、琼脂单扩散法、死活菌鉴别染色法及聚乙二醇浊度法，对３４例皮层下动脉硬化性脑病（ＳＡＥ）患者及４０例脑动脉硬化症患者进行免疫学研究。结果表明，ＳＡＥ患者及脑动脉硬化症患者外周血ＰＨＡ淋巴细胞转化率及辅助性Ｔ细胞（ＣＤ４）显著降低；ＳＡＥ患者外周血中性粒细胞吞噬率显著降低，而血清ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ、Ｃ３、Ｃ４、ＣＩＣ水平显著升高；脑动脉硬化症患者血清ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＡ、Ｃ３、Ｃ４水平亦显著增高。结果提示ＳＡＥ及脑动脉硬化症患者确实存在免疫紊乱现象，且ＳＡＥ患者较脑动脉硬化症患者紊乱更为显著。     

健康人平衡任务近红外脑功能成像的系统研究

目的研究健康人平衡任务期间的实时大脑活动,探索不同动态平衡任务、老化和相关脑区的相互关系。方法计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、SciVerse ScienceDirect、Medline、Embase等数据库,检索时限为2010-01—2020-01。由2名研究者按已制定的纳入标准和排除标准独立进行文献筛选、数据提取。结果最终纳入符合标准的文献14篇(n=372),采用感觉统合测试系统对自动动态平衡任务进行研究,当依靠前庭信息维持平衡时,颞上回(STG)、缘上回(SMG)激活;使用站立平衡任务研究自动动态平衡任务,发现辅助运动区(SMA)血氧饱和度上升。他动动态平衡任务中随干扰程度的增大,前额叶皮质(PFC)激活程度增大,当任务难度达到中等以后激活程度趋于平稳。在双重任务中,与年轻人相比,老年人平衡干扰较明显,前额叶皮质(PFC)较活跃。结论针对健康人群的平衡任务研究提示SMA、SMG、STG、PFC参与平衡的控制。     

基于功能性近红外光谱技术的脑梗死亚急性期非流利性失语症患者的脑功能连接分析

目的应用功能性近红外光谱技术(fNIRS)探讨脑梗死亚急性期语言功能障碍的神经机制。方法选择自2023年3月至8月于川北医学院附属医院神经内科及康复科诊疗的16例脑梗死亚急性期非流利性失语症患者(失语组)、16例脑梗死后无失语症患者(无失语组)及同期从社会招募的16例健康中老年志愿者(对照组)为研究对象。采集所有受试者6 min的静息态fNIRS数据, 选择Broca区、Wernicke区、背外侧前额叶(DLPFC)、辅助运动区(SMA)这4个语言相关关键脑区作为感兴趣区域(ROI), 应用NirSpark软件分析各组受试者间全脑功能连接强度及各ROI脑区内、各ROI脑区间功能连接强度的差异。结果与对照组(0.53±0.15)及无失语组(0.47±0.12)相比, 失语组患者全脑功能连接强度(0.29±0.14)明显下降, 差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组及无失语组相比, 失语组患者左侧Wernicke区、右侧Wernicke区、左侧Broca区、左侧SMA区、右侧SMA区、左侧DLPFC区内的功能连接强度均明显下降, 差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05, FDR...     

静息态脑功能成像与皮层电刺激定位皮质运动区的对照研究

目的 以术中皮层电刺激为对照,评价运动区附近脑肿瘤患者术前运用基于血氧水平依赖(BOLD)的静息态功能磁共振成像(rs-fMRI)方法定位皮质运动区的准确性.方法 选取18例运动区脑肿瘤患者,手术前采用rs-fMRI定位皮质运动区,以术中皮层电刺激作为皮质运动区定位的标准技术,比较两种技术的符合度,以评价rs-fMRI定位皮质运动区的准确性.结果 rs-fMRI与术中皮层电刺激的吻合率为92.9％,肿瘤全切率为77.8％,11例术后肌力不变,4例术后肌力好转,3例术后肌力下降.结论 rs-fMRI具有较高的敏感性和精确度,可作为术前皮质运动区定位的新方法,为手术方案的制定及预后评估提供有价值的信息.     

脑梗死后运动功能的可塑性研究

目的 对脑梗死患者通过有效的康复训练。探索脑梗死后运动功能康复的最大效能。以其找到脑血管病的最佳治疗方案。方法 所有患者均行常规神经内科治疗,其中康复治疗组31例,对照组12例,分别于患病后3d、21d及6个月后。行经颅大脑皮质电刺激（MEP）检查,记录电极置于双侧拇短展肌,记录MEP的潜伏期、波幅及中枢传导时间（CMCT）,探索患者康复治疗后脑运动功能可塑性的量化指标。结果 通过设置的对照组以排除脑功能的自然可塑性,对研究组采用Bobath和运动再学习疗法的内容相结合进行训练后,康复组在神经功能缺损程度、上肢功能、日常生活能力及MEP的量化指标和对照组相比,有显著性差异,且脑梗死患者的MEP异常程度与临床症状、梗死部位和范围密切相关。结论 通过有效的康复训练能使脑梗死后脑运动功能可塑性达最佳化,是一种行之有效的治疗手段,而MEP是评价脑梗死后脑运动功能可塑性及预后的一种有效量化方法,可在临床上普及推广。     

基于功能性近红外光谱技术的卒中后上肢单侧任务与双侧任务的脑功能成像对比观察

目的 通过功能性近红外光谱技术(functional near-infrared spectroscopy,fNIRS)对比卒中患者执行单侧上肢训练任务与双侧上肢训练任务时近红外脑功能成像中氧合血红蛋白的浓度变化以及脑区的激活情况.方法 连续入组2021年1-4月在上海市3家康复医院接受康复治疗的单侧卒中患者,采用便携...     

Cortical activation pattern during shoulder simple versus vibration exercises: a functional near infrared spectroscopy study

To date, the cortical effect of exercise has not been fully elucidated. Using the functional near infrared spec-troscopy, we attempted to compare the cortical effect between shoulder vibration exercise and shoulder simple exercise. Eight healthy subjects were recruited for this study. Two different exercise tasks (shoul-der vibration exercise using the flexible pole and shoulder simple exercise) were performed using a block paradigm. We measured the values of oxygenated hemoglobin in the four regions of interest: the primary sensory-motor cortex (SM1 total, arm somatotopy, and leg and trunk somatotopy), the premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area, and the prefrontal cortex. During shoulder vibration exercise and shoulder simple exercise, cortical activation was observed in SM1 (total, arm somatotopy, and leg and trunk somato-topy), premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and prefrontal cortex. Higher oxygenated hemoglobin values were also observed in the areas of arm somatotopy of SM1 compared with those of other regions of interest. However, no significant difference in the arm somatotopy of SM1 was observed between the two exercises. By contrast, in the leg and trunk somatotopy of SM1, shoulder vibration exercise led to a significantly higher oxy-hemoglobin value than shoulder simple exercise. These two exercises may result in cortical activation effects for the motor areas relevant to the shoulder exercise, especially in the arm so-matotopy of SM1. However, shoulder vibration exercise has an additional cortical activation effect for the leg and trunk somatotopy of SM1.     

Functional (neurologic) recovery following transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat requires at least 80% of ipsilateral cortical and subcortical integrity

Though many drugs have been proven to reduce ischemia-induced brain damage in animal models, most of them have failed to reach clinical trials or, if not, have not been proven to be efficient in humans suffering stroke. Here, by performing a global analysis of recently published data in eighty nine rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced transient focal cerebral ischemia, we show that the ability of the animals to recover motor function is dependent on and highly correlated to their percentage of healthy cortex (r = 0.973; P < 0.001) and healthy subcortical brain structures (r = 0.916; P < 0.001). In addition, data analysis further reveals that neuroprotection requires preserving at least 80% and 90% of the integrity of the ipsilateral hemispheris subjected to MCAO to provide partial and full functional neurologic recovery, respectively. We suggest that this should be taken into account in preclinical pharmacological studies to estimate the actual potentially clinical interest of drugs developed for neuroprotection as well as to avoid developing further research on drugs that only provide mild to moderate histologic outcome.     

Quantitative effect of the neonatal fontanel on synthetic near infrared spectroscopy measurements

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a functional imaging technique allowing measurement of local cerebral oxygenation. This modality is particularly adapted to critically ill neonates, as it can be used at the bedside and is a suitable and noninvasive tool for carrying out longitudinal studies. However, NIRS is sensitive to the imaged medium and consequently to the optical properties of biological tissues in which photons propagate. In this study, the effect of the neonatal fontanel was investigated by predicting photon propagation using a probabilistic Monte Carlo approach. Two anatomical newborn head models were created from computed tomography and magnetic resonance images: (1) a realistic model including the fontanel tissue and (2) a model in which the fontanel was replaced by skull tissue. Quantitative change in absorption due to simulated activation was compared for the two models for specific regions of activation and optical arrays simulated in the temporal area. A correction factor was computed to quantify the effect of the fontanel and defined by the ratio between the true and recovered change. The results show that recovered changes in absorption were more precise when determined with the anatomical model including the fontanel. The results suggest that the fontanel should be taken into account in quantification of NIRS responses to avoid misinterpretation in experiments involving temporal areas, such as language or auditory studies. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Near‐infrared spectroscopy during exercise and recovery in children with juvenile dermatomyositis

Introduction: We hypothesized that microvascular disturbances in muscle tissue play a role in the reduced exercise capacity in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). Methods: Children with JDM, children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (clinical controls), and healthy children performed a maximal incremental cycloergometric test from which normalized concentration changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[O₂Hb]) and total hemoglobin (Δ[tHb]) as well as the half‐recovery times of both signals were determined from the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles using near‐infrared spectroscopy. Results: Children with JDM had lower Δ[tHb] values in the vastus medialis at work rates of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of maximal compared with healthy children; the increase in Δ[tHb] with increasing intensity seen in healthy children was absent in children with JDM. Other outcome measures did not differ by group. Conclusions: The results suggest that children with JDM may experience difficulties in increasing muscle blood volume with more strenuous exercise. Muscle Nerve, 2013     

Noninvasive continuous functional near‐infrared spectroscopy combined with electroencephalography recording of frontal lobe seizures

Purpose: To investigate spatial and metabolic changes associated with frontal lobe seizures. Methods: Functional near‐infrared spectroscopy combined with electroencephalography (EEG‐fNIRS) recordings of patients with confirmed nonlesional refractory frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). Key Findings: Eighteen seizures from nine patients (seven male, mean age 27 years, range 13–46 years) with drug‐refractory FLE were captured during EEG‐fNIRS recordings. All seizures were coupled with significant hemodynamic variations that were greater with electroclinical than with electrical seizures. fNIRS helped in the identification of seizures in three patients with more subtle ictal EEG abnormalities. Hemodynamic changes consisted of local increases in oxygenated (HbO) and total hemoglobin (HbT) but heterogeneous deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) behavior. Furthermore, rapid hemodynamic alterations were observed in the homologous contralateral region, even in the absence of obvious propagated epileptic activity. The extent of HbO activation adequately lateralized the epileptogenic side in the majority of patients. Significance: EEG‐fNIRS reveals complex spatial and metabolic changes during focal frontal lobe seizures. Further characterization of these changes could improve seizure detection, localization, and understanding of the impact of focal seizures.     

Non-invasive assessment of language lateralization by transcranial near infrared optical topography and functional MRI

Near infrared optical topography (OT) is the simultaneous acquisition of hemoglobin absorption from an array of optical fibers on the scalp to construct maps of cortical activity. We demonstrate that OT can be used to determine lateralization of prefrontal areas to a language task that has been validated by functional MRI (fMRI). Studies were performed on six subjects using a visually presented language task. Laterality was quantified by the relative number of activated pixels in each hemisphere for fMRI, and the total hemoglobin responses in each hemisphere for OT. All subjects showed varying degrees of left hemisphere language dominance and the mean laterality indices for subjects who underwent both OT and fMRI were in good agreement. These studies demonstrate that OT gives predictions of hemispheric dominance that are consistent with fMRI. Due to the ease of use and portable nature of OT, it is anticipated that optical topography will be valuable tool for neurological examinations of cognitive function.     

Intracerebral hemodynamics probed by near infrared spectroscopy in the transition between wakefulness and sleep

Previous imaging studies have shown that cerebral metabolism is gradually reduced at the beginning of sleep. Few studies have examined the sleep state transition periods from wakefulness to sleep and sleep to wakefulness. The current study used the Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) technique to describe the intracerebral hemodynamics at the frontal pole in the circumscribed period between wakefulness and sleep. Nine healthy young adults were studied during afternoon naps. Optical probes were placed on the forehead and EEG electrodes on the scalp. At sleep onset oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) was reduced (P<0.01) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb) showed a near significant reduction (P<0.063). At sleep offset there were increases in oxy-Hb (P<0.005) and deoxy-Hb (P<0.05). In 18 of 26 transitions to sleep there was a coordinated fall in both NIRS parameters, we call the Switch Point, that lasted a mean of 3.6 s. In 32 of 36 transitions to wakefulness there was an analogous Switch Point that lasted a mean of 3.4 s. Before and after the Switch Point, changes were small and the relationship between oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb was a combination of parallel and reciprocal fluctuations. A synchronized, parallel and short-lived change in oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb is a discrete event in the transition period between wakefulness and sleep. The concentration of these light absorbing molecules is abruptly set to a new level at sleep-wake transitions and probably reflects the different perfusion demands of these states.     

Measurement of brain activation during an upright stepping reaction task using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy

Functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non‐invasive brain imaging technology that uses light to measure changes in cortical hemoglobin concentrations. FNIRS measurements are recorded through fiber optic cables, which allow the participant to wear the fNIRS sensors while standing upright. Thus, fNIRS technology is well suited to study cortical brain activity during upright balance, stepping, and gait tasks. In this study, fNIRS was used to measure changes in brain activation from the frontal, motor, and premotor brain regions during an upright step task that required subjects to step laterally in response to visual cues that required executive function control. We hypothesized that cognitive processing during complex stepping cues would elicit brain activation of the frontal cortex in areas involved in cognition. Our results show increased prefrontal activation associated with the processing of the stepping cues. Moreover, these results demonstrate the potential to use fNIRS to investigate cognitive processing during cognitively demanding balance and gait studies. Hum Brain Mapp 34:2817–2828, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Functional recovery after limbic lesions in monkeys

Ten monkeys received lesions of either the hippocampus, or the amygdala and hippocampus, or the anterior and medial thalamus (each group with two monkeys), or of all these structures together with additional septal lesions (four monkeys). Postoperatively, the monkeys were trained in tasks of visual and spatial reversal, several concurrent object discriminations, delayed nonmatch-to-sample, and in an angle threshold discrimination task. Their performance was compared to that of five healthy or sham-operated control monkeys. The single- or double-lesioned monkeys were impaired in the delayed nonmatch-to-sample task and the angle threshold discrimination, whereas monkeys with five-fold lesions were unimpaired in these tasks. Correlations between brain volume loss and behavioral performance indicated negative coefficients for the delayed nonmatch-to-sample task ("delays": rs = -.59, "lists": rs = -.20) and the angle threshold discrimination (rs = -.60). It is concluded that monkeys with massive limbic lesions display a more effective postlesion reorganization than monkeys with smaller limbic lesions; however, reliability of this effect must be proved by future work with a larger sample. Furthermore, the missing impairments of massively lesioned monkeys especially in the delayed nonmatch-to-sample task also indicate that the limbic targets lesioned here may not be as exclusively involved in mnemonic information processing as suggested earlier.