BABA处理对葡萄果实采后灰霉病的影响及机理

以‘巨峰’葡萄果实为实验材料,研究β-氨基丁酸（β-aminobutyric acid,BABA）处理对葡萄果实灰霉病、抗病相关酶活性和总酚含量的影响。葡萄果实先用75 mmol/L的BABA溶液处理后刺伤接种灰霉葡萄孢菌,然后转入25 ℃贮藏60 h。结果发现,BABA处理有效抑制了‘巨峰’葡萄果实的腐烂和病斑的扩展;同时BABA处理还诱导了果实中几丁质酶、β-1,3葡聚糖酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶和肉桂酸羟化酶等抗病相关酶活性以及总酚含量的提高。结果表明,BABA可诱导葡萄果实产生抗病性,从而减少灰霉病的发生。     

荧光假单胞菌ZX对葡萄采后灰霉病的防治

研究荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens）ZX对葡萄采后灰霉病的防治效果。以“巨峰”葡萄为试材，测定P. fluorescens ZX的控病效果和生长动态，在离体条件下通过孢子萌发观察、挥发性物质抑菌测试、扫描电镜探究其对灰葡萄孢霉（Botrytis cinerea）的防治。结果表明，使用P. fluorescens ZX处理，葡萄果实的发病率仅为24.8%，明显低于对照组（发病率64.67%），病斑直径最小，可以明显抑制B. cinerea孢子萌发、芽管伸长。P. fluorescens ZX产生的挥发性物质具有较强的抑菌效果，并且能对B. cinerea有重寄生作用，破坏菌丝的正常形态。另外，无论是浸泡还是接种处理，P. fluorescens ZX都能在葡萄果实上快速地定殖生长。由此表明，P. fluorescens ZX通过抑制B. cinerea生长来控制葡萄采后灰霉病，为果实采后防腐保鲜提供一种新的选择。     

Effects of exogenous 24‐epibrassinolide to control grey mould and maintain postharvest quality of table grapes

The potential of various concentrations of 24‐epibrassinolide (EBR) treatments on the control of grey mould in artificial Botrytis cinerea inoculation test and on the maintenance of postharvest quality of table grapes without inoculation in cold storage were researched. In the cold storage, clusters of grapes with exogenous EBR application (EBR1, 0.1 mg L^?1 EBR; EBR2, 0.4 mg L^?1 EBR; EBR3, 0.8 mg L^?1 EBR) were stored at 0 ± 1 °C. Fruits’ quality attributes including berry firmness, weight loss, berry drop, decay berry percentages, total sugar and titratable acidity were measured at 15, 30 and 60 days. The results showed that EBR treatments exhibited a higher berry firmness and a lower percentage of weight loss, berry drop and decay berry. In the artificial inoculation trial, single berries were immersed in EBR1, EBR2 and EBR3, then inoculated by spraying with a B. cinerea spore suspension and stored at 25 ± 2 °C and 95% relative humidity. Disease severity (DS), lipid peroxidation and defence‐related enzymes of these berries were analysed every 2 days. EBR‐treated berries resulted in an increase in activities of defence‐related enzymes including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase compared with control berries inoculated by B. cinerea. Simultaneously, significant decreases in DS and production of superoxide anion radical and malondialdehyde were observed. These results suggested that exogenous application of EBR could play a protective role in controlling the grey mould of postharvest grapes and maintaining the postharvest quality during cold storage.     

The effects of composite coatings containing chitosan and Mentha (piperita L. or x villosa Huds) essential oil on postharvest mold occurrence and quality of table grape cv. Isabella

The effects of coatings containing shrimp chitosan and the essential oil from Mentha piperita L. (MPEO) or M. villosa Huds (MVEO) to control common mold infections in table grape cv. Isabella (Vitis labrusca L.) that were caused by Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Rhizopus stolonifer were evaluated. The effects of the coatings on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the grapes were also assessed. The coatings containing chitosan (4, 8 mg/mL) and MPEO or MVEO (1.25, 2.5, 5 μL/mL) delayed the mold growth and reduced the incidence of infections caused by all test fungi in grapes during storage at room and low temperatures. The coatings (chitosan 4 mg/mL; MPEO or MVEO 1.25, 2.5 μL/mL) did not negatively affect the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of grapes. From these results, coatings containing chitosan and MPEO or MVEO are potential postharvest treatments to control common mold infections in table grape cv. Isabella.Industrial relevanceIn table grapes, the reduction of losses resulting from fungal rot is a major goal of postharvest technology, which seeks to use effective methods to control the contamination and the growth of phytopathogenic fungi. However, the negative consumer perception of synthetic fungicides used for many years to solve the problem of mold infections in table grapes and the development of fungicide-resistant strains have impelled researchers to study the efficacy of natural compounds against postharvest pathogenic fungi. In this context, edible coatings composed of chitosan and essential oils have been considered as an environmentally friendly and added-value technology to control fungal postharvest decay in table grapes because of their biodegradability and lack of phytotoxicity. In this study, the authors evaluated composite coatings that contained shrimp chitosan and reduced amounts of Mentha (piperita L. or x vilosa Huds) essential oil as postharvest treatment to control the occurrence of mold infections caused by fungi in table grape cv. Isabella (Vitis labrusca L.), and their effects on the quality attributes of this fruit during storage. The tested composite coatings are presented as possible alternative technologies to control fungal infections and related post-harvest losses in table grape cv. Isabella.     

2,4-表油菜素内酯对葡萄果实采后灰霉病的抑制作用机理

为研究2,4-表油菜素内酯（2,4-epibrassionolide,EBR）处理对‘巨峰’葡萄果实采后灰霉病的抑制效果及作用机制,将葡萄果实经5 μmol/L EBR溶液处理12 h后刺伤接种灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea）病原菌,然后置于25 ℃下贮藏60 h。结果显示：EBR处理有效抑制了葡萄采后灰霉病的发生和病斑直径的扩展,与单一接种病原菌和EBR处理相比,先用EBR处理后接种B. cinerea葡萄果实展现出更强、更快的抗病反应,表现为几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶等抗病相关酶活力及总酚含量显著提高（P＜0.05）,H2O2积累及超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活力提高,同时VvCHI、VvGNS和VvPAL-like抗病基因表达显著增加（P＜0.05）;体外实验发现,EBR处理可显著抑制B. cinerea孢子的萌发,但对芽管伸长长度没有显著影响。结论：EBR处理主要是通过敏化反应机制诱导提高葡萄果实的抗病性,从而减轻灰霉病的发生。     

Effects of Ozone Treatment on Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Relation to Horticultural Product Quality

ABSTRACT:  Botrytis cinerea  and  Sclerotinia sclerotiorum  are fungal pathogens that cause the decay of many fruits and vegetables. Ozone may be used as an antimicrobial agent to control the decay. The effect of gaseous ozone on spore viability of  B. cinerea  and mycelial growth of  B. cinerea  and  S. sclerotiorum  were investigated. Spore viability of  B. cinerea  was reduced by over 99.5% ( P  < 0.01) and height of the aerial mycelium was reduced from 4.7 mm in the control to less than 1 mm after exposure to 450 or 600 ppb ozone for 48 h at 20 °C. Sporulation of  B. cinerea  was also substantially inhibited by ozone treatments. However, ozone had no significant effect on mycelial growth of  S. sclerotiorum in vitro . Decay and quality parameters including color, chlorophyll fluorescence (CF), and ozone injury were further assessed for various horticultural commodities (apple, grape, highbush blueberry, and carrot) treated with 450 ppb of ozone for 48 h at 20 °C over a period of 12 d. Lesion size and height of the aerial mycelium were significantly reduced by the ozone treatment on carrots inoculated with mycelial agar plugs of  B. cinerea  or  S. sclerotiorum . Lesion size was also reduced on treated apples inoculated with 5 × 10⁶ spores/mL of  B. cinerea , and decay incidence of treated grapes was reduced. The 450 ppb ozone for 48 h treatment had no significant effect on color of carrots and apples or on CF of apples and grapes. Ozone, an environmentally sound antimicrobial agent, inactivates microorganisms through oxidization and residual ozone spontaneously decomposes to nontoxic products. It may be applied to fruits and vegetables to reduce decay and extend shelf life.     

Efficacy of heat treatments with water and fludioxonil for postharvest control of blue and gray molds on inoculated pears and fludioxonil residues in fruit

The residue levels of fludioxonil (FLU) were determined in pear cultivars Precoce di Fiorano, Coscia, and Spadona estiva after a 2-min dip in an aqueous mixture of FLU containing 300 or 100 mg/liter of active ingredient at 20 or 50 degrees C and after 12 days at 17 degrees C and 80% relative humidity (simulated shelf life conditions). The accumulation trend of FLU residues was determined in 'Precoce di Fiorano' pears after treatments with 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg/liter of active ingredient at 20 or 50 degrees C for 2 min or at 60 degrees C for 1 min. The efficacy of heat treatments with water and FLU was investigated on artificially inoculated 'Precoce di Fiorano', 'Coscia', and 'Spadona estiva' pears for the control of postharvest blue mold and gray mold caused by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea, respectively. Treatment with 300 mg/liter FLU at 20 degrees C resulted in residue levels similar to those from treatment with 100 mg/liter FLU at 50 degrees C in 'Coscia' fruit but in significantly lower residues in 'Precoce di Fiorano' and 'Spadona estiva' pears. Post-shelf life residues decreased in all cultivars, especially in 'Spadona estiva' pears treated with 300 mg/liter FLU at 20 degrees C. Residue levels of FLU in 'Precoce di Fiorano' pears treated at 20, 50, or 60 degrees C were correlated with fungicide dosage. When an equal rate was used, treatment at 50 degrees C resulted in a higher and a notably higher FLU deposition than that found under treatment at 60 and 20 degrees C, respectively. The in vitro tests showed that both pathogens were very sensitive to FLU, with MICs averaging 0.05 and 0.1 mg/liter for B. cinerea and P. expansum isolates, respectively. The 50% effective concentration ranged between 0.01 and 0.05 mg/liter for B. cinerea and between 0.05 and 0.1 mg/liter for P. expansum. In the in vivo trials, hot water treatment effectively reduced the incidence of both diseases during the first 4 to 8 days, depending on cultivar, dip temperature, and type of inoculum. However, as the incubation time proceeded, decay reduction was generally lower and the benefit of heat treatments was notably reduced or almost lost. In contrast, all treatments with FLU had a long-lasting effect. Treatments with heated FLU were more effective than those with unheated FLU; reduced concentrations of active ingredient were required to achieve a comparable control of blue and gray mold decay in these pears.     

Alginate coatings containing grapefruit essential oil or grapefruit seed extract for grapes preservation

Biodegradable coatings based on 1% and 2% sodium alginate (NaAlg) with and without grapefruit seed extract (GSE) or grapefruit essential oil (GEO) were applied to table grapes to preserve their quality. Changes in weight loss, firmness and antioxidant activity were assessed over 15 days of cold storage. The effectiveness of developed coatings to control postharvest decay of inoculated grape berries stored for 5 days at 20 °C was also investigated. Biodegradable coatings based on pure NaAlg and those containing GSE were efficient in reducing weight loss and maintaining firmness during storage. Coatings incorporating either GEO or GSE were able to preserve the antioxidant activity of treated grapes and to reduce decay incidence in inoculated fruits. Coatings formulated with 2% NaAlg‐1% GSE showed the greatest preservation of antioxidant activity and the highest antifungal effect, with an effective control of water and firmness losses. These coatings can be recommended for maintaining table grapes quality.     

臭氧对葡萄灰霉病的抑制效果

研究不同臭氧处理方式对离体及接种在活体葡萄上的灰霉菌的抑制作用,为降低采后葡萄贮藏过程中灰霉病带来的损失提供理论依据。在(20±1)℃条件下用不同剂量的臭氧(0、30、60、90μL/L)对离体灰霉菌分别处理不同时间(5、10、15 min),通过测定菌丝生长长度、孢子形成抑制率、孢子细胞膜完整性及扫描电镜观察来探究臭氧对其抑制效果。用上述4种剂量的臭氧分别对接种了灰霉菌的‘红地球’葡萄处理15 min后(20±1)℃条件下存放5 d。通过测定发病率、病斑直径及相关酶活性来观察臭氧对葡萄灰霉病的控制效果。结果表明:在离体实验中,与对照相比,不同剂量的臭氧对离体灰霉菌处理不同时间后,灰霉菌菌丝的生长均受到了不同程度抑制,随贮藏时间延长抑制效果逐渐减弱;灰霉菌的产孢子率显著下降,部分孢子的细胞膜完整性被破坏,臭氧剂量越高、处理时间越长,效果越好。在接种了灰霉菌的活体实验中,与对照组相比,用60μL/L和90μL/L剂量臭氧处理接种灰霉菌的葡萄果实后,灰霉菌在果实上的生长明显受到抑制;臭氧处理可以使果实丙二醛含量积累减慢,维持较高的抗氧化酶活性。综合分析,臭氧通过抑制灰霉菌菌丝在葡萄果实上的生长和诱导葡萄果实提高抗性来抵抗灰霉菌的侵染,采用90μL/L剂量臭氧处理15 min对离体条件下和接种在‘红地球’葡萄活体上的灰霉菌抑制效果均为最好。     

Influence of carvacrol on survival of Botrytis cinerea inoculated in table grapes

In this paper, the role of carvacrol vapour atmosphere on Botrytis cinerea inoculated in PDA or in grape berries was studied. Four concentrations inside packages were assayed (0.05, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 ml l(-1)). All concentrations inhibited totally the growth of B. cinerea in PDA, while in berries the reduction of decayed fruits was significantly greater as carvacrol concentration increased. In addition, the fungal growth (area and volume of infection) was also reduced and dependent on carvacrol concentration. Ethylene and respiration rate (berry physiological parameters) increased drastically in control inoculated-grapes, while these increases were lower as higher were the carvacrol applied doses. The data presented in this work suggest that carvacrol could be used as an innovative tool to control fungal decay during table grape storage, as alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides such as SO2.     

根皮苷对苹果采后灰霉病的影响

为探究苹果特有酚类物质根皮苷对灰霉病的影响,以培养基体外接种灰霉菌确定抑菌效果,预实验筛选得 到活体实验的最佳质量浓度。以此质量浓度根皮苷溶液浸泡处理‘粉红女士’苹果20 min,诱导12 h,损伤接种灰 霉孢,定期统计发病情况并取样测定抗性相关指标,以清水浸泡为对照。结果表明：根皮苷可直接抑制灰霉菌的体 外生长,1.0 g/L的根皮苷处理可显著降低采后果实的发病率和抑制病斑直径的扩展（P＜0.05）,并诱导果肉苯丙 氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活力的升高,促进总酚、类黄酮和木质素的积累,同时降低了H2O2的含量, 果实抗性提高。结果可为根皮苷对采后病害抗性的机理研究提供理论依据。     

拮抗菌Burkholderia contaminans对玫瑰香葡萄采后灰霉病的抗性诱导

以玫瑰香葡萄为实验试材,研究洋葱霍尔德氏菌（Burkholderia contaminans B-1）对玫瑰香葡萄采后灰霉病的抗性诱导机理,对经拮抗菌处理贮藏后果实的腐烂率及其抗性相关物质进行测定。结果表明：拮抗菌B. contaminans B-1可有效降低玫瑰香葡萄采后腐烂率,与对照相比,果梗腐烂率降低69.58%,果肉腐烂指数降低63.93%。拮抗菌处理对果实苯丙烷代谢途径、活性氧代谢途径和其他抗性相关酶类活性均有影响。与对照相比,B. contaminans B-1处理可提高葡萄果实苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性,促进过氧化氢（H2O2）含量积累,延缓过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性峰值出现的时间。此外,拮抗菌处理也可以诱导果实病程相关蛋白几丁质酶（CHI）和β-1,3葡聚糖酶（GLU）活性的上升。     

Control of postharvest pear diseases using Rhodotorula glutinis and its effects on postharvest quality parameters

Rhodotorula glutinis was evaluated for its activity in reducing postharvest gray mold decay and blue mold decay of pear caused by Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum respectively, and in reducing natural decay development of pear fruits, as well as its effects on postharvest quality of fruits. There was a significant negative correlation between concentrations of the yeast cells and infectivity of the pathogens. At concentrations of R. glutinis at 5x108 CFU/ml, the gray mold decay was completely inhibited after 7 days incubation at 20 degrees C, while the control fruit had 100% disease incidence and 2.15 cm lesion diameter respectively, at challenged with B. cinerea spores suspension of 1x105 spores/ml; No completely control was got to blue mold, when pear fruits stored at 20 degrees C for 7 d (challenged with P. expansum spores suspension of 5x104 spores/ml), but the decay was distinctly prevented with 20% and 0.60 cm of disease incidence and lesion diameter respectively, while the control fruits were 100% and 2.74 cm, respectively. Rapid colonization of the yeast in wounds was observed during the first 1 d at 20 degrees C, and then the populations stabilized for the remaining storage period. On pear wounds kept at 4 degrees C, rapid colonization of the yeast in wounds was observed during the first 3 d, and then the increase in population density of R. glutinis turned slow, which continued over 6 d after application of the antagonist until it reached a high level. Then, the populations stabilized for the remaining storage period. In the test on PDA plates, R. glutinis significantly inhibit the growth of B. cinerea and P. expansum. Spore germination of pathogens in PDB was greatly controlled in the present of living yeast cell suspensions. R. glutinis significantly reduced the natural development of decay of pear following storage at 20 degrees C for 7 days or at 4 degrees C for 30 days followed by 20 degrees C for 5 days, and did not impair quality parameters, including mass loss, firmness, TSS, ascorbic acid or titratable acidity. Thus, the application of R. glutinis can be an alternative to chemicals for control of postharvest diseases on pear fruits.     

生物及天然保鲜剂在葡萄采后灰霉病控制中应用的研究进展

通过传统的SO₂等化学抑菌剂,可以有效地防止采后鲜食葡萄由灰霉菌侵染引起的腐烂,同时也可以起到抑制葡萄穗轴和果梗褐变的作用。然而,由于采后SO₂使用剂量不当可能引起葡萄表面漂白问题及其对葡萄风味产生影响,从而引发食品安全问题。本文对葡萄病原菌特征及葡萄采后灰霉病发病症状进行了阐述,同时系统总结了目前替代传统化学杀菌的生物及天然保鲜"无硫"防治技术,并就其应用前景及发展方向作了展望,以期为今后葡萄灰霉病的无公害防治和葡萄贮藏保鲜的实际生产应用提供参考。     

MeJA处理对蓝莓果实采后灰霉病的影响及机理

以“埃利奥特”蓝莓果实为实验材料,研究茉莉酸甲酯（methyl jasmonate,MeJA）处理对蓝莓果实灰霉病、活性氧代谢酶、防御相关酶活性和总酚、总花色苷含量的影响。50 μmol/L MeJA处理蓝莓果实后刺孔接种Botrytis cinerea孢子悬浮液,于（1±1） ℃贮藏16 d。结果表明,MeJA处理有效抑制果实发病率和过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性,促进贮藏初期果实H2O2的迅速积累,提高果实防御相关酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性,促进酚类、木质素等植保素类物质的合成。表明MeJA处理可提高蓝莓果实抗病性,从而有效抑制了果实灰霉病的发生。     

采前水杨酸处理对红地球葡萄潜伏侵染及采后灰霉病的防控效果

为明确采前水杨酸处理对葡萄潜伏侵染及采后灰霉病的影响,本研究首先分离并鉴定红地球葡萄生长过程中的主要潜伏侵染真菌,并研究水杨酸（salicylic acid,SA）对灰葡萄孢菌（Botrytis cinerea）的抑菌效果及对果实抗性基因的诱导作用。本文以新疆红地球葡萄为试材,选取0（对照）、0.5、1.0、2.0 mmol/L水杨酸（SA）在膨大期、转色期和采收前2 d （预收期）喷施处理葡萄果穗,采用组织分离法分离不同时期潜伏侵染果实的病原真菌,通过形态学和分子生物学方法,对病原菌进行分类鉴定,明确主要潜伏侵染真菌的种类,统计果实采后损伤接种Botrytis cinerea后病斑直径和发病率的变化,并分析果实相关抗性基因的表达情况。结果表明:采前SA处理可以显著降低果实生长期间潜伏真菌率,对葡萄果实不同部位的潜伏侵染控制效果显著,1.0 mmol/L SA处理组优于其它组,其中对果实底部和果蒂潜伏侵染的控制效果优于顶部和果梗。此外,生长期果实共鉴定出4种主要潜伏病原真菌,分别为灰葡萄孢菌（Botrytis cinerea）、互隔交链孢霉（Alternaria alternate）、变色青霉（Penicillium discolor）和黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）。1.0 mmol/L SA处理能显著抑制B.cinerea侵染造成灰霉病发病率上升和病斑直径的扩大,SA处理可在贮藏前期诱导采后葡萄果实VvPAL1、VvChi4D和VvGlu1基因的表达,中期后期诱导VvPAL2、VvPAL7和VvPAL15的基因表达,起到提高果实抗病性。因此,SA采前处理能提高红地球葡萄对潜伏侵染病害的抗性,对采后灰霉病也有较显著的抑制效果。     

山梨酸盐与钙胁迫对甜樱桃灰霉病抗性的诱导作用

以‘秦樱1号’樱桃为试材,研究不同质量浓度山梨酸钾（1、3、5、7 g/L）、CaCl2（5、10、15、 20 g/L）处理对离体灰霉菌的抑制效果,通过菌丝生长抑制率、扫描电子显微镜观察芽管生长及孢子萌发抑制率 筛选出最佳处理质量浓度。结果表明：与对照组相比,山梨酸钾、CaCl2处理均能不同程度地抑制灰霉菌菌丝的生 长,抑制灰霉菌芽管的伸长,降低孢子的萌发率,抑制效果随质量浓度的升高逐渐加强,20 g/L CaCl2、5 g/L山梨 酸钾处理抑制效果最好。以无菌水为对照,用采前喷20 g/L CaCl2、采后5 g/L山梨酸钾处理及二者复合处理接种灰 霉菌的甜樱桃,在（23±1）℃下存放5 d,通过测定发病率、病斑直径及相关酶活力探究不同处理对甜樱桃灰霉病 的抑制效果。在活体接种实验中,与对照组相比,20 g/L CaCl2、5 g/L山梨酸钾单独及复合处理均能有效抑制接种 到甜樱桃果实上灰霉菌的生长,减缓病斑的扩展,CaCl2与山梨酸钾处理能显著抑制樱桃果实中MDA含量上升,诱 导果实合成与积累抗性相关酶（多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶）在接种1 d后或接种3 d后的 活力提高,以5 g/L山梨酸钾与20 g/L CaCl2复合处理抑制效果最好,该研究为降低由灰霉菌侵染引起的病害及采后 甜樱桃果实防腐保鲜提供了参考。     

Chitosan Coating Effect on Storability and Quality of Fresh Strawberries

The effect of chitosan coating (1.0 and 1.5% w/v) in controlling decay of strawberries at 13°C was investigated as compared to a fungicide, iprodione (Rovral®). Chitosan coating significantly reduced decay of berries (P ≤ 0.05) compared to the control. There was no significant difference between chitosan and fungicide treatments up to 21 days storage. Thereafter, Rovral®-treated berries decayed at a higher rate than chitosan-coated berries. Chitosan-coated berries stored at 4°C were firmer, higher in titratable acidity, and synthesized anthocyanin at a slower rate than Rovral®-treated or nontreated berries. Chitosan coating decreased respiration rate of the berries with a greater effect at higher concentration.     

不同浓度β-氨基丁酸处理对葡萄果实抗病性的诱导模式

分析了不同浓度（1～500 mmol/L）β-氨基丁酸（β-aminobutyric acid,BABA）处理对采后葡萄果实抗病反 应的诱导作用并明确相关抗性反应的模式。结果显示,10～500 mmol/L BABA处理可有效抑制果实在20 ℃贮藏期 间灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea）的侵染,从而降低果实发病率。在有效作用浓度中,经高浓度（100、500 mmol/L） BABA处理的模拟接种和B. cinerea接种葡萄果实均出现H2O2迸发、病程相关基因（VvNPR1.1、VvChit4和VvPR2） 表达量提升、抗病相关酶（几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶）活力升高和植保素单体（白藜芦醇和白藜芦醇脱氢二聚 体）积累等一系列典型抗病性反应。10 mmol/L BABA处理不能直接诱导果实上述抗病反应,但经10 mmol/L BABA 处理的果实在接种B. cinerea后则出现最显著的H2O2生成量、PRs转录水平和植保素含量上升现象。同时,低浓度 （10 mmol/L）BABA处理的葡萄果实中可溶性糖含量和甜度指数均显著高于高浓度（100、500 mmol/L）处理果 实。这些结果暗示,高浓度（100 mmol/L或500 mmol/L）BABA处理可诱导葡萄果实的直接抗病反应;10 mmol/L BABA处理则诱导Priming（敏化反应）作用,以使果实在病原菌侵染时展现强烈抗病性;同时,Priming抗性较直 接诱导作用可有效防止底物的过度消耗,以维持果实贮藏品质。     

β-氨基丁酸抑制草莓低温贮藏过程中灰霉病的效果及其机理

以‘红颜’草莓为实验材料,研究β-氨基丁酸(β-aminobutyric acid,BABA)对草莓果实采后贮藏在低温((5±1)℃)条件下灰霉病的抑制效果及相关机理。草莓果实经过20 mmol/L的BABA处理后接种灰葡萄孢霉(Botrytis cinerea)孢子,然后在(5±1)℃的条件下贮藏12 d,结果发现BABA显著抑制了灰霉病的发生和病斑直径的扩展,与对照组相比,处理组几丁质酶(chitinase,CHI)和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(β-1,3-glucanase,GLU)的活力分别提高了9.2%和54.9%,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase,PG)和纤维素酶(cellulose,Cel)的活力分别降低了29.3%和24.4%,同时,BABA提高了FaCHI和FaGLU基因的表达,抑制了FaPG和FaCel基因的表达;此外,体外实验的结果发现,BABA能够破坏灰葡萄孢霉孢子的质膜完整性,导致了孢子内部可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖的泄漏。结果表明,BABA通过诱导抗病相关酶活力来提高抗病性、延缓果实软化并通过对病原菌的直接抑制作用减轻草莓果实采后灰霉病的发生。