The association between gender difference with metabolic syndrome,metabolic syndrome score and serum vitamin D levels in Korean adults

This study assessed the association between gender difference with metabolic syndrome (MetS), metabolic syndrome score (MSS) and serum vitamin D levels in Korean adults. Analyses were restricted to 5147 adults (2162 men; 2985 women) aged 20 and older, using the 2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data. In the non-adjusted model, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were inversely associated with MetS (p?=?.001) and MSS (p?=?.009) in men, but positively associated with MetS (p?=?.002) and MSS (p?001) in women. However, when adjusted for related variables (including age), serum 25(OH)D levels were inversely associated with MetS (p?001) and MSS (p?001) in men, but were not associated with MetS (p?=?.200) and MSS (p?=?.541) in women. In conclusion, increases in MetS and its components were inversely associated with the serum vitamin D concentration in men.     

代谢综合征评分与Framingham风险评分预测心血管疾病的比较

目的 比较代谢综合征(MS)评分与Framingham 10年发病风险评分(FRS)预测心血管疾病(CVD)的能力.方法 参照FRS评分模式,对MS组分分层赋值,建立MS评分.以"江苏省多代谢异常和代谢综合征防治队列研究"中随访时间满5年的人群为研究对象,用Cox比例风险模型和受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)比较MS评分与FRS对CVD的预测能力.结果 MS组分评分后预测CVD的能力显著提高[MS评分/MS的ROC曲线下面积(AUC):0.70/0.65,P＜0.05,灵敏度:80.5%/74.4%];单个调整MS和FRS的组分,结果显示仅去除年龄后,FRS预测CVD发病危险的AUC明显下降,为0.65(P＜0.05);MS评分加入年龄后AUC达到0.78,灵敏度为90.2%;相同暴露条件下,包含了年龄的MS评分与CVD的联系均大于相应FRS组.结论 加入年龄因素的MS评分预测CVD的能力达到FRS相同水平,是实用的预测CVD工具.     

Relationship between inflammation biomarkers, antioxidant vitamins, and bone mineral density in patients with metabolic syndrome

Few studies have shown the correlation between metabolic syndrome and bone mineral density (BMD). The main pathogenic mechanisms of metabolic syndrome rely on chronic low-level inflammatory status and oxidative stress. There are few studies that examine the gender-specific effects of inflammation and antioxidants on BMD. In this study, we evaluated the relative contribution of these factors in patients with metabolic syndrome. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 67 men and 46 postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome; metabolic syndrome was defined as having three or more metabolic syndrome risk factors. BMD, body fat mass, and lean body mass were evaluated. We also examined the levels of high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), adiponectin, vitamin E, and C in serum. Log-transformed hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in lumbar spine osteoporotic subjects than in normal subjects for women but not for men. There was no significant difference between the normal group and the osteoporotic group in other inflammatory markers. Stepwise regression analyses for BMD of the lumbar spine showed that lean body mass and vitamin E were significant determinants in men. Lean body mass and log-transformed hs-CRP were significant determinants in women Analysis for BMD of the femoral neck showed that lean body mass was a significant determinant for both men and women. There was no significant factor among the inflammatory markers or antioxidant vitamins affecting the femoral neck BMD for either gender. In conclusion, while hs-CRP is an independent predictor of the BMD of the lumbar spine in women, vitamin E showed profound effects on BMD in men but not women with metabolic syndrome.     

Breakfast patterns are associated with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults

The Korean diet, including breakfast, is becoming more Western, which could increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. Our aim was to assess whether breakfast patterns are associated with risk for metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. The study subjects (n = 371; 103 men, 268 women) were employees of Jaesang Hospital in Korea and their acquaintances, and all subjects were between 30 and 50 years old. The data collected from each subject included anthropometric measurements, three-day food intake, blood pressure (BP) and blood analyses. The three breakfast patterns identified by factor analysis were "Rice, Kimchi and Vegetables", "Potatoes, Fruits and Nuts" and "Eggs, Breads and Processed meat". The "Rice, Kimchi and Vegetables" pattern scores were positively correlated with systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measurements in men (P < 0.05) and with serum triglyceride (TG) levels in women (P < 0.05). The "Eggs, Breads and Processed meat" pattern scores correlated positively with weight, body mass index (P < 0.05) and serum TGs (P < 0.01) in men. The "Potatoes, Fruits and Nuts" pattern was associated with lower risk of elevated BP (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.28-0.88) and fasting glucose levels (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.26-1.00). In contrast, the "Eggs, Breads and Processed meat" pattern was associated with increased risk of elevated TGs (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.06-3.98). Our results indicate that reducing the consumption of eggs, western grains and processed meat while increasing fruit, nut and vegetable intake for breakfast could have beneficial effects on decreasing metabolic syndrome risk in Korean adults.     

成年人脂肪肝与代谢综合征关系

目的 分析脂肪肝的危险因素,探讨脂肪肝(FLD)与代谢综合征(MS)的关系。方法 对2006-2007年参加健康体检的成人1113人进行现况调查、体检、生化检验、肝胆脾实时B超检查;代谢综合征的诊断及代谢指标异常的阳性标准采用美国国家胆固醇教育计划成人治疗组第三次报告2005年修订版(ATPIII2005)。结果 脂肪肝、代谢综合征的检出率分别为17.1%,9.0%,经年龄标准化后男性为20.5%,9.97%;女性为9.7%,8.54%;腰围(WC)、体质指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FPG)、甘油三酯(TG)、收缩压(SBP)及舒张压(DBP)异常的阳性率FLD组明显高于非FLD且(P<0.01),OR值为2.80～19.5,前3位分别为BMI、WC、TG;以MS的5指标异常的阳性项数为聚集标志,≥1、≥2、≥3项情况下发生脂肪肝的危险度(OR值)分别为9.56,17.67,41.13;WC、FPG、TG、HDL-C、SBP、DBP异常的阳性率及FLD的检出率MS组明显高于非MS组(P<0.01),OR值为3.00～30.7,TG、WC、FPG位列前3位,FLD的OR值为10.7。结论 肥胖、高甘油三酯、高血糖和高血压是脂肪肝的危险因素,肥胖是关键,危险因素聚集越多脂肪肝发病率越高;脂肪肝与代谢综合征有共同的危险因素;脂肪肝往往伴有代谢综合征。     

Relation of serum total antioxidant status with metabolic risk factors in Korean adults

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation of total antioxidant status (TAS) to metabolic risk factors in Korean adults. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, serum lipids and fasting glucose were determined in 406 men and women. TAS was measured by using commercially available Randox kit. Serum TAS was significantly positively correlated with body weight (p=0.004), body mass index (BMI) (p=0.033), waist circumference (p=0.017), total cholesterol (p=0.038) and triglyceride (TG) (p<0.001). The mean TAS of hypertriglyceridemic subjects (TG ≥150 mg/dl) was significantly higher than that of subjects whose TG was lower than 150 mg/dl (p=0.001). When central obesity, TG, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting glucose and blood pressure were considered as metabolic risk factors, TAS was shown to be elevated with increased number of metabolic risk factors (p=0.004). The positive association between TAS and a number of metabolic risk factors suggests that increased TAS may not always indicate one''s healthier condition. In order to help understand TAS as a marker of total antioxidant capacity in humans with various metabolic conditions, it is needed to clarify the factors affecting TAS in relation to changes in metabolic risk factors.     

Factors associated with metabolic syndrome among Korean office workers

To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and identify risk factors associated with MetS among Korean office workers, this cross-sectional study was conducted with 776 office workers. The prevalence of MetS was 13.5%; elevated waist circumference (27.5%), elevated fasting glucose (23.1%), elevated triglycerides (22.2%), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (13.4%), and elevated BP (9.4%). Having any medical health problems (OR = 3.98, 95% CI: 2.01–7.85), more knowledge of MetS (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.02–1.56), higher BMI (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.30–1.57), current smoking (OR = 3.78, 95% CI: 1.04–13.73), and physical inactivity (OR = 3.22, 95% CI: 1.21–8.58) were significantly associated with increased likelihood of MetS. Addressing the influence of these factors on MetS could lead to the development of workplace-based intervention strategies to encourage lifestyle changes and prevent the risk of MetS among Korean office workers.     

Vegetable intake is associated with lower Frammingham risk scores in Korean men: Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey 2007-2009

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESObservational studies suggest that an association between vegetable consumption and coronary heart disease (CHD). However, the results are inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate the daily intake of vegetables on a national level and its effect on the risk of CHD risk, as determined by the Framingham Risk Score (FRS).SUBJECTS/METHODSThis study was conducted a cross-sectional design of 2,510 male adults 40-64y of age who participated in the 2007-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Daily intake of vegetable was assessed by 24-h recall, and the consumption frequency of vegetables was determined using a food frequency questionnaire. The odd ratio of CHD risk according to daily intake and frequency of vegetables was analyzed.RESULTSTotal vegetable intake was inversely and significantly associated with the risk of CHD (Model 1: 4th vs. 1st quartile, OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.58-0.96, P for trend = 0.0015), and the significant relationship with CHD risk remained even after adjusting for potential confounders (Model 3: 4th vs. 1st quartile, adjusted OR [aOR] = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.49-0.95, P for trend = 0.0492). Subjects in the higher quartiles of non-salted vegetable intake had 31% lower odds of the risk of CHD compared to those in the lowest quartile after adjusting for various potential confounders in model 3 (aOR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.49-0.97, P for trend = 0.0478). No significant associations between the frequency of vegetable intake (total, green, white and red vegetable) and the risk of CHD were found.CONCLUSIONSThe major results of this study indicate that higher vegetable intake may help prevent CHD in Korean men.     

Low carbohydrate diet is associated with reduced risk of metabolic syndrome in Tehranian adults

This cohort study was conducted to examine the association of low carbohydrate diet (LCD) score with risk of incident metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components after 3.6 years of follow-up in 2044 healthy adults within framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. The LCD was calculated according to intakes of carbohydrate, monounsaturated fatty acids, refined grains, vegetable protein, fiber, n3/n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio and glycemic load (GL), using a food frequency questionnaire at baseline. In the final model, after adjustment for age, gender, smoking status, physical activity and energy intake, there was significant association between LCD score and fasting plasma glucose (β: ?0.002, 95%CI: ?0.005, ?0.001), triglycerides (TGs) (β: ?0.002, 95%CI: ?0.004, ?0.001), BP (β: ?0.001, 95%CI: ?0.002, 0.000), WC-BMI (β: ?0.003, 95%CI: ?0.005, ?0.001) and MetS risk Z-scores (β: ?0.015, 95%CI: ?0.021, ?0.002). In conclusion, LCD may be associated with a decreased risk of MetS and its components in adults.     

Dietary flavan-3-ols intake and metabolic syndrome risk in Korean adults

Flavan-3-ols are a subclass of flavonoids found in a variety of foods including teas. The effects of flavan-3-ols on the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been investigated, generally focusing on tea catechins or individual flavan-3-ol rich foods, but there is little information on dietary flavan-3-ols intake and risk of MetS in population-based studies. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the association between dietary flavan-3-ols intake and the risk of MetS in Korean adults. Subjects comprised 1,827 men and 2,918 women aged 20-69 years whose data was included in the 2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. This survey was conducted between January 2008 and December 2008. Total flavan-3-ols intakes were calculated from 24-hour dietary recalls using a flavonoids database. Thirty percent of the male subjects and 24% of the female subjects were reported as having MetS. In the female subjects, flavan3-ols intake was inversely associated with the risk of MetS after adjusting for potential confounders (5th vs. 1st quintile, OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.45-0.91, P for trend = 0.384). The main food source of flavan-3-ols was green tea followed by apples and grapes. Among MetS components, flavan3-ols intake was inversely associated with the risk of high blood pressure after adjusting for potential confounders (5th vs. 1st quintile, OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.45-0.90, P for trend = 0.005). No significant association between flavan-3-ols intake and risk of MetS was found in the male subjects. After stratified analysis by obesity (BMI ≥ 25 or BMI < 25), however, flavan3-ols intake was inversely related to the risk of hypertension in non-obese men. These results suggest that dietary flavan-3-ols intake may have beneficial effects on MetS risk by reducing the risk of hypertension. The effects of flavan-3-ols intake dependent on obesity need further investigation.     

Interactions between prebiotics,probiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols: diet or supplementation for metabolic syndrome prevention?

The metabolic syndrome can be prevented by the Mediterranean diet, characterized by fiber, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols. However, the composition of the Mediterranean diet, which can be viewed as a natural multiple supplement, is poorly controlled, and its beneficial effects poorly predictable. The metabolic syndrome is associated with intestinal dysbiosis and the gut microbioma seems to be the main target and player in the interactions occurring between probiotics, prebiotics, omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and polyphenols. From the reviewed evidence, it is reasonable to manage growth and metabolism of gut microflora with specific prebiotics and polyphenols. Even though the healthy properties of functional foods and nutraceuticals still need to be fully elucidated, available data suggest that well-designed supplements, containing the better ratio of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants, specific probiotic strains, and selected polyphenols and prebiotics, could be useful in metabolic syndrome prevention and treatment.     

哈萨克族代谢综合征与游离脂肪酸及胰岛素抵抗关系

目的 探讨游离脂肪酸(FFA)、胰岛素抵抗(IR)与新疆哈萨克族代谢综合征(MS)关系。方法 在哈萨克族人群现况调查中,随机抽取MS患者195例和健康者120人进行病例对照研究;检测糖代谢相关指标,采用比色法测定FFA浓度,采用放射免疫法测定空腹胰岛素(FINS)浓度,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA_IR)。结果 MS病例组男性FFA为(0.57±0.22)mmol/L,女性为(0.65±0.24)mmol/L,对照组男性为(0.46±0.22)mmol/L,女性为(0.52±0.17)mmol/L;MS病例组男性HOMA_IR为(5.17±4.89),女性为(3.75±3.37),对照组男性为(1.62±1.29),女性为(2.20±1.53);2组男、女性FFA、HOMA-IR差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01);随着FFA浓度与HOMA_IR的增加,MS患者比例增加;多因素logistic回归分析显示,FFA浓度为0.55 mmol/L～、0.69 mmol/L～,对MS的影响分别OR=4.374(95%CI=1.271～15.046)和OR=4.208(95%CI=1.068～16.586);HOMA_IR为3.96～时,对MS的影响OR=8.552(95%CI=2.064～35.428);FFA、HOMA_IR与MS各组分的相关均有统计学意义(P<0.05);调整年龄、性别、HOMA_IR等影响后,FFA只与腰围、舒张压相关(P<0.05)。结论 胰岛素抵抗可能是新疆哈萨克族人群中MS重要的独立危险因素,而FFA可能不是一个独立危险因子,它可能通过其他机制影响机体产生胰岛素抵抗,从而导致MS及其各组分的发生和发展。     

焦炉作业工人代谢综合征及其危险因素分析

目的 分析焦炉作业工人代谢综合征(MS)患病情况及其危险因素,为其防治提供依据.方法 选取某焦化厂 267名男性焦炉作业工人为暴露组,同厂171名库工、材料工、机电工人为对照组,调查表收集个人基本信息,检测身高、体重、血压、空腹血糖、胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、甘油三酯水平,按照中华医学会糖尿病分会建议的标准诊断MS.结果 暴露组MS和高血压患病率分别为10.5%和25.5%,其中炉顶、炉侧、炉底组MS和高血压患病率分别为11.2%、8.5%、11.5%和31.8%、20.7%、21.8%,均明显高于对照组(2.3%和10.5%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).炉顶、炉侧、炉底3组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,焦炉暴露和年龄为MS和高血压的危险因素,调整OR(95%CI)值分别为6.798(2.021～21.793)、1.184 1(0.087～1.290)和3.161(1.737～5.752)、1.085(1.026～1.147).结论 焦炉作业可增加焦炉工人MS和高血压患病危险性,年龄与MS升高有关联.     

Skipping breakfast is associated with diet quality and metabolic syndrome risk factors of adults

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of skipping breakfast on diet quality and metabolic disease risk factors in healthy Korean adults. Subjects included 415 employees (118 men, 297 women; 30-50 years old) of Jaesang Hospital in Korea and their acquaintances. Data collected from each subject included anthropometric measurements, 3-day dietary intake, blood pressure, and blood analyses. The subjects were classified into three groups based on the number of days they skipped breakfast: ''Regular breakfast eater'', ''Often breakfast eater'', or ''Rare breakfast eater''. Participants in the ''Rare breakfast eater'' group consumed less rice, potatoes, kimchi, vegetables, fish and shellfish, milk and dairy products, and sweets than did participants in the other two groups (P for trend < 0.05) and ate more cookies, cakes, and meat for dinner (P for trend < 0.05). Participants in the ''Rare breakfast eater'' group consumed less daily energy, fat, dietary fiber, calcium, and potassium than did participants in the other groups (P for trend < 0.05). The percent energy from carbohydrates was lower and fat intake was higher in the ''Rare breakfast eater'' group than in the other groups (P for trend < 0.01). When diets were compared using the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Koreans, 59.1% of subjects in the ''Rare breakfast eater'' group consumed more energy from fat compared with the other two groups (P < 0.005). According to the Estimated Average Requirements for Koreans, intake of selected nutrients was lower in the ''Rare breakfast eater'' group than in the other two groups (P < 0.05). The risk of elevated serum triglycerides was decreased in the ''Rare breakfast eater'' group (OR, 0.3 [0.1-1.0], P for trend = 0.0232). We conclude that eating breakfast regularly enhances diet quality, but may increase the risk of elevated serum triglycerides.     

755名部队在职干部代谢综合征现况调查

目的调查部队在职干部中代谢综合征的发病情况。方法755例(男574例,女181例),入选对象年龄35~60岁,代谢综合征诊断标准参照美国国家胆固醇教育计划ATPⅢ标准。结果被调查人员对血脂、糖尿病危害的知晓率只有20%。血压超标检出率29%,血糖超标(包括糖尿病)检出率25.7%,腹围超标检出率为49%,高甘油三酯检出率27.6%,低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇检出率3.1%;符合代谢综合征诊断标准者占总人数的18%。结论部队在职干部代谢异常发病情况存在着患病率高、知晓率低、治疗率低、达标率低的特点。     

高尿酸血症与代谢综合征关系

目的 探讨代谢综合征及其各组分对高尿酸血症的影响.方法 采用横断面研究,对健康体检人员进行调查与体检,并进行血清学检查;采用SPSS13.0统计软件分析高尿酸血症与代谢综合征各主要组分之间的关系及其强度.结果 高尿酸血症组高胆固醇血症、高甘油三酯血症、高收缩压、高舒张压、肥胖、高血糖,低HDL-C血症和代谢综合征的发生率分别为23.98%,45.45%,15.81%,14.76%,44.66%,9.75%,6.06%及12.25%,均高于尿酸正常组;多因素分析结果显示,高甘油三酯血症、高胆固醇血症、肥胖和高舒张压为高尿酸血症的危险因素,女性为保护因素.结论 高尿酸血症与代谢综合征各组分间关系密切.     

知识分子人群代谢综合征患病及危险因素分析

目的 分析合肥市高级知识分子人群中代谢练合征（MS）的患病情况及主要危险因素，为MS的防治提供依据。方法 通过整群抽样。对合肥市4726名35岁以上具有高级职称的科研人员进行横断面调查，比较不同年龄、性别的MS及各种代谢异常患病率，同时进行相关危险因素Logisitic回归分析。结果 该人群MS患病率为14．5％，且随着年龄的增长患病率呈增加趋势；MS相关危险因素中，性别、年龄、食盐摄入、腌制食品、肉类摄入、高血压家族史等因素差异有统计学意义，其中肉类摄入为保护因素。结论 高级职称科研人员中MS患病率状况不容乐观。应作为MS高危人群开展预防保健工作。     

中小学教师代谢综合征影响因素分析

目的 了解中小学教师代谢综合征(MS)发病及其影响因素。方法 采用横断面调查方法,随机抽取芜湖市中小学教师2 026名,进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测,并运用Logistic回归分析代谢综合征影响因素。结果 不同性别的中小学教师在受教育程度、牛奶摄入、水产品摄入和饮茶习惯等方面的差异有统计学意义;其中受教育程度、体育锻炼、水产品摄入和饮茶是保护因素,而年龄、工作紧张程度、糖的摄入可能是代谢综合征的危险因素。Logistic逐步回归分析结果提示,牛奶摄入、水产品摄入和饮茶是代谢综合征的保护因素,而年龄和糖摄入是代谢综合征的危险因素,其中牛奶摄入在250~1500 g/周(OR=0.731,95%CI=0.542~0.987),水产品摄入在250~1000 g/周(OR=0.720,95%CI=0.541~0.959)以及以前饮茶(OR=0.446,95%CI=0.255~0.779)和现在正在饮茶(OR=0.635,95%CI=0.458~0.883),对代谢综合征的保护作用明显,而糖摄入<=250 g/月时代谢综合征的患病的危险是不食用食糖的2倍(OR=2.084,95%CI=1.390~3.125)。结论 年龄和糖摄入是代谢综合征患病的危险因素,而牛奶、水产品和饮茶是代谢综合征的保护因素。