非饱和土的抗剪强度与含水率关系的试验研究

研究非饱和土的抗剪强度及其随含水率的变化规律,对工程实践具有重要意义。在总结前人试验研究成果的基础上,以欠固结的第三系粉砂土为研究对象,对原状土和两种控制含水率方法的重塑土进行直剪试验,并与前人研究进行对比。研究结果表明,随着含水率的增加,土的抗剪强度降低,含水率对抗剪强度的影响主要是降低了土的黏聚力,对内摩擦角的影响较小。含水率与黏聚力之间的关系可以由两个直线段描述,第2直线段的斜率要大于第1直线段,当含水率增加到一定值时,土的黏聚力急剧下降。通过控制干密度,添加不同质量的水来改变土样含水率的重塑土方法,不仅改变了土样的含水率,还改变了土的压实度和颗粒结构,因此,土的抗剪强度的变化是含水率和压实度共同影响的结果,在分析试验结果时应该引起重视。     

Engineering approach to interpretation of oedometer tests performed on collapsible soils

Two mathematical models were selected for describing soil collapsibility. The elastic behavior of quasi-uniform materials was utilized for modeling one-dimensional compression of ‘dry’ soil specimens. Water-saturated soil specimens were modeled as elastic materials where deformation properties ‘improve’ during stress increase. Two simple formulas are offered for the interpretation of the double oedometer tests. The validity of these formulas derived within the common stress domain was demonstrated. The analytical expressions derived from the double oedometer tests may be utilized in the interpretation of the single oedometer tests. The effectiveness of the suggested method in the interpretation of single oedometer test was illustrated using the test results published in the literature.     

临近基坑既有建筑物地基的抗剪强度指标取值问题

基坑开挖不仅改变了半无限空间体边界条件,卸载时还会引起周围地层移动,导致既有建筑物地基承载力的附加损失。在临近基坑既有建筑物地基承载力计算中,其抗剪强度参数的选取有别于斜坡上地基计算参数的常规取值方法。通过探讨临近基坑既有建筑物地基抗剪强度指标的取值问题,建议以地基土的完全软化强度与残余抗剪强度的平均值作为临近基坑既有建筑物地基抗剪强度指标,并据此估算了临近基坑既有建筑物地基承载力。所得结果与斜坡上地基承载力的试验值和理论解对比分析后显示出其具有一定的合理性。所建议的抗剪强度指标取值方法,还有待于试验的进一步验证。     

非饱和土的剪切强度

首先回顾了非饱和土剪切强度的研究现状,接着在控制吸力非饱和土三轴剪切试验的基础上提出了非饱和土剪切强度的双曲模型,它可预测不同吸力对强度的贡献———τｓ ,预测结果令人满意,具有很好的实用性。     

Shear strength behaviour of polypropylene fibre reinforced cohesive soils

Soil reinforcement through the inclusion of oriented or randomly distributed discrete elements such as fibres has recently attracted increasing attention in geotechnical engineering. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of certain parameters (the strength properties of the fibre, the relative size of the fibres and grains, and the rate of shear) on the shear strength of polypropylene fibre reinforced cohesive soils. A series of consolidated drained or undrained direct shear tests were conducted on unreinforced and reinforced sandy silt and silty clay specimens. Two types of polypropylene fibres with different mechanical indices were used. The fibre content was varied between 0.3% and 1.1% by weight of dry soil. The test results revealed that the inclusion of fibres in soil significantly increases the shear strength. The attainment of the high shear strength is attributed to the micromechanisms involved in the fibre/soil interactions as studied through scanning electron micrographs. The results also showed that the reinforcement effect was more pronounced under undrained shearing conditions. An important outcome from the current work is that, from the data obtained, the strength of the reinforced soil composites is not practically affected by the fibre mechanical indices.     

非饱和土抗剪强度理论的研究进展

非饱和土的工程性质是20世纪90年代以来国际岩土工程界研究的热点,非饱和土的抗剪强度是非饱和土的重要工程性质之一,在参阅了中、外文相关资料的基础上,总结了非饱和土抗剪强度理论的研究成果,提出了非饱和土抗剪强度有待进一步研究的问题。     

吸力对非饱和土抗剪强度的贡献

回顾了非饱和土抗剪强度理论，并进行了评价；系统地分析和总结了吸力对抗剪强度的贡献。     

植物根系对土体抗剪强度影响的研究

通过室内直剪实验分析了不同含水率下有根和无根的扰动砾砂土体的抗剪性能。得出:在相同含水率下,有根土体相对于无根土体其内聚力较小,内摩擦角较大;有根土体的抗剪强度随含水率的增大而减小。最后为其在工程中的应用提出了一些建议,可为植物根系护坡技术的应用提供一定的借鉴意义。     

The residual shear strength of some Hellenic clayey soils

Summary A programme of residual shear strength testing has been undertaken on a number of Hellenic soil types: Marls, Clays and Flysch. The residual strength was determined using the Bromhead ring shear aparatus. For the applied normal stress range the residual strength envelope was straight and the resultant residual friction angle values are correlated with the index properties, such as Atterberg limits and grain-size distribution. The influence of mineralogy on the residual friction angle is also considered.     

滑带土强度特性研究现状

滑带土强度特性对滑坡稳定性研究和滑坡防治工程设计具有重要意义。通过回顾国内外一些代表性工作,总结了其主要研究内容、研究方法和成果。研究内容包括5种特征强度：峰值抗剪强度、残余抗剪强度、完全软化强度、滑坡启动强度、长期抗剪强度以及相应的微观结构特征;研究方法以现场与室内试验为主,理论分析和反演分析为辅;研究成果主要反映在各种特征强度及其相互关系、剪切引起的微观结构变化特征方面。重点介绍了残余强度研究成果,包括其影响因素和数值估算。最后指出了研究工作中应该加强的几个方面,如特殊滑带土的研究（如砾质滑带土）、新的测试技术和研究方法的发展以及反分析法的正确运用等。     

百色重塑膨胀土抗剪强度的试验研究

通过对不同初始含水率、不同干密度下百色重塑膨胀土直剪试验,研究了百色击实重塑膨胀土在不同垂直压力下的峰值强度和残余强度,分析了其抗剪强度的作用机制。研究表明：随着干密度的增加,土体的峰值强度增大,残余强度变化不大;随着上覆荷载的增加,土体的抗剪强度明显增加,表明物理处治技术填筑膨胀土路堤能保证其强度和稳定性;干密度对重塑膨胀土的峰值强度影响较大,而对残余强度影响很小;重塑膨胀土的残余强度与它的结构、应力历史、起始含水率没有关系,而只取决于黏土颗粒的形态、大小、含量和矿物成分等因素。     

Geotechnical characterisation of pyroclastic soils involved in huge flowslides

Landslides of the flow type involving granular geo-materials frequently result in casualties and damage to property because of the long travel distance and the high velocities that these may attain. This was true for the events that took place in Campania Region (Southern Italy) in May 1998, involving pyroclastic soils originating from explosive activities of the Somma-Vesuvius volcano. Although these phenomena have frequently affected various areas of the Campania region over the last few centuries, there were no useful geological and geotechnical references available in the aftermath of the May 1998 events. For this reason Salerno University, which was involved in the scientific management of the emergency, addressed the issue of acquiring data on the geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological features of the slopes where the landslides had taken place. The information acquired made it possible to set up a slope evolution model that is able to interpret, from a geological point of view, past and more recent landslides that had occurred in the same area. As preliminary geotechnical analyses had already validated the above model, more detailed investigations were performed both on the pore pressure regimen of the covers still in place as well as on the physical and mechanical properties of pyroclastic soils, in saturated and unsaturated conditions. The present paper begins by discussing the data acquired during the .rst phase of the studies and then goes on to illustrate the laboratory results so far obtained with the aid of approximate procedures. These help advance our knowledge of pyroclastic soils within a reasonable time frame, thus improving landslide triggering analysis.     

考虑饱和度的压实填土抗剪强度研究

压实填土一般为典型的非饱和土,广泛存在于各类工程中,其物理力学性质受填土含水状态的影响。因基质吸力测量困难,非饱和土强度理论难以在压实填土工程中应用。研究含水状态变化对压实土抗剪强度影响的大小,寻找一种简化实用的非饱和压实土抗剪强度确定方法。从非饱和土理论出发,对含水状态影响压实土抗剪强度的机制进行了分析,重新整理并分析了5种压实土的非饱和三轴试验结果,对一些压实土工程资料中的直剪试验强度指标进行了收集和整理。分析表明,基质吸力对压实填土抗剪强度的贡献占有相当大的比例;含水率变化对压实填土抗剪强度的影响是非常显著和不容忽视的。工程资料中压实土饱和度对数值与黏聚力指标有良好的线性相关关系,提出了一个考虑饱和度影响的压实填土抗剪强度简易计算方法。     

Comparison between Empirical Estimation by JRC-JCS Model and Direct Shear Test for Joint Shear Strength

In order to study the reliability of the empirical estimation of joint shear strength by the JRC(joint roughness coefficient)-JCS(joint compressive strength) model,natural rock joints of dif-ferent lithologic characteristics and different sizes were selected as samples,and their shear strengths under dry and saturated conditions were measured by direct shear test and compared to those esti-mated by the JRC-JCS model.Comparison results show that for natural rock joints with joint surfaces closely matched,the...     

冻土动荷载直剪仪的研制

冻土的动力学参数是工程设计的重要依据之一,也是数值模拟时不可或缺的因素,动力学参数的正确与否直接影响了工程设计和数值模拟的正确性。通过分析其他学者做过的冻土动荷载三轴试验,以及参考普通直剪仪器的构造,北京交通大学冻土室研制了一种新型的冻土动荷载直剪仪,该仪器将传统直剪仪的水平静载部分改造为能够提供动荷载作动器,可以提供一个0.1~6 Hz、20kN以内的动荷载,用于测定冻土的动力学参数。介绍了动荷载直剪仪的结构组成、动力系统、测控系统等,并详细分析了仪器框架、直剪盒、动荷载作动器等的参数选取方法。最后使用该仪器进行了一组验证试验,试验结果表明,动荷载直剪仪能够完成其设计目的,可以测量出冻土在动荷载下的应力-应变曲线,从而求出动弹性模量、动阻尼比等,为冻土的动力学参数测定开辟了一条新的道路。     

Geotechnical engineering practice for collapsible soils

Conditions in arid and semi-arid climates favor the formation of the most problematic collapsible soils. The mechanisms that account for almost all naturally occurring collapsible soil deposits are debris flows, rapid alluvial depositions, and wind-blown deposits (loess). Collapsible soils are moisture sensitive in that increase in moisture content is the primary triggering mechanism for the volume reduction of these soils. One result of urbanization in arid regions is an increase in soil moisture content. Therefore, the impact of development-induced changes in surface and groundwater regimes on the engineering performance of moisture sensitive arid soils, including collapsible soils, becomes a critical issue for continued sustainable population expansion into arid regions.In practicing collapsible soils engineering, geotechnical engineers are faced with (1) identification and characterization of collapsible soil sites, (2) estimation of the extent and degree of wetting, (3) estimation of collapse strains and collapse settlements, and (4) selection of design/mitigation alternatives. Estimation of the extent and degree of wetting is the most difficult of these tasks, followed by selection of the best mitigation alternative.     

岩石直接剪切试验残余强度浅析

对岩石剪切残余强度进行了浅析,主要以唐山马城铁矿的岩石试验为依据,探讨了岩石剪切峰值强度和残余强度的关系,分析了岩石剪切残余强度的影响因素,为大家了解、利用岩石的剪切残余强度提供了参考意义。     

非饱和红粘土和膨胀土抗剪强度的比较研究

红粘土是对环境湿热变化敏感的塑性粘土,具有一般膨胀土吸水膨胀失水收缩的特性。与普通粘性土相比,红粘土与膨胀土的强度特性更为复杂。它既是土体抵抗剪切破坏能力的表征,也是计算路堑、渠道、路堤、土坝等斜坡稳定性以及支挡构筑物土压力的重要参数。通过试验研究讨论了红粘土与膨胀土的强度特性以及与一般粘性土的差别及其各种影响因素,并探讨了非饱和红粘土与膨胀土的抗剪强度指标与含水量之间的相关关系。试验结果表明,红粘土与一般膨胀土的吸水膨胀规律完全相同。其试验结果可为红粘土与膨胀土地区工程设计与建设提供参考依据。     

生物酶改良淤泥质土的时效强度试验研究

工程中使用水泥石灰等材料加固淤泥质土,由于土中的腐植酸有机质会阻碍水泥胶凝物质的形成,影响加固土长期强度。利用生物酶加固能够有效减小受有机质影响,但加固的时效特征却并不清晰。为探究生物酶固化剂加固淤泥质土的物性指标随时间变化规律,选择两种生物酶加固剂（泰然酶、E3酶）作为研究对象,开展加固土样的不排水不固结三轴剪切试验、光学显微与电镜扫描结合的细观结构测试等进行试验分析,研究结果表明：掺入两类生物酶以及各自改良配方后,土试样抗剪强度相较原状土最低各自提升了316.2%与287.3%。细观结构上泰然酶改良土体形成了板片状的致密结构,通过提高原土体内摩擦角达到增加抗剪强度,E3酶改良土表面则形成不规整的类球状或团聚状结构,强化了颗粒间的黏结作用,提高黏聚力以达到加固的目的。同时生物酶的效能发挥在时间尺度上为非单调增长,从第7天开始生物酶加固土样强度相较空白对照组具有优势,到60天强度逐步接近空白对照组,其作用效果存在明显的强化期（7~60 d）和衰落期（60~90 d）。研究成果对生物酶加固淤泥质土的工程问题解决具有较好的应用价值和理论意义。     

区分毛细和吸附作用的非饱和土抗剪强度模型

基于对非饱和土中孔隙水毛细和吸附作用的区分,得到了一种机制明确的非饱和土抗剪强度模型。首先,假定两种非饱和土的特殊状态,即只存在毛细作用的理想毛细状态和只存在吸附作用的理想吸附状态。分别给出了这两种理想状态的抗剪强度模型,其中毛细作用的影响可表示为考虑气化过程的有效饱和度和吸力的乘积,吸附作用的影响可初步简化表示为表观黏聚力的最大值。其次,利用二元介质模型,认为非饱和土中土-水作用是由这两种理想状态的不同权重组合而成。通过气化概率分布函数,表示了实际非饱和土中两种理想状态的参与比重,建立了适用于较广吸力变化范围的非饱和土抗剪强度模型。最后,通过与试验结果及当前流行的模型拟合结果的对比,验证了所建立的模型的合理性。研究表明,在考虑吸力对非饱和土力学性质的影响时,应该区分吸力的不同作用。