On the Correlation between Radio Properties and Black Hole Mass of Quasars

The question whether the radio properties of quasars are related to the mass of the central black hole or the accretion rate is important for our understanding of the formation of relativistic jets, but no consensus has been reached from statistical analyses. Using two large quasar samples, one radio-selected, one optical-selected, we re-exarnined these relations and find that previous differences between radio- and optical- selected samples can be ascribed, at least partly, to the effect of the narrow line component. All previous claimed correlations are much weaker, if exist at all.     

Discovery of Five Narrow－Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies and Implications on the NLS1 Model

We report the discovery of five Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLSls) identified from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey bright sources. One of them has a quasarlike luminosity and two, including the quasar-like one, have close companions and/or show interacting features. We calculate the central black hole masses and Eddington ratios for the five NLSls. In combination with the objects of Kaspi et al., we find that NLSls have smaller central black hole masses and higher accretion rate than normal Seyfert ls.     

On the Black Hole - Bulge Mass Ratios in Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies

We present estimated ratios of the central black hole mass to the bulge mass (Mbh/Mbulge) for 15 Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s). It is found that NLS1s apparently have lower mass ratios: the average mass ratio is about 1 × 10-4 with a spread of 2, which is one order of magnitude lower than for Broad Line AGNs and quiescent galaxies. This lower value, as compared to that established essentially for all other types of galaxies, can be accounted for by an underestimation of the black hole masses and an overestimation of the bulge masses in the NLS1s.     

Discovery of Five Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies and Im- plications on the NLS1 Model

We report the discovery of five Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLSls) identified from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey bright sources. One of them has a quasar-like luminosity and two, including the quasar-like one, have close companions and/or show interacting features. We calculate the central black hole masses and Eddington ratios for the five NLSls. In combination with the objects of Kaspi et al., we find that NLSls have smaller central black hole masses and higher accretion rate than normal Seyfert 1s.     

Radio Luminosity, Black Hole Mass and Eddington Ratio for Quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

We investigate the MBH-O'.relation for radio-loud quasars with redshift z＜0.83 in Data Release 3 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS).The sample consists of 3772 quasars with better models of the H/~ and [O III] lines and available radio luminosity,including 306 radio-loud quasars,3466 radio-quiet quasars with measured radio luminosity or upper-limit of radio luminosity (181 radio-quiet quasars with measured radio luminosity).The virial supermassive black hole mass (MBH) is calculated from the broad H/line,and the host stellar velocity dispersion (σ*) is traced by the core [O III] gaseous velocity dispersion.The radio luminosity and radio loudness are derived from the FIRST catalog.Our results are as follows:(1) For radio-quiet quasars,we confirm that there is no obvious deviation from the MBH-O".relation defined for inactive galaxies when the uncertainties in MBH and the luminosity bias are concerned.(2) We find that the radio-loud quasars deviate more from the MBH-σ.relation than do the radio-quiet quasars.This deviation is only partly due to a possible cosmological evolution of the MBH-σ* relation and the luminosity bias.(3) The radioluminosity is proportional to M128 0.23-0.16 BH(LBol/LEdd)1.29 0.31-0.24 for radio-quiet quasars and to M3.10 0.6.-0.70(LBol.LEdd)4.18 1.40-1.10 for radio-loud quasars.The weaker dependence of the radio luminosity on the mass and the Eddington ratio for radio-loud quasars shows that other physical effects would account for their radio luminosities,such as the spin of the black hole.     

黑洞吸积盘理论进展

在已知的四种黑洞吸积盘模型中，Shapiro-Lightman-Eardley(SLE)盘是不稳定的，细（Slim)盘研究得还不够，较为成功的是最早建立的Shakura-Sunyaev盘（SSD）和近年成为热点的径移主导吸积流（ADAF）。SSD和ADAF看来分别适用于吸积流中离黑洞较远和较近的区域，故二者的结合即ADAF＋SSD模型有望对黑洞吸积流作出较为完整的描述，但这个结合模型也还有不少未解决的问题。     

Estimating Black Hole Masses of AGNs using Ultraviolet Emission Line Properties

Based on measured broad line region sizes in the reverberation-mapping AGN sample, two new empirical relations are introduced to estimate the central black hole masses of radio-loud high-redshift (z > 0.5) AGNs. First, using the archival IUE/HST spectroscopy data at UV band for the reverberation-mapping objects, we obtained two new empirical relations between the BLR size and Mg II/C IV emission line luminosity. Secondly, using the newly determined black hole masses of the reverberation-mapping sample as calibration, we found two new relationships for determining the black hole mass with the full width at half maximum and the luminosity of Mg II/C IV line. We then apply the relations to estimate the black hole masses of the AGNs in the Large Bright Quasar Survey and a sample of radio-loud quasars. For the objects with small radio-loudness, the black hole mass estimated using the RBLR-LMgII/C IV relation is consistent with that from the RBLR-L3000 (?)/1350(?) relation. For radio-loud AGNs, however, the mass estimated from the RBLR-LMgII/CIV relation is sys- tematically lower than that from the continuum luminosity L3000(?)/1350(?). Because jets could have significant contributions to the UV/optical continuum luminosity of radio-loud AGNs, we emphasize once again that for radio-loud AGNs, the emission line luminosity may be a better tracer of the ionizing luminosity than the continuum luminosity, so that the relations between the BLR size and UV emission line luminosities should be used to estimate the black hole masses of high redshift radio-loud AGNs.     

双黑洞系统的不同起源及其参数分布

双黑洞组成的近密双星系统并合是激光干涉仪引力波天文台等地基引力波探测器的主要探测对象。随着探测器灵敏度的提高,大量该类信号的探测将成为进一步研究黑洞物理的有效工具。但是目前对双黑洞系统的起源机制和内禀参数分布等物理问题的研究还不够深入,例如由引力波探测得到的黑洞质量分布与X射线双星观测的结果存在较大差异,还未有很好的理论模型可解释该结果。目前普遍认为双黑洞系统主要有两种起源:大质量双星演化机制和动力学起源机制。基于这两类起源的双黑洞系统在质量、自旋分布等方面存在差异。因此可在贝叶斯理论框架下,利用引力波信号携带的波源质量和自旋等信息,推断波源起源,计算不同起源的双黑洞系统所占比例,以及检验质量自旋等参数分布的差异。     

An application of the Kerr black hole fly-wheel model to statistical properties of QSOs/AGNs

The aim of this work is to demonstrate the properties of the magnetospheric model around Kerr black holes (BHs), the so-called fly-wheel (rotation driven) model. The fly-wheel engine of the BH–accretion disc system is applied to the statistics of QSOs/AGNs. In the model, the central BH is assumed to be formed at z ∼10² and obtains nearly maximum but finite rotation energy (∼extreme Kerr BH) at the formation stage. The inherently obtained rotation energy of the Kerr BH is released through a magnetohydrodynamic process. This model naturally leads to a finite lifetime of AGN activity.
Nitta, Takahashi & Tomimatsu clarified the individual evolution of the Kerr BH fly-wheel engine, which is parametrized by BH mass, initial Kerr parameter, magnetic field near the horizon and a dimensionless small parameter. We impose a statistical model for the initial mass function (IMF) of an ensemble of BHs using the Press–Schechter formalism. With the help of additional assumptions, we can discuss the evolution of the luminosity function and the spatial number density of QSOs/AGNs.
By comparing with observations , it is found that a somewhat flat IMF and weak dependence of the magnetic field on the BH mass are preferred. The result explains well the decrease of very bright QSOs and decrease of population after z ∼2.     

活动星系核中黑洞质量和吸积率分布研究

红移、中心黑洞质量和吸积率是活动星系核演化的重要参数.利用反响映射法计算了172个类星体和Seyfert星系样本的中心黑洞质量,并分析了中心黑洞的质量、红移、爱丁顿吸积率的分布,进而验证了从类星体过渡到Seyfert星系的演化.     

活动星系核的铁Kα和铁Kβ发射线-Cerenkov线状辐射的进一步证据

最近XMM—Newton观测到了Seyfert 1星系,NGC3783,除存在着6．4keV的铁Kα发射线外,还存在着很强的7．0 keV的铁Kβ发射线,且两者之间的等值宽度(EW) 之比难以由传统的“光电吸收-莹光机制”来解释．利用尤峻汉等人提出的Cerenkov线状发射机制可合理解释EWKα／EWKβ．给出了详细的模型考虑和理论计算,结果表明活动星系核中产生铁K线的机制不只有莹光机制还有Cerenkov线状辐射机制．两者共存于活动星系核(AGNs)中,而且以Cerenkov辐射机制为主．     

Low-Luminosity Accretion in Black Hole X-Ray Binaries and Active Galactic Nuclei

At luminosities below a few percent of Eddington, accreting black holes switch to a hard spectral state which is very different from the soft blackbody-like spectral state that is found at higher luminosities. The hard state is well-described by a two-temperature, optically thin, geometrically thick, advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) in which the ions are extremely hot (up to 10¹² K near the black hole), the electrons are also hot (∼10^9−10.5 K), and thermal Comptonization dominates the X-ray emission. The radiative efficiency of an ADAF decreases rapidly with decreasing mass accretion rate, becoming extremely low when a source reaches quiescence. ADAFs are expected to have strong outflows, which may explain why relativistic jets are often inferred from the radio emission of these sources. It has been suggested that most of the X-ray emission also comes from a jet, but this is less well established.     

OJ287双黑洞轨道计算:3.5阶后牛顿近似

大质量双黑洞OJ287是一个强引力辐射源.为了探测其引力波信号,需要知道波形,而这主要是由轨道运动所决定.为此,从广义相对论3.5阶后牛顿近似的运动方程出发对OJ287的轨道进行仔细研究,取大黑洞位置固定作为近似,给出了后牛顿近似下3.5阶的次黑洞轨道解,比他人2.5阶的工作高了一阶.次黑洞撞击吸积盘面到光学爆发存在时间延迟,这对于确定轨道参数有很大影响.利用径向距离与爆发时间关系的线性模型,对最近7次爆发时刻的观测值拟合,给出了更精确的OJ287双黑洞的轨道参数及其运动轨道.分析了计算结果,研究运动特征,并且发现了两个新性质:次黑洞进动在初期增加,在晚期接近并和时,进动达到最大值,然后减小并越过0而趋于负值.尚不能确定晚期的这个行为是否由3.5阶近似不够准确所造成.运动方程中耗散性的辐射项,后牛顿2.5阶和3.5阶的系数具有相反的符号.这意味着3.5阶项反而是从外界吸收能量.但2.5阶与3.5阶之和仍然是向外辐射引力波的,体系能量变化率为负.这个工作的计算结果可以用来更精确地计算OJ287的引力辐射.     

Probing the nuclear activity with supermassive black holes

We report three new or updated techniques for probing the parameters of active galaxies based on the masses of their central black holes M_BH). First, we derived a near-IR analog of the bulge luminosity versus M_BH relationship. The low scatter makes it a promising new tool to study the black hole demographics. Next, we present relations between M_BH and the10 μm and 2-10 keV nuclear luminosity. They may help to study the M_BH evolution over wide redshift ranges. Finally, we measured M_BH in quasars from z ∼ 3.4 to z ∼ 0.3 to search directly for M_BH growth. Surprisingly, we found no evidence for growth implying that the majority of quasar host galaxies have undergone their last major merger at z ≥ 3. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

黑洞吸积理论及其天体物理学应用的近期发展(Ⅰ)

黑洞吸积理论是天体物理学的一个基础理论,是认识许多高能天体系统,如活动星系核、黑洞X射线双星、伽马射线暴等的重要物理基础。该文评述了近年来黑洞吸积理论,尤其是径移主导吸积流(advection-dominated accretion flow,ADAF)模型及其变种的主要发展,并介绍该理论在银河系中心、低光度活动星系核、黑洞X射线双星等方面的应用。全文分为两篇,该文是第一篇,内容是关于黑洞的热吸积流理论及其在银河系中心的应用。     

The Steep Balmer Decrement of Quasars and Seyfert I Galaxies and its Origin

Observations of QSOs and Seyfert I galaxies show an anomalously steep Balmer decrement, which is in contradiction to the prediction of the traditional recombination theory. This is a long standing puzzle in past three decades in the study of AGNs. In this paper, we provide an alternative approach to solve this puzzle by using a newly recognized line emission mechanism, namely, the “Cerenkov line-like radiation”. For this purpose, we collected about a hundred of QSOs and Seyfert I galaxies, whose Balmer decrements have been measured and published in the past 30 years, and make the theoretical calculations on the observed Balmer decrements using an improved formula for the Cerenkov line intensity. The agreement between the calculations and observations is excellent. Therefore, we argue that the broad hydrogen lines of the QSOs and Seyfert I galaxies mainly originate from the Cerenkov line-like radiation of relativistic electrons. If this suggestion is further confirmed, our knowledge about the physics of AGNs will be greatly changed.     

Black Hole Hyperaccretion and Gamma-ray Burststwo

Black hole hyperaccretion model is one of the potential candidates for the central engine of gamma-ray bursts. Combined with the complicated explosion phenomena including gamma-ray bursts, gravitational waves, and their electromagnetic counterparts, the results of a series of theoretical studies on this model are briefly reviewed in this paper. At the same time, as the research tools for the subsequent studies on gamma-ray bursts, some important conclusions and formulas are presented.     

GRS 1915+105的X射线能谱分析及黑洞自旋测量

GRS 1915+105是银河系内的低质量黑洞X射线双星,其能谱和黑洞自旋已经得到了广泛的研究.自2018年6月开始,其X射线流量下降到了低流量水平,其间偶尔会产生多波段的耀发.利用Insight-HXMT(Insight-Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope,简称为慧眼)卫星在2020年8月30日到2020年10月13日之间对GRS1915+105的观测数据,研究了其能谱特性,发现在此次爆发过程中, X射线能谱可以用一个康普顿化的多温黑体谱很好地拟合.整个爆发的硬度强度图(Hardness-Intensity Diagram, HID)一直处于软态.采用GRS1915+105的最新动力学参数M=12.4_-1.8^+2.0M⊙, i=60°±5°, D=8.6_-1.6^+2.0kpc (M、M⊙、i和D分别表示黑洞质量、太阳质量、盘倾角和距离),得到其无量纲黑洞自旋a*的一个下限a*> 0.9990,确认了GRS 1915+105是一个具有极端自旋的黑洞.考虑本地吸收体的...     

A Unified Model for Black Hole X-Ray Binary Jets?

We have recently put forward a ‘unified’ semi-empirical model for the coupling between accretion and jet production in galactic black hole X-ray binaries. In this paper, we summarise this model and briefly discuss relevant considerations that have arisen since its publication.