在线超声清洗对膜生物反应器污泥混合液特性的影响

采用低功率超声波实现了膜生物反应器中膜污染的在线超声清洗,考察在线超声清洗对污泥混合液特性的影响。结果表明:在线超声清洗能有效控制膜污染,但也会导致污泥浓度和污泥活性降低,混合液过滤性能变差,上清液有机物浓度上升,污泥絮体结构破解。污泥混合液特性的恶化必然会影响膜生物反应器的稳定运行,不利于膜污染的控制。为了避免混合液特性过度恶化,每次超声清洗时间应该控制在10 min以内。     

臭氧作用改善膜-生物反应器混合液膜过滤性

提出了利用臭氧作为调控膜-生物反应器中活性污泥混合液的方法,采用小膜过滤装置测定臭氧作用后混合液的膜过滤性变化,并通过测定混合液MLSS、胞外多聚物(EPS)含量、絮体粒径、上清液胶体有机物浓度、黏度的变化,探讨了混合液膜过滤性变化的原因.结果表明,当臭氧投加量低于8.5mg/L条件下,混合液的膜过滤性得到改善.臭氧对混合液的主要作用是氧化污泥絮体表面的部分EPS,使污泥絮体表面性质发生改变,引起絮体再絮凝,絮体粒径增大,上清液胶体有机物浓度和黏度减少,从而改善混合液的膜过滤性质.     

在线超声对膜生物反应器膜污染的控制

构建在线超声-膜生物反应器(US-MBR),利用间歇超声辐照控制膜污染.结合跨膜压差的上升和污染膜表面微观形态的变化,在不同超声间隔时间条件下对 US-MBR 中膜污染过程进行了分析.结果表明,超声时间 2min 和膜通量 12.0L/(h⋅m2)时,在超声间隔时间分别为8,12,16h 的条件下,US-MBR 的运行周期比未施加超声的普通膜生物反应器(Control-MBR)分别延长17,13,5d 左右,在线超声有效抑制了由上清液有机物导致的凝胶层污染.膜表面污染层阻力分布显示,超声可降低凝胶层阻力.场发射扫描电镜-能谱分析仪分析表明,超声通过减少有机物附着而延长膜运行时间.2 套反应器出水水质基本没有差别,超声未造成出水水质的恶化.     

动态膜-生物反应器对城市污水的处理

应用动态膜原理,以0.1mm孔径的普通筛网代替固定膜材料构成一体式动态膜-生物反应器(DMBR)处理实际城市污水.HRT＝3.5h时,出水水质良好.DMBR在小于数cm的液位差下自流出水,出水中的SS最高检测值为4.05mg/L,但在多数情况下为0.在MLSS约7000～8000mg/L下,当动态膜通量为14.9L/(m²·h)时,出水水头仅为5.8mm;27d连续运行,出水水头没有明显改变.动态膜对反应器上清液中的COD和TOC的平均去除率分别为28.74%和36.9%.当溶解氧浓度大于2～3mg/L时,氨氮去除率大于96%.     

膜-生物反应器中活性污泥沉降性能与膜污染相关性研究

结合连续流小试，对膜．生物反应器运行过程中，活性污泥沉降性能的变化及其对膜污染的影响进行了研究．结果表明，随着运行时间的增长，该系统内丝状菌大量繁殖，活性污泥沉降性能变差，SVI值升高．随之，膜过滤压差(过滤阻力)平均上升速率有所增加，膜过滤周期缩短．膜过滤压差的“两阶段性(平缓上升期和加速上升期)”变化规律趋于明显，平缓上升期和加速上升期的膜过滤压差上升速率随污泥SVI值的升高分别呈现下降和上升的趋势．污泥沉降性能的变化对膜污染过程产生明显影响．电镜观察表明，污泥沉降性能对膜过滤压差的影响与膜面污染层的结构和厚度有关．     

膜生物反应器中生物铁对活性污泥性能的影响

污泥性能是决定污水处理效果的关键因素. 通过向膜生物反应器中添加生物铁来强化污水处理效果,研究膜生物反应器中生物铁对活性污泥性能的影响,比较普通膜生物反应器(普通MBR)和生物铁膜生物反应器(生物铁MBR)中的污泥指数(SVI)、污泥质量浓度〔ρ(MLSS)和ρ(MLVSS)〕、污泥的脱氢酶活性和耗氧活性. 结果表明,生物铁膜生物反应器中的污泥结构紧密,生物相丰富,污泥质量浓度比较稳定;生物铁MBR的SVI受进水负荷影响较小,能够克服污泥膨胀的影响;生物铁MBR污泥的脱氢酶活性和耗氧活性与普通膜生物反应器相似,随水力停留时间(HRT)的缩短或泥龄(SRT)的延长脱氢酶活性和耗氧活性呈下降趋势.      

一体式膜生物反应器中环境条件对混合液粘度的影响研究

文章研究了一体式膜生物反应器中环境条件对混合液粘度的影响,以及混合液粘度对膜过滤阻力的影响。试验结果表明：混合液的粘度主要是由胞外聚合物引起的;混合液粘度随着胞外聚合物含量的变化而变化;混合液粘度与各操作条件之间存在一定的关系U=1．586（MESS）^0．614T^-0.106（DO）^0.4697;混合液粘度与膜过滤阻力有较好的相关性。     

曝气强度对膜生物反应器处理石化废水工艺运行特征的影响

采用膜生物反应器(Membrane Bioreactor,MBR)处理石化废水,研究曝气强度分别为1.50,3.00 m3/(m2·h)的条件下,MBR对石化废水中主要污染物的去除特征、跨膜压差(Trans Membrane Pressure,TMP)和混合液性质的变化特征。结果表明:在两种曝气强度条件下MBR对COD、NH+4-N及挥发酚等污染物的平均去除率分别为80.74%、80.23%、96.79%和97.55%、99.34%、98.84%,即在不同曝气条件下,曝气强度的变化对MBR的污染物去除性能无显著影响。但随着曝气强度由1.50 m3/(m2·h)增加到3.00 m3/(m2·h),MBR达到设定的最大跨膜压差(TMPMax=25k Pa)的运行时间由11.8 d增加到31.4 d,TMP上升速率降低。通过活性污泥颗粒粒径分析发现:增加曝气强度后,对膜污染影响显著的活性污泥颗粒粒径范围(0~2μm)所占体积比由2.10%减小到1.78%;并且混合液中溶解性微生物产物(soluble microbial product,SMP)和胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)质量浓度分别由24.07 mg/L和15.66 mg/g减小到15.14 mg/L和9.81 mg/g,从而降低了膜污染速率。     

一体式膜生物反应器工艺中膜过滤特性研究

膜生物反应器是生物降解与膜分离相互影响、共同作用的过程。膜对活性污泥混合液的分离过程包括两个过程:一是膜对活性污泥等固体颗粒的分离;二是膜对活性污泥混合溶液中大分子有机物的分离。膜过滤的过程不但要克服膜固有的阻力Rm和固体颗粒形成的阻力Rd,而且要克服膜分离过程中分离大分子所形成的凝胶层阻力Rg和边界层阻力Rc。对膜过滤过程模型进行了描述,结合模型考察了压力、泥水混合物的性质、曝气量、抽吸-停抽时间等对膜分离特性及膜污染的影响。此膜过滤过程模型对于实际操作寻找合适的操作条件具有一定的指导意义。     

平板膜-生物反应器中膜的优选

将膜特性与膜-生物反应器(MBR)运行状况相结合,进行3种膜的优选. 对3种膜进行膜表面形态、孔径、孔隙率及水通量、临界通量的测定,同时将其置于MBR中进行短期高通量连续恒流运行及长期低通量间歇恒流运行,考察2种运行模式下的跨膜压差(TMP)平均增长率(Δp). 结果表明:具有平整表面、最小孔径、高孔隙率、高水通量以及高临界通量的A膜在MBR长期运行中表现出最低的膜污染速率,因此确定A膜为3种膜中的最优膜;在优选具有工程适应性的膜时,应采用长期间歇恒流运行的方法.      

Effect of components in activated sludge liquor on membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor

Introduction The membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have shown many advantages over conventional activated sludge processes, which apply membrane modules instead of the secondary settle tank to make a better separation of the solids and liquid and have been grea…     

污泥性质对动态膜形成和膜污染的影响

以一体式尼龙筛网动态膜生物反应器（DMBR）为研究体系,探讨了正常污泥、膨胀污泥和解体污泥的动态膜形成和膜污染特点,并从胞外聚合物（EPS）、相对疏水性（RH）、污泥混合液粘度（μ）、接触角这些物化性质角度定量研究膜污染机理.研究结果表明,膨胀污泥由于丝状菌累积导致严重的泥饼层污染;解体污泥由于胶体颗粒和可溶性物质沉积...     

Membrane fouling control by ultrasound in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor

In this study, ultrasound was used to control the membrane fouling online in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AMBR). Short-term running experiments were carried out under different operating conditions to explore feasible ultrasonic parameters. The experimental results indicated that when the crossflow velocity was more than 1.0 m/s, membrane fouling could be controlled effectively only by hydrodynamic methods without ultrasound. When ultrasound was applied, an ultrasonic power range of 60–150 W was suitable for the membrane fouling control in the experimental system. The experimental results showed that the membrane fouling was controlled so well that membrane filtration resistance (ΣR) could stay at 5 × 10¹¹ m⁻¹ for more than a week with the crossflow velocity of 0.75 m/s, which equaled the effect of crossflow velocity of more than 1.0 m/s without ultrasound. Translated from Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control, 2006, 7(4): 25–29 [译自: 环境污染治理技术与设备]     

Effect of sludge retention time on sludge characteristics and membrane fouling of membrane bioreactor

Three identical membrane bioreactors (MBRs) were operated over 2 years at different sludge retention time (SRT) of 10 d, 40 d and no sludge withdrawal (NS), to elucidate and quantify the effect of SRT on the sludge characteristics and membrane fouling. The hydraulic retention times of these MBRs were controlled at 12 h. With increasing SRT, the sludge concentrations in the MBRs increased, whereas the ratio of volatile suspended solid to the total solid decreased, and the size of sludge granule diminished in the meantime. A higher sludge concentration at long SRT could maintain a better organic removal efficiency, and a longer SRT was propitious to the growth of nitrifiers. The performance of these MBRs for the removal of COD and NH₄⁺-N did not change much with different SRTs. However, the bioactivity decreased as SRT increase. The measurement of specific oxygen uptake rates (SOUR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes testified that SOUR and the proportion of the bacteria-specific probe EUB338 in all DAPI-stainable bacteria decreased with increasing SRT. The concentrations of total organic carbon, protein, polysaccharides and soluble extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in the mixed liquor supernatant also decreased with increasing SRT. The membrane fouling rate was higher at shorter SRT, and the highest fouling rate appeared at a SRT of 10 d. Both the sludge cake layer and gel layer had contribution to the fouling resistance, but the relative contribution of the gel layer decreased as SRT increase.     

Relationship between sludge settleability and membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor

The evolution of activated sludge settleability and its relationship to membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor were studied at a lab-scale equipment fed with synthetic wastewater. It was found that sludge volume index (SVI) gradually increased and the sludge settleability was reduced, which was caused by the propagation of filamentous bacteria. With increasing SVI, the average increasing rate of trans-membrane pressure increased, the stable filtration period was shortened, and the two stages (smooth stage and accelerating stage) of the trans-membrane pressure were more obvious. At the same time, the increasing rate of trans-membrane pressure at the smooth stage decreased and the rate at the accelerating stage increased with SVI, respectively. The observation by using scanning electronic microscopes showed the cake layer with loose structure and large thickness formed on the membrane surface due to the appearance of filamentous bacteria and high SVI in sludge. Influence of the sludge settleability on the trans-membrane pressure was related to the structure and thickness of the cake layer on the membrane. Translated from ACTA Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(3): 396–400 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

厌氧膜生物反应器污泥组分对膜污染的影响

对一体式厌氧膜生物反应器污泥进行离心分离,考察污泥各组分和膜污染的特性之间的关系.通过对已有理论模型进行变形,推导出阻力的数学模型方程式,并分析了膜通量、膜阻力的变化.同时对混合液悬浮固体进行了颗粒粒径分析,并与好氧膜生物反应器的污泥颗粒进行了对比分析.结果表明,污泥混合液悬浮固体形成阻力占膜总阻力的70%,胶体物质形成阻力占22%,溶解性物质形成阻力占8%.     

Dynamic membrane bioreactor performance enhancement by powdered activated carbon addition: Evaluation of sludge morphological, aggregative and microbial properties

The effects of powdered activated carbon(PAC) addition on sludge morphological, aggregative and microbial properties in a dynamic membrane bioreactor(DMBR) were investigated to explore the enhancement mechanism of pollutants removal and filtration performance. Sludge properties were analyzed through various analytical measurements. The results showed that the improved sludge aggregation ability and the evolution of microbial communities affected sludge morphology in PAC-DMBR, as evidenced by the formation of large, regularly shaped and strengthened sludge flocs. The modifications of sludge characteristics promoted the formation process and filtration flux of the dynamic membrane(DM) layer. Additionally, PAC addition did not exert very significant influence on the propagation of eukaryotes(protists and metazoans)and microbial metabolic activity. High-throughput pyrosequencing results indicated that adding PAC improved the bacterial diversity in activated sludge, as PAC addition brought about additional microenvironment in the form of biological PAC(BPAC), which promoted the enrichment of Acinetobacter(13.9%), Comamonas(2.9%), Flavobacterium(0.31%) and Pseudomonas(0.62%), all contributing to sludge flocs formation and several(such as Acinetobacter) capable of biodegrading relatively complex organics. Therefore, PAC addition could favorably modify sludge properties from various aspects and thus enhance the DMBR performance.     

SRT对UCT-MBR反硝化除磷性能与膜污染行为的影响

采用脱氮除磷膜生物反应器(UCT-MBR)工艺处理冀南地区城市污水,考察了SRT对UCT-MBR工艺反硝化除磷性能与膜污染行为的影响.结果表明:较短(15d)与较长(40d)SRT均不利于反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)的富集;SRT控制在25d时系统的反硝化除磷性能得到最大程度强化,反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)占聚磷菌(PAOs)的数量比例及缺氧除磷率达到最大值,分别稳定在50.9%和88%,并且此时系统总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)去除率也达到最大值91.7%、73.6%,出水浓度分别稳定在0.48, 13.3mg/L左右;SRT对系统COD、氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)的去除效能影响不大,COD、NH₄⁺-N平均去除率分别为89.8%、99.7%,出水浓度分别稳定在30.8, 0.15mg/L;随着SRT的延长,膜池混合液固体(MLSS)浓度升高,分子量大于100kDa、小于1kDa的溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)浓度和胞外聚合物(EPS)比污泥浓度升高及污泥粒径(PSD)减小,是导致膜池污泥可滤性变差的主要原因,从而致使系统膜渗透性加速降低、持续运行周期缩短,而红外光谱(FT-IR)分析表明SRT对膜污染物质的组成无显著影响,光谱折射率与SMP、EPS含量呈现一致性.