PMTree:一种高效的事件流模式匹配方法

复杂事件处理技术从多个持续事件流中分析并提取满足特定模式的事件序列.高吞吐率场景下,如何快速准确地识别事件序列是复杂事件处理技术中一个非常重要的问题.现在事件流的模式匹配方法——NFA、Petri网、有向图等——存在语义描述能力不足、部分算子实现代价高等缺陷.针对这一现状,设计并实现了一种基于树的模式匹配方法——PMTree.PMTree定义了事件模型及相应事件算子,将事件序列映射为树节点,同时将时间窗口约束及谓词约束等放置在相应节点,这些树节点连接成一棵PMTree来支持实时的事件筛选与过滤.进一步研究了PMTree构建过程中的优化策略,并提出了开销模型以及优化构建算法,以尽可能减少模式匹配开销.实验结果表明,相同测试条件下基于PMTree实现的复杂事件处理引擎Cesar吞吐率是基于NFA实现的开源引擎Esper的3～6倍,并且在不同事件量或事件序列复杂度下性能表现稳定.     

针对泊松流的截止期敏感的复杂事件处理资源分配模型

随着无线射频识别等监控技术的发展,事件流上的复杂事件处理技术得到了广泛的关注.现有的事件流处理技术主要提供尽最大努力(Best-Effort)式的服务来减少平均响应时间,这种方式并不能在确定的时间延迟需求下输出更多的结果.针对监控应用中的确定性服务质量需求,讨论了常见的泊松监控流上的截止期敏感的复杂事件处理最优化资源分配问题.从系统服务角度对事件的到达和复杂事件处理进行了理论分析和建模,提出了复合事件的截止期满足率模型和多事件流处理乱序反馈修正模型,进而给出最优化资源分配模型.通过合理的分配处理资源,保证了在实时限制下产生更多的正确结果,兼顾了复杂事件处理的实时性和正确性.实验结果表明,提出的相关的理论估算模型和资源分配方案是正确和有效的,对于进一步完善复杂应用下的固实时限制复杂事件处理框架具有重要的启发意义和实用价值.     

多源组播连接的线性网络编码构造

针对多源组播连接问题,给出运用线性网络编码技术进行数据传输并达到最大吞吐率的编码构造方法.把多源组播网络划分成多个子图,每一个子图是一个单源组播网络;为了使网络的吞吐率达到最大,本文把划分子图问题转化为一个组合优化问题,并给出基于遗传算法的求解方法;然后利用实现单源组播连接的线性网络编码技术,对每一个单源组播网络进行编码构造.仿真测试结果表明,提出的方法是可行的,能够实现多源组播连接的线性网络编码构造.     

一种基于算子的可扩展复杂事件处理模型

随着大数据处理的深入发展,系统单位时间内产生的数据日趋庞大,数据间的关联关系日趋复杂,这使得传统的“存储-查询”或者“发布-订阅”的方式无法很好地满足诸如故障监控、股票分析、医疗及生命保障等对大数据具有实时处理需求的系统。复杂事件处理技术实现的是将用户对特定的事件序列的查询需求映射到特定识别结构上。该结构从多个持续的数据流中分析并提取满足特定模式的事件序列。该技术能够很好地支持对大量数据进行实时在线分析。但由于在数据处理的过程中,系统不可能预置全部的查询语义,许多系统在使用过程中会需要使用新的语义,以查询新产生的模式。因此,一种支持扩展的语义的复杂事件处理模型是非常必要的。同时,现有的复杂事件处理模型仅针对某几类特定的查询进行描述以及优化,对整体模型缺乏统一描述,导致许多模型在多规则复杂查询的情况下效率欠佳。针对上述问题,提出了基于算子的可扩展复杂事件处理模型。该模型能够良好地支持现有的各类查询语义,具有较快的识别速度。基于该模型的形式化描述,对系统在识别过程中的性能消耗进行了详细分析,给出了模型构造最优算法。通过实验验证了算子模型优化方案的正确性。实验结果表明,经过优化后的树结构事件处理速度比开源复杂事件处理引擎Esper快3倍以上。     

证券交易复杂事件处理策略管理服务模块的设计与实现

复杂事件处理是证券量化交易的一种重要的实现算法,在金融市场应用广泛。针对传统证券交易中复杂事件处理模式的效率问题,提出一种新的策略管理服务模块的设计方案。该方案封装标准的数据传输接口便于策略与控制模块的数据传输,提供按照策略、客户和实例三个不同层次的系统管理方法,以及将策略的部分功能代码及与外围程序交互的代码抽象到策略管理服务模块中,去除了算法策略模块和控制模块的耦合。实验结果表明,所提出和实践的方案可以有效降低带宽的使用率、提高系统资源利用率,并能有效提高并发处理速度。     

基于CEP的可持久化事件处理方案

针对现行复杂事件处理CEP(Complex Event Processing)平台没有提供完善的异常恢复、消息事件可持久化机制的缺点,以系统输出是否实时为标准,分两类分析并抽象出系统处理流程,进而提出了两种基于现行复杂事件处理平台的较通用的增强方案,并给出可广泛适用的处理过程描述,同时也对两类方案的优缺点进行了比较.     

新一代分布式的复杂事件处理系统解决方案

本文首先对复杂事件处理系统建设的驱动力进行介绍,然后结合系统的特性要求提出一套针对性的实现方案。该方案通过Storm结合策略处理引擎、消息队列和分布式缓存构建一套高可用性通用复杂事件处理系统,满足用户对复杂海量实时信息处理分析的需求。     

高速先进加密算法(AES)IP核的VLSI实现

提出了一种针对高速先进密码算法(AES)IP核的VLSI实现方案.首先,该方案从算法级出发,提出了降低密钥扩展模块硬件复杂度的途径;然后,在电路级本文采用了轮间和轮内相结合的流水线结构解决方案,有效地缩短关键路径,从而提高芯片系统的数据吞吐率.最后,基于SMIC0.18um标准CMOS工艺,AES的面积为164K-gates,最高时钟频率可达到400MHz,数据吞吐率为51.2Gbps.     

多维度的RFID复杂事件处理优化算法研究

复杂事件处理是RFID领域的一项关键技术,然而当前复杂事件技术处理的原始事件是建立在Tag ID相同的情况,且只能含有单一属性.针对当前算法研究的局限性,现提出多维度RFID复杂事件处理优化算法(SIMOA).将复杂事件处理从原始的Tag ID相同情况扩展到通用的关系运算模型上,并通过将中间结果网状传递的方法,减少了状态更新冗余,极大的提高了复杂事件的处理性能.此外,编写了仿真程序进行了相关的对比实验,验证了算法的有效性.     

分布式RFID复杂事件处理技术的研究

目前RFID复杂事件处理技术的研究主要针对集中式的处理。集中式RFID复杂事件处理技术对于海量RFID数据的处理具有很多局限性,主要表现为网络通讯代价高和处理效率低。针对集中式RFID复杂事件处理存在的问题,本文研究了分布式环境下RFID复杂事件处理的关键算法,采用一种Pull(抽取)类型的数据通讯模型来降低通讯代价,在此基础上提出了两种分布式的RFID复杂事件处理算法。实验结果表明,本文提出的分布式RFID复杂事件处理算法比集中式复杂事件处理算法更有效。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).