大肠埃希菌的耐药性及耐消毒剂基因研究

目的 了解大肠埃希菌的耐药性,同时了解产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐消毒剂基因qacE△1-sul1的流行情况,揭示大肠埃希菌的耐药机制.方法 2007年1月-2011年11月医院分离的3688株大肠埃希菌用VITEK-32GNI+鉴定,GNS-448检测对氨基糖苷类、(p-)内酰胺类、喹诺酮类等15种抗菌药物的耐药性,并对其中36株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌用PCR法检测耐消毒剂基因qacE△1-sul1的流行状况.结果 3688株大肠埃希菌中共检出1660株产ESBLs菌株,检出率为45.0％;大肠埃希菌除对阿米卡星、亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢西丁、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率较低外,对其他抗菌药物均产生了一定的耐药性,36株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛、庆大霉素全耐药,未检出亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药株;36株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐消毒剂基因qacE△1-sul1检测结果22株阳性,检出率为61.1％.结论 大肠埃希菌耐药性严重,但近几年基本稳定,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌存在多药耐药性;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐消毒剂基因qacE△1-sul1检出率较高,且与多药耐药关系密切.     

大肠埃希菌连续分离株耐药性与季胺类化合物耐药基因研究

目的 了解临床分离的大肠埃希菌耐药性和耐消毒剂基因存在状况.方法 测定临床连续分离60株大肠埃希菌对19种抗菌药物的敏感性及产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)情况.采用聚合酶链反应检测qacE△1基因.结果 60株大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南/西司他丁、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦3种抗菌药物完全敏感,对其余16种抗菌药物耐药率在5.0%～90.0%,ESBLs检出率为45.0%;qacE△1基因阳性34株(阳性率56.7%).结论 大肠埃希菌具多药耐药特征,qacE△1基因携带率高.     

大肠埃希菌多药耐药株对常用消毒剂的抗力试验观察

目的 研究临床分离的大肠埃希菌多药耐药株对消毒剂的抗力水平,同时了解消毒剂在常用浓度下对多药耐药株的消毒效果.方法 采用最低抑菌浓度(MIC)测定试验与悬液定量杀菌试验,以大肠埃希菌标准株作对照,对临床分离的大肠埃希菌多药耐药株进行苯扎溴铵等4种消毒剂的抗性变化和消毒效果的试验观察.结果 苯扎溴铵、碘伏对21株大肠埃希菌多药耐药株MIC值分别有61.9%、71.4%的菌株高于标准株;对"84"消毒液MIC值有14.3%的菌株高于标准株,所有菌株对过氧乙酸MIC值与标准株相同;4种消毒剂在常用浓度下对大肠埃希菌多药耐药株作用5 min杀灭率为100.0%.结论 临床分离的大肠埃希菌多药耐药株对苯扎溴铵和碘伏的抗力高于标准株;4种消毒剂在常用浓度下对临床分离大肠埃希菌多药耐药株消毒有效.     

大肠埃希菌尿液分离株消毒剂与灭菌剂耐药基因研究

目的 了解临床尿液标本分离的60株大肠埃希菌消毒剂、灭菌剂耐药基因的存在情况.方法 收集2006年1月-2008年10月从住院患者尿液中分离出大肠埃希菌60株,应用K-B纸片扩散法检测细菌对15种抗菌药物的敏感性;应用PCR及序列分析3种消毒剂、灭菌剂耐药基因(qacE△1、tehA、merA).结果 60株大肠埃希菌除对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢西丁、阿米卡星、庆大霉素有较高的敏感率(>70.0 %)外,对其他10种抗菌药物的敏感率均较低(<50.0%)}60株菌中42株检出qacE△1基因(70.0%),10株检出merA基因(16.7%),全部检出tehA基因,1号菌tehA基因测得序列与美国核酸库(GenBank)已登录的tehA基因序列不同,为新亚型.结论 临床尿液标分离的大肠埃希菌70.0%携带qacE△1基因,未来细菌消毒剂的耐药可能是医院感染的主要因素之一.     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌获得性耐药元件指标聚类分析

目的探讨分析产ESBLs大肠埃希菌其水平获得性耐药基因和可移动遗传元件(MGEs)的携带状况,并分析各种水平获得性耐药基因与各种MGEs的相关性,为临床提供参考依据。方法收集医院2013年分离到的20株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,检测了25种β-内酰胺类药物耐药相关的酶基因、12种氨基糖苷类药物耐药相关的酶基因、1种消毒剂与磺胺耐药重叠基因以及9种可移动遗传元件(MGEs)遗传标记,并用指标聚类分析法探讨水平获得性耐药基因和MGEs遗传标记的相关性。结果 20株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌共检出6种β-内酰胺酶基因、4种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、1种消毒剂与磺胺耐药重叠基因以及7种可移动遗传元件遗传标记;指标聚类分析(UPGMA法)提示β-内酰胺酶基因blaTEM、blaCTX-M-9 cluster,氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰb、aadA5,消毒剂与磺胺耐药重叠基因qacE△1-sul1与可移动遗传元件intⅠ1、ISEcp1、IS26、IS903、traA、trbC可能存在关联,其中消毒剂与磺胺耐药重叠基因qacE△1-sul1与Ⅰ类整合子的整合酶基因intⅠ1存在高度关联。结论产ESBLs大肠埃希菌携带获得性耐药基因可导致对相关抗菌药物耐药,且可移动遗传元件的水平转移使细菌耐药性在同种细菌之间甚至不同种细菌菌株之间得以快速传播;指标聚类分析提示β-内酰胺酶基因blaTEM、blaCTX-M-9 cluster,氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰb、aadA5,消毒剂与磺胺耐药重叠基因qacE△1-sul1为可移动遗传元件介导。     

耐药大肠埃希菌β-内酰胺酶基因及膜孔蛋白基因研究

目的 调查大肠埃希菌中β-内酰胺酶基因和膜孔蛋白ompC基因的存在及变异情况.方法 收集医院2009年6月-2010年6月临床分离的耐药大肠埃希菌共20株,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR),分析A、B、C、D等4类β-内酰胺酶24种基因和膜孔蛋白ompC基因.结果 20株耐药大肠埃希菌共检出TEM、CTX-M-1群和OXA-1群等3种β-内酰胺酶基因,阳性率分别为45.0％、40.0％和10.0％,其余21种基因均未检出;20株耐药大肠埃希菌共检测到19株占95.0％,膜孔蛋白编码基因ompC,经测序比对除11号株外,其余18株占90.0％均存在突变.结论 20株耐药大肠埃希菌对β-内酰胺类药物耐药为产β-内酰胺酶和膜孔蛋白变异的共同结果.     

大肠埃希菌临床连续分离株常见耐药元件检测与分析

目的调查一组60株大肠埃希菌临床连续分离株常见耐药元件的携带情况和菌株间的亲缘性。方法收集2015年10月-12月医院住院患者分离的60株大肠埃希菌临床连续分离株,采用K-B法测定12种抗菌药物的敏感性,再用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及序列分析法分析15种β-内酰胺类、6种氨基糖苷类、3种磺胺类耐药相关基因以及4种可移动遗传元件遗传标记,并对检测结果作样本聚类分析。结果 60株大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、环丙沙星、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶耐药率>50%,对其它7种抗菌药物的耐药率<15%,对碳青霉烯类均敏感;60株菌共检出常见耐药元件基因15种,其中43株检出β-内酰胺类耐药基因,检出率为71.7%,33株检出氨基糖苷类耐药基因,检出率为55.0%,40株检出磺胺类耐药基因,检出率为66.7%,42株检出可移动遗传元件遗传标记基因,检出率为70.0%;共检出6种β-内酰胺类耐药基因,4种氨基糖苷类耐药基因,3种磺胺类耐药基因,2种可移动遗传元件遗传标记基因;样本聚类分析提示本组菌疑似存在8个克隆株,同一克隆内菌株携带着相同耐药元件,存在医院內感染。结论 blaTEM、aac(3)-Ⅱ、sul1、dfrA17、intⅠ1是导致本组菌株对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类和磺胺类药物耐药的重要原因,耐药表型与基因型相符率高。     

多药耐药大肠埃希菌尿液分离株插入序列遗传标记研究

目的 调查多药耐药大肠埃希菌尿液分离株中插入序列遗传标记的存在情况.方法 收集宁波市第一医院2008年10月-2009年3月住院患者尿液标本中分离的多药耐药大肠埃希菌共28株,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及序列分析的方法,分析3种插入序列遗传标记:ISEcpl、IS26、IS903.结果 28株大肠埃希菌中3种插入序列遗传标记均有检出:IS26 28株检出率为100.0％、ISEcp1 21株检出率为75.0％、IS903 7株检出率为25.0％.结论 多药耐药大肠埃希菌尿液分离株中插入序列有较高的携带率,插入序列介导各种耐药基因,使受体菌表现为多药耐药,在大肠埃希菌中检出插入序列IS903是国内首次报道.     

尿液分离大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合子分子特征与耐药性的关系研究

目的了解社区感染尿液分离大肠埃希菌中Ⅰ类整合子的分布,并分析其与细菌耐药性的关系。方法选取114株临床非重复分离自医院门诊患者尿液标本中的大肠埃希菌,经全自动细菌分析系统鉴定并检测其对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性,聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测Ⅰ类整合酶基因,对Ⅰ类整合酶阳性菌株用PCR扩增并测序分析可变区基因盒种类。结果 114株临床非重复分离自尿液大肠埃希菌中有50株检测到Ⅰ类整合酶基因;共检测出两种不同长度的可变区片段:1 700bp片段(30株)为dfrA17-aadA5,2 100bp片段(5株)为dfrA12-orfF-aadA2,有两株大肠埃希菌同时扩增出1 700bp和2 100bp的可变区片段,有17株Ⅰ类整合酶基因阳性大肠埃希菌未扩增出可变区;114株大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶和左氧氟沙星的耐药率较高,>50.0%,对头孢替坦、亚胺培南、厄他培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、呋喃妥因、阿米卡星耐药率较低,<5.0%;Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌株对氨苄西林、庆大霉素、妥布霉素和磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶的耐药率高于Ⅰ类整合子阴性菌株。结论与医院感染相比,社区感染尿液中分离的大肠埃希菌受抗菌药物的选择压力相对较小,其对常用抗菌药物的耐药率、Ⅰ类整合子携带率均较低,同时Ⅰ类整合子中携带的基因盒种类也较单一。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌β-内酰胺酶基因检测与耐药性分析

目的 了解临床分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药基因存在状况和菌株的耐药性关系.方法 自临床分离20株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测β-内酰胺酶基因TEM、SHV、LEN、CTX-M-1、CTX-M-9、VEB、GES、PER.结果 20株大肠埃希菌中β-内酰胺酶基因TEM、SHV、LEN、CTX-M-1、CTX-M-9、VEB、GES、PER阳性率分别为75.0%、20.0%、95.0%、15.0%、70.0%、5.0%、85.0%、70.0%,β-内酰胺类药物及含酶抑制剂药物的耐药率较高.结论 临床分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌TEM、LEN、CTX-M-9、GES、PER基因携带率高,β-内酰胺类药物耐药率较高可能与细菌携带β-内酰胺酶耐药基因有关,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌可导致克隆传播医院感染,并存在暴发性流行.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.