儿童视觉筛查技术与标准的研究现状

儿童视觉筛查对于潜在眼病的早期发现和干预治疗起着重要作用,其方法和标准也在不断更新完善.儿童视觉筛查的主要目标为屈光不正、斜视、弱视及其危险因素,筛查方法主要包括直接视力测试和仪器辅助的视觉检查(摄影验光仪、自动验光仪、小儿视觉扫描仪等).直接视力测试无需专业技术人员,成本低廉,但对儿童年龄和配合度有要求.仪器检查覆盖...     

婴幼儿弱视的筛查和早期诊断

弱视检测对于保证视觉发育正常,避免视觉功能永久性下降具有重要意义。用传统的视力筛查对婴幼儿可能很困难,因为在检查过程中婴幼儿很难合作。目前弱视的诊断及治疗大多是在学龄期的儿童,如何早期发现及诊断学龄前,尤其是幼儿期的弱视显得尤为重要。本文就弱视的视觉筛查、视觉诱发电位检测、弱视的危险因素、如何做到早期诊断弱视及未来趋势作一概述。     

唐山市学龄前儿童屈光状态异常与弱视调查

目的对唐山市学龄前儿童视力及其屈光状态进行调查,以期早期发现屈光异常和弱视并及时进行干预。方法抽取唐山市15所幼儿园3～6岁儿童4850名,进行视力、屈光度状态的检测,并对结果进行统计分析。结果测定4850名3～6岁儿童的远视力,视力低常者1280名,视力低常率为26.4%,其中复性远视散光占52.0%,混合性散光占17.4%,复性近视散光占11.1%。弱视儿童180名（3.7%）,主要是屈光不正性弱视（64.4%）。不同年龄组儿童的视力低常率和弱视患病率差异无统计学意义（χ^2=2.77,P〉0.05）。结论唐山市学龄前儿童屈光异常的主要类型为复性远视散光和混合性散光,弱视的主要类型为屈光不正性弱视,早期筛查有利于早期发现屈光异常和弱视并及时进行干预。     

弱视的流行病学

弱视的流行病学主要研究弱视的患病率和危险因素。文献报道弱视的患病率为 0．14％-4．32％,主要危险因素有屈光参差、斜视、屈光不正、形觉剥夺等。弱视在儿童时期若不及时治疗,可造成终身视觉损害。因此,早期对弱视及其危险因素的筛查和治疗非常重要。     

呼和浩特市6月～6岁儿童屈光筛查及影响因素分析

目的了解呼和浩特市6月~6岁儿童双眼屈光状态,分析其影响因素,为制定眼卫生防治措施提供科学依据,促进视力发育。方法采用美国伟伦公司的Suresight手持式视力筛选仪,对1466例儿童的双眼进行屈光状态检查,并从性别、年龄、屈光异常情况及其影响因素等方面进行分析,对屈光筛查异常者转眼科进一步诊治。结果 1466例6月~6岁儿童中屈光异常人数503例(1006眼),总异常率为34.31%;男、女童屈光异常比较无统计学意义(χ2=0.2426,P>0.05);屈光异常主要影响因素为年龄与母亲视力异常。结论重视儿童视力发育状况,早期屈光筛查,早期干预,避免错过最佳治疗时期,导致不良后果发生。     

数码折射系统在学龄前儿童弱视危险因素筛查中的应用研究

目的:探讨数码折射系统在学龄前儿童弱视危险因素筛查中的可行性。方法:使用数码折射系统对469例10～70月龄的学龄前儿童进行屈光状态及弱视危险因素的筛查,再行眼科常规散瞳验光检查。结果:在检测弱视危险因素包括远视≥+2.75D,近视≥-1.50D,散光≥1.25D,屈光参差≥2.00D,眼位偏斜≥5°,屈光间质混浊≥1.5mm中,数码折射系统对斜视和屈光间质混浊的检出率为100%,对中高度远视的检出率为88.0%,对近视的检出率为93.4%,对散光的检出率为87.5%,对屈光参差的检出率为80.0%。结论:数码折射系统可用于学龄前儿童弱视危险因素的筛查,是一种安全、快速、有效的儿童眼病筛查方法。     

南京市雨花台区3岁在园儿童视力和屈光状态的调查分析

目的:了解南京市雨花台区3岁在园儿童的视觉状况,分别进行城区和郊区、性别、视觉检测方法比较。方法:统一筛查标准,对雨花台区22所幼儿园1519例3岁在园儿童进行裸眼远视力、SureSight屈光筛查仪检查,并进行比较。结果:儿童1406例接受远视力表检查视力,异常检出率为12.30%。其中男童视力低常检出率为6.97%,女童5.33%。1 501例儿童接受SureSight屈光筛查仪检查屈光状态,屈光异常检出率为12.92%。城区儿童屈光异常检出率6.86%,郊区6.06%。结论:屈光不正是造成3岁在园儿童视力异常最常见的眼病。早发现、早干预是我们进一步有待完善的工作。     

学龄前儿童斜视、弱视普查分析

目的:探讨学龄前儿童斜、弱视治疗的关键因素。方法:对银川市新市区18所幼儿园中3～7岁儿童进行视力、眼位、屈光检查。结果:在1531例3062眼中,视力<0.9者,经散瞳验光不能矫正者52例78眼,诊断为弱视。弱视患病率为3.4%。男27例,女25例,弱视与性别无明显差异。按全国儿童弱视斜视防治组(1987-10)标准弱视分为五类,并按程度分为轻、中、重三度。结论:弱视是一种发育性紊乱,常伴有斜视、屈光参差或高度屈光不正。弱视和斜视使得患者不仅视力低下,还缺少完善的立体视,即缺少适应科技高速发展所必备的最高级视觉功能。弱视和斜视的疗效及立体视的建立与治疗年龄密切相关。年龄越小,治疗后效果越好,达成人后基本无望。     

随州城区学龄前儿童弱视流行病学调查分析

目的:通过对随州城区学龄前儿童弱视流行病学进行调查分析,从而为弱视的防治探索出良好的方法。方法:首先由经医师培训的各幼儿园老师对学龄前儿童作检查前视力表训练,再由园医配合我院眼科医生进行视力检查,经反复检查裸眼视力<0.8和有斜视者列为进一步散瞳验光检查对象,再由专职的小儿眼科医生扩瞳后进行屈光间质及眼底检查以排除眼部器质性病变,再进行视网膜检影验光,并查矫正视力,然后观察弱视与低视力、性别、年龄的关系,各种类型弱视及不同注视性质的分布比例。结果:学龄前儿童视力低下及弱视患病率男女无显著性差异,3～6岁各年龄组视力低下率有显著性差异;在屈光不正性弱视中,轻度弱视占比例最大,中度弱视次之,仅1例重度弱视;在屈光参差和斜视性弱视中,中度弱视比例最大,在形觉剥夺和其他类型弱视中,重度弱视占有比例最大;远视性屈光不正程度愈高,中度弱视所占比例愈大;斜视性弱视多伴有远视性屈光不正;共同性斜视与屈光不正关系密切,一般认为共同性斜视与远视有关系,外斜视与近视关系不大。结论:通过对幼儿园学龄前儿童视力筛查,早发现、早治疗是很有必要的。弱视儿童中,以屈光不正性、轻中度及中心注视性质为主,及时治疗对患儿的痊愈是很有帮助的。弱视治疗普遍采用综合疗法。应加大弱视常识及危害性的宣传,提高家长、社会对弱视的认识和重视。     

Spot视觉筛查仪在学龄前儿童屈光筛查中的应用

目的探讨Spot在学龄前儿童屈光筛查中的可配合性、屈光数值的准确性及在屈光性弱视危险因素筛查中的筛查效率。方法前瞻性研究。144例1～5岁儿童先后进行Spot及眼科检查,Spot数值与睫状肌麻痹后视网膜检影结果进行配对t检验。数据的相关性采用Pearson相关分析,以2013年美国斜视与小儿眼科协会（AAPOS）规定的视觉筛查转诊指南作为金标准来评估Spot在屈光性弱视危险因素筛查中的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。结果入组144例儿童中96.5%的儿童[平均年龄（3.0±1.2）岁]能配合Spot检查,打印出的报告全部有屈光、眼位结果及评估建议,与睫状肌麻痹后检影比较,Spot表现为低估远视或高估近视（-1.32 D）,高估散光（+0.39 D）。Pearson相关系数表示Spot球镜度、柱镜度与睫状肌麻痹检影值均高度相关（r=0.884、0.728,P<0.01）。Spot在屈光性弱视危险因素筛查中敏感性为90.9%,特异性为82.1%,阳性预测值为48.8%,阴性预测值为98%。结论大多数学龄前儿童可配合Spot的检查,Spot可同时评估双眼的屈光状态,与检影结果有较高的一致性,同时在屈光性弱视危险因素的筛查中具有一定的临床应用价值。     

深圳市宝安区学龄前儿童弱视发病率及其相关因素分析

目的：了解深圳市宝安区学龄前儿童弱视发病率及探讨其相关危险因素,为区域弱视预防工作提供可能依据。

方法：选取2017-06/2018-02在深圳市宝安中医院眼科门诊进行视力筛查的学龄前儿童818例为研究对象,依据弱视诊断标准统计弱视发病患儿,并将其视为观察组,其余作为对照组,且对两组进行单因素和多元Logistic回归分析。

结果：深圳市宝安区学龄前儿童弱视发病率5.7%(47/818)。其中,屈光不正性弱视最常见(63.8%),其次为屈光参差性弱视(21.3%),再者是斜视性弱视(12.8%),最后系形觉剥夺性弱视(2.1%)。两组在妊娠年龄、孕产次、孕周、近(弱)视家族遗传史相关因素中,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。妊娠年龄大、孕产次多、孕周短、有近(弱)视家族遗传史均是导致儿童弱视发病的高危因素(P<0.05)。

结论：深圳市宝安区学龄前儿童弱视发病率较高,应予以重视,同时影响因素颇多,而全面开展学龄前视力筛查是实现早发现、早诊断及早治疗的有效方法。     

Early screening for amblyogenic risk factors lowers the prevalence and severity of amblyopia.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of a mass screening program for amblyopia and amblyogenic risk factors in infants. METHODS: Since 1968, children between the ages of 1 and 2(1/2) years in the city of Haifa, Israel, have been systematically screened for amblyopia and amblyogenic risk factors. The screening is performed by the Ophthalmology Department of Bnai-Zion Medical Center (formerly known as Rothchild Hospital). In 1995, we compared the prevalence and severity of amblyopia in two populations of 8-year-old children in elementary school: one group was a cohort of 808 children from the city of Haifa and its vicinity, who had been screened in infancy (between 1988 and 1990); and the second group, the control group, was a cohort of 782 children from Hadera and its vicinity, where this early screening program is not conducted. Amblyopia was defined as corrected visual acuity of < or =5/10 (20/40), or >1 line difference in corrected visual acuity between the two eyes. Referral rate, treatment rate, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the screening test in detecting factors that later resulted in the development of amblyopia were examined. RESULTS: The prevalence of amblyopia in the 8-year-old population screened in infancy was found to be 1.0% compared with 2.6% in the 8-year-old population that had not been screened in infancy (P =.0098). The prevalence of amblyopia with visual acuity of < or =5/15 (20/60) in the amblyopic eye was 0.1% in the screened population compared with 1.7% in the non-screened population (P =.00026). In the screened infant population, 3.6% were referred from the screening examination to a confirmatory examination and 2.2% were treated. The screening examination had a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 98.6% for amblyopia. The positive predictive value of the screening examination was 62.1% and the negative predictive value was 99.6%. CONCLUSIONS: The screening program for amblyopia and amblyogenic risk factors in infants, followed by appropriate treatment, is effective in significantly reducing the prevalence and severity of amblyopia in children.     

Deprivation Amblyopia and Congenital Hereditary Cataract

Abstract

Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder of vision associated with decreased visual acuity, poor or absent stereopsis, and suppression of information from one eye. Amblyopia may be caused by strabismus (strabismic amblyopia), refractive error (anisometropic amblyopia), or deprivation from obstructed vision (deprivation amblyopia). In the developed world, amblyopia is the most common cause of childhood visual impairment, which reduces quality of life and also almost doubles the lifetime risk of legal blindness. Successful treatment of amblyopia greatly depends on early detection and treatment of predisposing disorders such as congenital cataract, which is the most common cause of deprivational amblyopia. Understanding the genetic causes of congenital cataract leads to more effective screening tests, early detection and treatment of infants and children who are at high risk for hereditary congenital cataract.     

Amblyopia screening for first and second-grade children in Jordan

AIM: To share the results of a national screening program for amblyopia in school children in the north of Jordan. METHODS: This is a prospective national screening study for amblyopia. The program rolls first and second-grade children (6 to 7 years old) in the north of Jordan. The eye examination included: best-corrected visual acuity, cover-uncover test, and cycloplegic retinoscopy. Monocular visual acuity was tested using an ETDRS visual acuity chart without correction. Moreover, children were tested with full cycloplegic refraction when the test criteria were met. Unilateral amblyopia was defined as a best-corrected visual acuity difference of 2 or more lines. In comparison, bilateral amblyopia was defined as a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or worse in the best eye. RESULTS: The prevalence of amblyopia for the total sample tested (n=17 203) was 2.78% (n=479). The most common cause of amblyopia was hypermetropia (64.45%), followed by previous ocular surgeries (15.1%), myopia (10.43%), strabismus (9.39%), and congenital cataract (0.63%). CONCLUSION: This is the first and only study, identi?ng modifiable risk factors in Jordanian children with amblyopia. In their first couple of years of elementary education, many Jordanian children are affected by amblyopia and pass unnoticed. A more governmental effort is needed into screening programs to improve vision in the Jordanian population.     

Review of guidelines for children's vision screenings

The aim of children's vision screenings is to detect visual problems that are common in this age category through valid and reliable tests. Nevertheless, the cost effectiveness of paediatric vision screenings, the nature of the tests included in the screening batteries and the ideal screening age has been the cause of much debate in Australia and worldwide. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to report on the current practice of children's vision screenings in Australia and other countries, as well as to evaluate the evidence for and against the provision of such screenings. This was undertaken through a detailed investigation of peer‐reviewed publications on this topic. The current review demonstrates that there is no agreed vision screening protocol for children in Australia. This appears to be a result of the lack of strong evidence supporting the benefit of such screenings. While amblyopia, strabismus and, to a lesser extent refractive error, are targeted by many screening programs during pre‐school and at school entry, there is less agreement regarding the value of screening for other visual conditions, such as binocular vision disorders, ocular health problems and refractive errors that are less likely to reduce distance visual acuity. In addition, in Australia, little agreement exists in the frequency and coverage of screening programs between states and territories and the screening programs that are offered are ad hoc and poorly documented. Australian children stand to benefit from improved cohesion and communication between jurisdictions and health professionals to enable an equitable provision of validated vision screening services that have the best chance of early detection and intervention for a range of paediatric visual problems.     

Amblyopia: prevalence,natural history,functional effects and treatment

Amblyopia, defined as poor vision due to abnormal visual experience early in life, affects approximately three per cent of the population and carries a projected lifetime risk of visual loss of at least 1.2 per cent. The presence of amblyopia or its risk factors, mainly strabismus or refractive error, have been primary conditions targeted in childhood vision screenings. Continued support for such screenings requires evidence‐based understanding of the prevalence and natural history of amblyopia and its predisposing conditions, and proof that treatment is effective in the long term with minimal negative impact on the patient and family. This review summarises recent research relevant to the clinical understanding of amblyopia, including prevalence data, risk factors, the functional impact of amblyopia and optimum treatment regimes and their justification from a vision and life skills perspective. Collectively, these studies indicate that treatment for amblyopia is effective in reducing the overall prevalence and severity of visual loss from amblyopia. Correction of refractive error alone has been shown to significantly reduce amblyopia and less frequent occlusion can be just as effective as more extensive occlusion. Occlusion or penalisation in amblyopia treatment can create negative changes in behaviour in children and impact on family life, and these factors should be considered in prescribing treatment, particularly because of their influence on compliance. Ongoing treatment trials are being undertaken to determine both the maximum age at which treatment of amblyopia can still be effective and the importance of near activities during occlusion. This review highlights the expansion of current knowledge regarding amblyopia and its treatment to help clinicians provide the best level of care for their amblyopic patients that current knowledge allows.     

陕西省西安市低龄儿童弱视现状调查及危险因素分析

目的:分析陕西省西安市低龄儿童弱视发病现状,并探讨相关危险因素.方法:采用简单随机抽样法不重复抽样本市2012-03/2016-04期间8所幼儿园的10268名3~6岁儿童进行调查,主要行视力、眼位及眼球运动等检查,并予以10 g/L阿托品散瞳验光,行眼底检查,排除器质性病变,统计弱视儿童528例,将其作为观察组,选取同期在我院就诊的健康儿童500例为对照组,分别进行儿童弱视单因素分析和多元Logistic回归分析.结果:经调查统计,陕西省西安市低龄儿童弱视发病率约5.14%,其中屈光不正性弱视发病率最高(61.4%),且病变程度多为轻中度,屈光参差性弱视(24.1%)、斜视性弱视(12.9%)次之,少见形觉剥夺性弱视(1.7%).经一般资料分析,两组母亲妊娠年龄、孕周及孕次、父母吸烟史、近视家族遗传史均存在统计学差异(P<0.05);经多因素Logistic回归性分析,母亲妊娠年龄大、孕周时间短、母亲有吸烟史、有近视家族遗传史均是诱发低龄儿童弱视发病的危险因素(P<0.05).结论:陕西省西安市低龄儿童存在一定弱视发病风险,应予以重视,并予以眼保健知识宣教,定期组织视力筛查,做到早发现、早诊断、早治疗.     

弱视解剖生理变化及治疗进展

弱视是常见的严重损害儿童视力的眼部疾病之一,既往观念认为弱视患者少有与视力减退相对应的器质性改变。近年来,随着检查方法的发展,在弱视患者的脉络膜、视网膜以及脑部结构层次均发现了解剖学上的异常,为阐明弱视发病机制提供了有力的依据。此外对于弱视患者的治疗,除了传统的遮盖疗法外,一些新兴的治疗方法也取得了不错的效果。因此,本文就弱视的解剖生理变化以及治疗方法的研究情况进行综述。