分级中空结构BiOBr-Pt催化剂用于光催化CO2还原

以乙二醇为溶剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为表面活性剂,通过一步溶剂热法合成了分级中空结构的BiOBr-Pt催化剂。合成的分级中空结构BiOBr-2h催化剂的比表面积为28.14 m²·g^-1,是对比样品BiOBr-1h的2倍,这种结构为催化反应提供更多的反应活性位点。此外,在催化剂中引入Pt增强了BiOBr的载流子传导速率,而且Pt可以作为电子陷阱捕获周围大量电子,有效抑制光生载流子的复合,从而提高CO₂还原的催化活性。光催化CO₂还原实验结果表明,BiOBr-Pt的主要产物为CO,产物选择性为99%,其CO产率达到了20.8 μmol·h^-1·g^-1,为原始BiOBr的2.1倍。这一结果说明,这种Pt负载且具有分级中空结构的催化剂可以有效地将CO₂转化为增值化学品。     

TiO2/石墨烯复合材料的合成及光催化分解水产氢活性

利用石墨粉根据Hummers氧化法制得氧化石墨,并进一步还原得到石墨烯。采用溶胶-凝胶法以钛酸四丁酯和石墨烯为起始材料制备了二氧化钛(TiO₂)和石墨烯的复合光催化材料。研究了该复合材料在紫外-可见光以及可见光条件下的光催化分解水制氢活性。结果表明,紫外-可见光照射下,TiO₂/石墨烯复合光催化材料的光催化分解水产氢速率为8.6 μmol·h^-1,远大于同条件下商业P25的产氢速率 (4.5 μmol·h^-1),光解水产氢活性提高了近2倍;可见光下光照3 h,TiO₂/石墨烯复合材料的光催化分解水产氢量约为0.2 μmol。     

高效BiOBr/红磷异质结光催化剂用于Cr(Ⅵ)光还原

将水热处理后的红磷(HRP)与溴氧化铋(BiOBr)相结合,构建BiOBr/HRP异质结复合材料。通过调节和优化组成比例,7% BiOBr/HRP复合材料(复合材料中BiOBr的质量分数为7%)表现出最高的光催化活性,其可见光还原Cr(Ⅵ)的速率常数为0.188 min^-1,是纯HRP(0.0376 min^-1)的5倍。在窄带隙HRP中引入宽带隙BiOBr所构建的异质结复合材料,扩大了可见光光谱吸收范围,增强了光的吸收,加速了光生电子和空穴的分离。     

高效BiOBr/红磷异质结光催化剂用于Cr(Ⅵ)光还原

将水热处理后的红磷(HRP)与溴氧化铋(BiOBr)相结合,构建BiOBr/HRP异质结复合材料。通过调节和优化组成比例,7% BiOBr/HRP复合材料(复合材料中BiOBr的质量分数为7%)表现出最高的光催化活性,其可见光还原Cr(Ⅵ)的速率常数为0.188 min^-1,是纯HRP (0.0376 min^-1)的5倍。在窄带隙HRP中引入宽带隙BiOBr所构建的异质结复合材料,扩大了可见光光谱吸收范围,增强了光的吸收,加速了光生电子和空穴的分离。     

油水自组装制备Ag@AgBr/BiOBr高效可见光催化剂

采用油水自组装法制备Ag@AgBr表面修饰三维花状结构BiOBr复合光催化剂(Ag@AgBr/BiOBr),利用XRD、SEM、TEM、EDX、DRS、XPS、PL及EIS等手段对光催化剂的结构和性能进行了表征,并研究了可见光下降解亚甲基蓝(MB)的催化性能.研究表明:Ag@AgBr粒径约为20nm,均匀分散在花状微球BiOBr表面上;贵金属Ag的表面等离子体效应可显著增强可见光利用率,并有效促进光生电子空穴对的分离,Ag@AgBr(15wt%)/BiOBr光催化剂展现出最优的催化活性,可见光照射30min对MB的降解率将近90%,淬灭实验表明·O₂^-,h⁺和Br⁰均为活性物种.结合理论分析与实验结果提出复合光催化剂的降解机理.     

BiOI/Bi2WO6对甲基橙和苯酚的光催化降解及光催化机理

采用简单的沉积方法制备了不同碘化氧铋含量的BiOI/Bi₂WO₆光催化剂,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HR-TEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-VisDRS)和BET比表面积测量对其进行了表征。在紫外和可见光的照射下,使用甲基橙和苯酚的光催化降解评价了BiOI/Bi₂WO₆催化剂的光催化性能。结果表明：与商业P₂₅和纯Bi₂WO₆相比,13.2%BiOI/Bi₂WO₆光催化剂具有更高的紫外和可见光催化性能。这明显增加的光催化活性主要归功于光生电子和空穴在Bi₂WO₆和BiOI界面上的有效转移,降低了电子-空穴对的复合。基于BiOI和Bi₂WO₆的能带结构,提出了光生载流子的一种转移过程。自由基清除剂的实验表明,OH,h⁺,O₂和H₂O₂,特别是h⁺,共同支配了甲基橙和苯酚的光催化降解过程。     

石墨烯助剂与Ni(Ⅱ)活性位点协同增强TiO2制氢性能

采用水热法和低温浸渍法制备了电子助剂还原石墨烯(rGO)和界面活性位点Ni(Ⅱ)共修饰的高效TiO₂光催化剂(简称Ni(Ⅱ)/TiO₂-rGO)。制氢性能测试结果表明：相比于TiO₂和单独还原石墨烯复合的TiO₂,经还原石墨烯与Ni(Ⅱ)协同修饰后的TiO₂表现出更高的光催化制氢性能。其中,Ni(Ⅱ)/TiO₂-rGO(0.1 mol·L^-1)具有最高制氢性能,制氢速率达到77.0 μmol·h^-1,分别是TiO₂(16.4 μmol·h^-1)和TiO₂-rGO(28.0 μmol·h^-1)的4.70倍和2.75倍。还原石墨烯助剂与Ni(Ⅱ)活性位点协同增强制氢性能的原理是：还原石墨烯作为电子助剂可以快速捕获和传输电子,Ni(Ⅱ)作为界面活性位点可以从溶液中捕获H⁺,提高界面反应速率,2种助剂协同作用加快了TiO₂上的光生电子-空穴对的有效分离。     

PO43-掺杂Bi2O2CO3/Bi0的制备及其可见光催化性能

构建氧空位以及附着金属单质Bi(Bi⁰)是增强半导体材料光吸收性能、促进半导体光生载流子分离的有效方法。通过简单的共沉淀法及氢气热还原成功制备了PO₄^3-掺杂Bi₂O₂CO₃附着Bi⁰(Bi-P-BOC)的可见光催化剂,并对其在可见光下催化降解氧氟沙星(OFX)的性能及机理进行了研究。材料表征结果表明BOC随着PO₄^3-的均匀掺杂,可见光吸收能力增强,表面缺陷增多,比表面积增大。而随着氢气热还原,BOC表面形成 Bi⁰的同时也原位构建了大量的氧空位。可见光催化性能测试表明,Bi-P-BOC可以在180 min内降解约85%的OFX,降解速率为0.013 0 min^-1,是BOC降解速率的8倍。Bi-P-BOC光催化降解机理表明其具有更好的可见光吸收能力,Bi⁰以及氧空位的存在促进了光生载流子的分离,h+是其光催化降解过程中的主要的活性氧物种(ROS),此外,¹O₂和·O₂^-也对降解有一定贡献。     

Cu、N共掺杂TiO2纳米管光催化重整甘油制备合成气

通过碱性水热-离子交换法制备了Cu、N共掺杂TiO₂纳米管(Cu/N-TNT),对其光催化重整甘油制备合成气性能进行了研究。结果表明,Cu/N-TNT具有富含氧空位(O_V)的管状结构,N以Ti-N形式取代部分O形成杂质能级,Cu以Cu²⁺形式掺杂在催化剂晶格间隙和表面,Cu、N共掺杂促进TiO₂表面电荷有效分离,有利于其光催化重整甘油制备合成气活性和选择性的提高。紫外光照射8 h时,掺Cu量为0.15%的Cu/N-TNT催化剂上CO和H₂产量分别为7.3和8.5 mmol·g^-1,是原始TiO₂的9.1和70.8倍,n_H2/n_CO从0.52提高为1.18,n_CO/n_CO2从0.21提高至0.42。Cu/N-TNT表面N和O_V为醛类脱羰和甲酸脱水生成CO提供反应活性位点,Cu作为浅势阱提高光生电子-空穴分离效率。光生空穴(h⁺)是光催化重整甘油制备合成气过程中的主要活性物种,大量羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧自由基(·O₂^-)会导致甘油过度氧化,使CO选择性降低。     

Ag-NaTaO3-RGO复合物的合成及其改进的光催化制氢性能

以石墨粉,钽酸钠以及硝酸银为原料,通过三步合成法制备出一系列Ag-NaTaO₃-RGO复合材料。并对样品在紫外光照射下的光解水制氢活性进行了评价。结果表明：系列Ag-NaTaO₃-RGO复合材料均表现出较高的光解水制氢活性。其中,性能最优的0.2Ag-NaTaO₃-RGO的制氢速率分别是NaTaO₃,Ag-NaTaO₃,和NaTaO₃-RGO的5.64,1.97和1.48倍。对Ag-NaTaO₃-RGO复合材料光催化制氢性能改进的原因进行了探讨：（1）石墨烯具有优异的电子转移性能,能够有效阻止光生电子、空穴的复合。（2）银纳米颗粒充当电子陷阱,能够进一步提高电子空穴分离速率。（3）石墨烯的引入增强了复合物的光吸收性能。最后,根据所得实验数据,给出了Ag-NaTaO₃-RGO复合材料光催化制氢的反应机理。     

Li_(1.3)Ti_(1.7)Al_(0.3)(PO_4)_3,Na_(1.3)Ti_(1.7)Al_(0.3)(PO_4)_3的离子交换研究

研究了在不同温度下的NaNO3和AgNO3水溶液中Li1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3和Na1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3离子交换行为.实验表明Li1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3和Na1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3均显示出了高选择性与Na+和Ag+进行离子交换的特征,且对Ag+的选择性高于Na+.升高温度可显著提高Ag/Li和Ag/Na的交换反应速度.     

Crystal growth, structure determination, and optical properties of new potassium-rare-earth silicates K3RESi2O7 (RE=Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)

Single crystals of K₃RESi₂O₇ (RE=Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) were grown from a potassium fluoride flux. Two different structure types were found for this series. Silicates containing the larger rare earths, RE=Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb crystallize in a structure K₃RESi₂O₇ that contains the rare-earth cation in both a slightly distorted octahedral and an ideal trigonal prismatic coordination environment, while in K₃LuSi₂O₇, containing the smallest of the rare earths, lutetium is found solely in an octahedral coordination environment. The structure of K₃LuSi₂O₇ crystallizes in space group P6₃/mmc with a=5.71160(10) Å and c=13.8883(6) Å. The structures containing the remaining rare earths crystallize in the space group P6₃/mcm with the lattice parameters of a=9.9359(2) Å, c=14.4295(4) Å, (K₃GdSi₂O₇); a=9.88730(10) Å, c=14.3856(3) Å, (K₃TbSi₂O₇); a=9.8673(2) Å, c=14.3572(4) Å, (K₃DySi₂O₇); a=9.8408(3) Å, c=14.3206(6) Å, (K₃HoSi₂O₇); a=9.82120(10) Å, c=14.2986(2) Å, (K₃ErSi₂O₇); a=9.80200(10) Å, c=14.2863(4) Å, (K₃TmSi₂O₇); a=9.78190(10) Å, c=14.2401(3) Å, (K₃YbSi₂O₇). The optical properties of the silicates were investigated and K₃TbSi₂O₇ was found to fluoresce in the visible.     

Near infrared study of aqueous rare-earth ethylsulfates

The near infrared spectra of aqueous solutions of the ethylsulfates of La, Nd, Gd, Tb, Er, Yb, Lu, Y, and Na have been determined from about 0.2 mol-dm^–3 to nearly saturation. The extinction coefficients of water have been calculated taking into account the absorption of ethylslfate anions determined in separate experiments. Their values appeared to be nearly the same as that of pure water. The relative contents of free OH groups in 0.5 and 0.7M solutions have been estimated from the absorbances at 1160 nm. They were lower in solutions of the heavy rare-earth ethylsulfates (Tb, Er, Yb, Lu) than in equimolar solutions of the lighter ones (La, Nd), confirming our previous view that secondary hydration of the heavy trivalent rare-earth cations is distinctly stronger than that of the lighter ones. A comparison of the spectra of these aqueous ethylsulfates with those of perchlorates shows that the structure-breaking ability of the C₂H₅SO ₄ ^– ion is much smaller than that of perchlorate anion.     

Structural studies of five layer Aurivillius oxides: A2Bi4Ti5O18 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba and Pb)

The room temperature structures of the five layer Aurivillius phases A₂Bi₄Ti₅O₁₈ (A=Ca, Sr, Ba and Pb) have been refined from powder neutron diffraction data using the Rietveld method. The structures consist of [Bi₂O₂]²⁺ layers interleaved with perovskite-like [A₂Bi₂Ti₅O₁₆]²⁻ blocks. The structures were refined in the orthorhombic space group B2eb (SG. No. 41), Z=4, and the unit cell parameters of the oxides are a=5.4251(2), b=5.4034(1), c=48.486(1); a=5.4650(2), b=5.4625(3), c=48.852(1); a=5.4988(3), b=5.4980(4), c=50.352(1); a=5.4701(2), b=5.4577(2), c=49.643(1) for A=Ca, Sr, Ba and Pb, respectively. The structural features of the compounds were found similar to n=2-4 layers bismuth oxides. The strain caused by mismatch of cell parameter requirements for the [Bi₂O₂]²⁺ layers and perovskite-like [A₂Bi₂Ti₅O₁₆]²⁻ blocks were relieved by tilting of the TiO₆ octahedra. Variable temperature synchrotron X-ray studies for Ca and Pb compounds showed that the orthorhombic structure persisted up to 675 and 475 K, respectively. Raman spectra of the compounds are also presented.     

电感耦合等离子体光谱法(ICP-AES)测定银精矿中铜、铅、锌、砷、镉、钙、镁、锰含量

针对银精矿样品复杂,难消解的特点,研究了不同酸溶法和碱熔法对样品的消解情况,建立了硝酸,盐酸,氢氟酸,高氯酸消解银精矿的方法。根据元素灵敏度和抗干扰性,选定各元素的测定波长。通过酸溶样和碱熔样测定结果比对,验证了方法准确性。建立了四酸消解-电感耦合等离子体光谱法测定银精矿中铜、铅、锌、砷、镉、钙、镁、锰含量的方法,元素的线性相关系数均在0.9999以上。通过共存元素干扰实验,确定了银精矿中高含量元素(铜、铅、锌、铁、锑、铋等)对测定元素结果没有影响。方法检出限：Cu 0.0063 mg/L, Pb 0.0159 mg/L ,Zn 0.0090 mg/L,As 0.0192 mg/L, Cd 0.0093 mg/L ,Ca 0.0084 mg/L, Mg 0.0075 mg/L, Mn 0.0081 mg/L。测定下限：Cu 0.0105mg/L,Pb 0.0265 mg/L, Zn 0.0150 mg/L, As 0.0320 mg/L, Cd 0.0155 mg/L, Ca 0.0140 mg/L, Mg 0.0125 mg/L,Mn 0.0135 mg/L。3个样品的相对标准偏差在0.87%~3.56%之间,加标回收率在95.00%~103.56%之间。方法流程短,操作简单,快速,灵敏度和再现性高,结果准确可靠,可以满足银精矿中铜、铅、锌、砷、镉、钙、镁、锰含量的测定。     

The crystal chemistry of Bi6TP2O15+x, T=Fe, Ni, Zn: Isomorphism and polymorphism, structural relationship to Bi6TiP2O16

The crystal structures of compounds with nominal compositions Bi₆FeP₂O_15+x (I), Bi₆NiP₂O_15+x (II) and Bi₆ZnP₂O_15+x (III) were determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. They are monoclinic, space group I2, Z=2. The lattice parameters for (I) are a=11.2644(7), b=5.4380(3), c=11.1440(5) Å, β=96.154(4)°; for (II) a=11.259(7), b=5.461(4), c=11.109(7) Å, β=96.65(1)°; for (III) a=19.7271(5), b=5.4376(2), c=16.9730(6) Å, β=131.932(1)°. Least squares refinements on F² converged for (I) to R1=0.0554, wR₂=0.1408; for (II) R₁=0.0647, wR₂=0.1697; for (III) R₁=0.0385, wR₂=0.1023. The crystals are complexly twinned by 2-fold rotation about , by inversion and by mirror reflection. The structures consist of edge-sharing articulations of OBi₄ tetrahedra forming layers in the a-c plane that then continue by edge-sharing parallel to the b-axis. The three-dimensional networks are bridged by Fe and Ni octahedra in (I) and (II) and by Zn trigonal bipyramids in (III) as well as by oxygen atoms of the PO₄ moieties. Bi also randomly occupies the octahedral sites. Oxygen vacancies exist in the structures of the three compounds due to required charge balances and they occur in the octahedral coordination polyhedron of the transition metal. In compound (III), no positional disorder in atomic sites is present. The Bi-O coordination polyhedra are trigonal prisms with one, two or three faces capped. Magnetic susceptibility data for compound (I) were obtained between 4.2 and 350 K. Between 4.2 and 250 K it is paramagnetic, μ_eff=6.1 μ_B; a magnetic transition occurs above 250 K.     

Preparation of ZrO2-TiO2-CeO2 and Its Application in the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3

TiO₂,ZrO₂-TiO₂,andZrO₂-TiO₂-CeO₂ were prepared by co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific surface area measurements (BET), temperature programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD), oxygen storage capacity (OSC), and temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR). The results showed that ZrO₂-TiO₂-CeO₂ exhibited large number of surface strong acid, possessed some oxygen storage capacity, and strong redox property. The three materials were used as supports and the monolith catalysts were prepared with 1% (w) V₂O₅ and 9% (w)WO₃ for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia in the presence of excessive O₂, and the results of catalytic activity showed that the catalyst used ZrO₂-TiO₂-CeO₂ as support yielded nearly 100% NO conversion at 275 °C at a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 10000 h⁻¹, and it had the best catalytic activity and showed great potential for practical application.     

The Phase Relations in the System In2O3–TiO2–MgO at 1100 and 1350°C

The phase relations in the system In₂O₃–TiO₂–MgO at 1100 and 1350°C are determined by a classical quenching method. In this system, there are four pseudobinary compounds, In₂TiO₅, MgTi₂O₅ (pseudobrookite type), MgTiO₃ (ilmenite type), and Mg₂TiO₄ (spinel type) at 1100°C. At 1350°C, in addition to these compounds there exist a spinel-type solid solution Mg_2−xIn_2xTi_1−xO₄ (0≤x≤1) and a compound In₆Ti₆MgO₂₂ with lattice constants a=5.9236(7) Å, b=3.3862(4) Å, c=6.3609(7) Å, β=108.15(1)°, and q=0.369, which is isostructural with the monoclinic In₃Ti₂FeO₁₀ in the system In₂O₃–TiO₂–MgO. The relation between the lattice constants of the spinel phase and the composition nearly satisfies Vegard's law. In₆Ti₆MgO₂₂ extends a solid solution range to In₂₀Ti₁₇Mg₃O₆₇ with lattice constants of a=5.9230(5) Å, b=3.3823(3) Å, c=6.3698(6) Å, β=108.10(5)°, and q=0.360. The distributions of constituent cations in the solid solutions are discussed in terms of their ionic radius and site preference effect.     

Microstructures of Some Bi-W-Nb-O Phases

Microstructures of three Bi-W-Nb-O phases have been examined by using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Bi₁₇W₂Nb₃O₃₉ and Bi₁₇WNb₃O₃₆ have incommensurate superstructures derived from the defect fluorite-type δ-Bi₂O₃ and can be regarded as intermediate phases between the type II solid solutions in the Bi-Nb-O and Bi-W-O systems. Bi₈W₂Nb₂O₂₃ has a Bi₂WO₆-like subunit cell with a stepped superstructure. Formation mechanisms of various superstructures are discussed.     

Structure Study of Bi2.5Na0.5Ta2O9 and Bi2.5Nam−1.5NbmO3m+3 (m=2-4) by Neutron Powder Diffraction and Electron Microscopy

The crystal structures of Bi_2.5Na_0.5Ta₂O₉ and Bi_2.5Na_m-1.5Nb_mO_3m+3 (m=3,4) have been investigated by the Rietveld analysis of their neutron powder diffraction patterns (λ=1.470 Å). These compounds belong to the Aurivillius phase family and are built up by (Bi₂O₂)²⁺ fluorite layers and (A_m-1B_mO_3m+1)^2- (m=2-4) pseudo-perovskite slabs. Bi_2.5Na_0.5Ta₂O₉ (m=2) and Bi_2.5Na_2.5Nb₄O₁₅ (m=4) crystallize in the orthorhombic space group A2₁am, Z=4, with lattice constants of a=5.4763(4), b=5.4478(4), c=24.9710 (15) and a=5.5095(5), b=5.4783(5), c=40.553(3) Å, respectively. Bi_2.5Na_1.5Nb₃O₁₂ (m=3) has been refined in the orthorhombic space group B2cb, Z=4, with the unit-cell parameters a=5.5024(7), b=5.4622(7), and c=32.735(4) Å. In comparison with its isostructural Nb analogue, the structure of Bi_2.5Na_0.5Ta₂O₉ is less distorted and bond valence sum calculations indicate that the Ta-O bonds are somewhat stronger than the Nb-O bonds. The cell parameters a and b increase with increasing m for the compounds Bi_2.5Na_m-1.5Nb_mO_3m+3 (m=2-4), causing a greater strain in the structure. Electron microscopy studies verify that the intergrowth of mixed perovskite layers, caused by stacking faults, also increases with increasing m.