Total N, total P and organic matters content in floodplain soils of Xianghai Nature Reserve

Soil sediment samples of 10 layers with a spacing of 10 cm each were collected in different floodplain zones adjacent to Huolin River in the Xianghai Nature Reserve, and contents of total N, total P and organic matters were analyzed. The results showed that contents of total N, total P and organic matters were generally decreasing with the increase of distance from sample locations to the river channel, and contents of the three items were generally higher in the upper soil layer than that in the lower soil layer. The content variations displayed how flooding functions influenced nutrient matter content variations in floodplain soils since the flood inundation frequencies of the sample locations varied. The correlation analysis displayed that there were remarkable relativities between total N, total P and organic matters within definite spatial distance from the Huolin River channel.     

Organic C, N and P in size fractions of virgin and cultivated soils of the semi-arid pampa of Argentina

Nutrient and organic carbon (OC) losses are important components of the soil degradation processes produced by continuous agriculture. It was hypothesized that coarse textured soils will be more affected by cultivation than fine textured ones. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the status of OC, total nitrogen (Nt), and three phosphorous fractions (total inorganic, Pi; organic, Po; and available, Pa) in different textured virgin (under Prosopis caldenia forest) and cultivated soils of the semi-arid pampa of Argentina. Three virgin and non-fertilized cultivated soil pairs, representative from soils of the region, were selected for this study: two fine sandy loam Entic Haplustolls and a sandy Typic Ustipsamment. The element content of each soil was analysed from the <0·1-mm to 0·1–2-mm sized aggregates. Results indicated that cultivation decreased the OC, Po and Pi contents in fine aggregates of the fine textured soils, and in coarse aggregates of the coarse textured soil. Plant absorption and wind erosion were probably the main processes which decreased element contents in both textural soil types. It was speculated that in the sandy soil the elements lost from fine sized aggregates were restored by the break down of the weak coarse aggregates produced by tillage. The C/N ratios showed mostly small changes due to cultivation, indicating that no changes of organic matter quality occurred. Only the sandy soil showed C/N increases in the fine sized aggregates and decreases in the coarse sized aggregates. The C/Po quotients were not changed by cultivation, indicating that the qualitative composition of P organic compounds remained unchanged. Large OC decreases and Pa increases after cultivation detected in one of the fine textured soil were apparently linked to the occurrence of natural fires.     

湿地土壤有机质和全氮含量分布特征对比研究——以向海与科尔沁自然保护区为例

研究了土壤有机质及全氮在霍林河中下游的科尔沁和向海两个自然保护区湿地表层土壤中的水平分布及其在土壤剖面中的垂直分布特征。结果表明，与科尔沁自然保护区相比，向海自然保护区的空间分异程度较高，其表层对有机质及全氮的持留作用较强，碳的固定速率比氮累积更慢一些；盐碱化程度较高，湿地植被净化效应较显著；pH值对有机质和全氮的影响也更为显著。     

The enrichments of organic matter and total nitrogen in sediment as affected by relavant factors

Serious soil erosion has already resulted in degradation of the Loess Plateau of China. Soil erosion is commonly accompanied by extensive soil nutrient loss. Because of enrichment processes, sediment nutrient content is often higher than that of natural soil. The objective of this study is to determine the enrichments of organic matter and total nitrogen in sediment in hilly and gully loess areas on the Loess Plateau of China. Measurements of enrichment ratios (ER) of organic matter (EROM) and total nitrogen (ERTN) in sediment as affected by rainfall, slope gradient, tillage, and fertilization were made in the field under natural rainfall conditions. The results showed that the enrichment of clay in sediment resulted in the enrichment of organic matter (OM) and total nitrogen (TN) in sediment. The averages of sediment clay ER, EROM and ERTN for the various slope gradients were 1.77, 2.09 and 1.61, respectively. The soil erosive module was negatively correlated with EROM and ERTN. Our results indicate that measures to reduce soil erosion, i.e. reducing rainfall erosivity, decreasing soil slope gradient, decreasing fertilizer use, and using level trenches, may increase EROM and ERTN. Both quantity and quality of sediment yield should be considered when implementing erosion control measures.     

侵蚀泥沙、有机质和全氮富集规律

Serious soil erosion has already resulted in degradation of the Loess Plateau of China. Soil erosion is commonly accompanied by extensive soil nutrient loss. Because of enrichment processes,sediment nutrient content is often higher than that of natural soil. The objective of this study is to determine the enrichments of organic matter and total nitrogen in sediment in hilly and gully loess areas on the Loess Plateau of China. Measurements of enrichment ratios (ER) of organic matter (EROM) and total nitrogen (ERTN) in sediment as affected by rainfall, slope gradient, tillage, and fertilization were made in the field under natural rainfall conditions. The results showed that the enrichment of clay in sediment resulted in the enrichment of organic matter (OM) and total nitrogen(TN) in sediment. The averages of sediment clay ER, EROM and ERTN for the various slope gradients were 1.77, 2.09 and 1.61, respectively. The soil erosive module was negatively correlated with EROM and ERTN. Our results indicate that measures to reduce soil erosion, i.e. reducing rainfall erosivity, decreasing soil slope gradient, decreasing fertilizer use, and using level trenches, may increase EROM and ERTN. Both quantity and quality of sediment yield should be considered when implementing erosion control measures.     

The enrichments of organic matter and total nitrogen in sediment as affected by relavant factors

1IntroductionResearch results have shown that overland flow firstly removes fine particles of topsoil because the fine soil particles can be easily transported in runoff (Burwell etal., 1975; Alberts etal., 1983; Gregory 1991). The component differences of fine soil particles between the sediment resulting from soil erosion and the original soil were studied (Meyer etal., 1975; Loch etal., 1982; Cogo, 1983). Sediment was normally composed of soil aggregates and particles of different diamet…     

新疆伊犁河谷新垦绿洲土壤主要养分含量特征

以长期定位试验点新疆伊犁河谷新垦绿洲灰钙土为研究对象,选择不同土地利用类型,采集上层(0～20 cm)、中层(20～40 cm)和下层土壤(40～60 cm)样品,分析土地利用类型对灰钙土土壤有机质、全氮和全磷的影响.研究结果表明:土壤有机质和全量氮磷含量表聚性特征明显;垂直分布总体变化趋势均为由上到下依次减少,且都以40 cm处为其变化转折点;从土壤有机质含量来看,以天然荒地最高,树上干杏林地和杨树林地次之,撂荒地和小麦-油葵轮作地较低;从土壤全氮含量来看,以天然荒地最高,树上干杏林地和撂荒地次之,杨树林地和小麦-油葵轮作地较低;从土壤全磷含量来看,树上干杏林地最高,天然荒地、撂荒地和杨树林地次之,小麦-油葵轮作地最低.植被类型对土壤质量影响显著,在今后的土地资源利用过程中,在施用无机化肥的同时也要注意推广秸秆还田,增加施用有机肥,做好土壤的培肥工作.     

新疆石河子草滩湖湿地沉积物地球化学特征及其古环境分析

以新疆石河子草滩湖湿地作为研究地点,采用化学分析手段,获取该地区4 000 a B.P.以来有机质和总氮TN等数据,并结合孢粉数据,综合探讨古气候变化特征。在500-1 080 a B.P.和2 190-3 800 a B.P.期间,有机质和TN含量较高,此时气候较为湿润,泥炭累积;而在1 080-2 190 a B.P.期间,有机质和TN含量均处于剖面最低值,可能出现一次干旱事件,不利于泥炭堆积。湿地开垦为农田,其有机质和TN含量变化迅速减少,养分大量损失,可见开垦活动是引起湿地退化的原因之一。     

科尔沁沙地生态系统典型土壤养分空间分布特征

通过对位于科尔沁沙地中南部的奈曼旗中部沙地灌溉农田、旱作农田和流动沙丘土壤有机C和全N含量空间分布特征的分析发现:由灌溉农田、旱作农田到流动沙丘,土壤10cm深度内有机C和全N的含量与相对高度的变化密切相关。随着相对高度的增加,上述土壤的有机C和全N的含量逐渐减少,而且全N含量比有机C含量与相对高度的相关性更为显著。从旱作农田到流动沙丘有机C和全N的含量随着相对高度的减小而减少。如果不考虑灌溉农田和流动沙地土壤,旱作农田土壤有机C和全N含量与相对高度的相关性显著程度更高。科尔沁沙地中部沙质灌溉农田土壤全N和有机C含量的垂直分布呈锯齿状,表现为明显的多'峰谷'性,这种变化与土壤的粘土层/有机质层和沙层交错分布的特点有关。尽管研究区的土壤发生了明显的空间变化,但是土壤的全N含量和有机C含量之间依然存在着显著的相关性     

扎龙湿地克钦湖表层沉积物中有机质、全氮和全磷含量分布特征

为了了解扎龙湿地克钦湖沉积物中营养物质的分布状况,在扎龙湿地克钦湖设置了21个采样点,于2016年7月9日,采集了0?5 cm深度的沉积物样品,测定了表层沉积物样品中有机质、全氮和全磷含量;利用克里金插值法,绘制表层沉积物有机质、全氮和全磷含量的空间分布图,并分析了其空间分布特征及影响因素.研究结果表明,克钦湖0～5 ...     

松嫩平原玉米带土壤有机质和全氮的时空变异特征

采用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,研究了松嫩平原玉米带1980～2005年间土壤有机质和全氮的时空变异特征.结果表明:去除异常值后,土壤有机质和全氮均符合对数正态分布,两个时期土壤有机质的平均含量分别为2.14%和2.54%,土壤全氮的平均含量均为0.12%.通过变异函数分析,两个时期土壤有机质和全氮均符合高斯模型,1...     

A brief introduction to recent applications of several sediment-analysis techniques in palaeolimnological studies-dry bulk density and water content, mineral magnetism, carbonate content, and content of total organic carbon, nitrogen content and c

ChalacteriStics of lacustrine sediments are often capable of ~ring the hydrological regales of the lakeand its environment and human achvihes in itS catclunent during the sedimentahon of these sedimentS.Therefore, by identifying these characteristics of sedimentS, it is likely to postUlate the physicalconditions in and around the lake during geological periods. Such reconstrUction of palaeoenvironmentshas become an increasingly important branch of ear sciences as there has been an expanded n…     

内蒙古河套永济灌域渠道底泥有机质和总氮含量特征

排灌系统底泥特征是反映土地利用变化生态影响的重要途径,为此对内蒙古河套灌区永济灌域灌排系统底泥有机碳和总氮含量进行了系统研究。结果表明:灌域内永济给水干渠(简称永济干渠)与四号、五号排水干沟(简称四排干、五排干)表层底泥的有机质(OM)及总氮(TN)含量特征分布有所差异。其中均以五排干上游底泥中含量最高,OM与TN平均值分别为3.60%和0.35%,超出河套地区平均值的4.82倍和2.94倍;其底泥有机指数也达到重污染水平,富营养化程度较高;永济干渠底泥OM与TN含量最低,分别为1.41%和0.03%,属于清洁贫营养化级别;四排干底泥OM与TN含量介于五排干和永济干渠之间,其上游较为清洁,基本接近平均值,C/N平均在17左右。排干底泥有机质与总氮含量之间显著相关,y_(TN)=0.141x_(OM)-0.180(r=0.978;P<0.001)。     

20年来部分黑土耕层有机质和全氮含量的变化

黑土有机质含量的变化一直倍受社会关注。根据第二次全国土壤普查的采样记录,2001年在吉林省黑土区采集了27个土壤样品,分析测定了耕层土壤(深度与第二次土普数据相同)的有机质和全氮含量。与第二次土普查数据对比发现,过去20年间,吉林省黑土土壤有机质和全氮含量有增有减,但平均水平无明显变化。与已有的研究对比分析,高产玉米生产条件下的根系碳输入量可能抵消矿化损失的有机质量,使水土流失不严重区域的黑土土壤有机质水平维持平衡,有机质含量下降的土壤可能是水土流失的结果。而在水土流失不严重地区土壤有机质则可能增加。     

黑龙江挠力河湿地文化的现状、保护与传承

黑龙江挠力河国家级自然保护区地处黑龙江垦区,是中国面积最大的湿地自然保护区,这里孕育着特有的北大荒文化和极具代表性的农业文化、湿地文化。针对保护区湿地文化的重要性,对黑龙江挠力河国家级自然保护区独特的湿地文化发展历史与现状进行了分析,并结合实际情况对保护区湿地文化的开发、保护与传承等方面,提出加强组织领导、做好社区共管、结合地域文化以及充分利用互联网资源强化宣传等若干对策与建议。     

Responses of Soil CO2, CH4 and N2O Fluxes to N,P, and Acid Additions in Mixed Forest in Subtropical China

Understanding how nitrogen (N) availability interacts with soil acidity and phosphorus (P) availability to affect soil-atmosphere exchanges in CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O in forest ecosystems is important for understanding the mechanisms driving ecosystem responses to enhanced N deposition. Here, we conducted an experiment with N, P and acid (H) addition in a mixed forest in subtropical China to investigate how acid and P addition affects CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O exchange under N addition. Our results showed that soil NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N increased after N addition, but CO₂ emissions in N addition plots remained unaffected. CH₄ uptake in N-, P-, NP-, NH- and NPH-addition plots were reduced by 21.1%, 15.7%, 39.1%, 26.6%, and 28.4%, respectively. CH₄ uptake in NP-addition plots were lower compared to N-addition and P-addition plots, indicating that N and P addition had an additive effect on inhibiting CH₄ uptake. N₂O emission in N-, NP-, NH- and NPH-addition plots increased by 158.6%, 176.0%, 117.2%, and 91.8%, respectively. N₂O emissions in NPH-addition plots were lower compared to NP-addition plots while showed no difference between N-addition and NH-addition plots. This suggests that only under P rich conditions, acid addition would greatly mitigate N₂O emissions under N addition. Our results demonstrate that for N and P co-limited forest ecosystems with acidic soils, low P availability constrains the inhibition of soil CH₄ uptake by N deposition. When P availability is low, a weak soil acidation induced by N deposition may have less influence on the stimulation of N₂O emissions by N deposition.     

官厅水库及永定河枯水期水体氮、磷和重金属含量分布规律

于枯水期 (冬季和春季 )在官厅水库库区及永定河沿线 1 3个地点采集了表层水样品 ,分别测定了原水和过滤水中 N、P和重金属的含量 ,同时进一步分析了过滤水中不同形态氮的含量 ,初步探讨了枯水期官厅水库和永定河水体 N、P及重金属含量的分布规律及污染特征。研究结果表明 ,官厅水库库区及永定河沿线重金属基本没有污染 ,大多低于地表水 类标准 ,极个别样点超过 类但仍低于 类标准。 N、 P污染比较严重 ,大部分样点的总氮、总磷指标超过湖泊水库 类标准 ,个别样点甚至超过 类标准。不同地点 ,各形态 N的含量有显著差别 ,体现了外源污染的区域分布规律。     

北京汉石桥湿地自然保护区植被分类与2003～2006年植被格局变化

采用样线法结合样方法对北京汉石桥湿地自然保护区的湿地植被进行调查和分类研究。汉石桥湿地共有湿地植被2个植被型组、4个植被型、22个群系组、31个群系。对研究区主要植物群系进行多样性分析发现,莲(Nelumbo nucifera)群系的Simpson多样性指数最高,而芦苇(Phragmites australis)群系的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和群系物种数最高。并对该湿地核心区2003年和2006年的主要湿地植被分布情况进行分析,结果表明,该湿地在2004年进行恢复工程的前后各区域土地利用和植被分布有较大变化,人为干扰及恢复工程是汉石桥湿地植被的分布变化的主要原因。针对目前的状况,保护区应该采取保障水源,营造不同的生境类型和保护湿地动植物资源等方法,维持湿地物种多样性和生态功能的稳定。     

FDI与山东对外贸易总量的相关分析

改革开放以来山东省对外贸易迅速发展，贸易规模总量增长显著。与此同时伴随着FDI的大量流入。本文以山东为例，运用详细资料，进行实证分析，研究FDI与山东进出口贸易总量的相关性，并进而研究FDI企业在山东省对外贸易中的地位。     

向海自然保护区景观格局变化及湿地梯度分布特征研究

应用遥感和地理信息系统技术,对向海自然保护区不同年代景观格局特征,及其重要湿地景观梯度分布特征进行深入的分析。研究发现因受人类活动和气候暖干影响,研究区草地和湿地景观减少趋势明显,而耕地、林地和未利用地增加趋势较为突出;景观丰富度指数逐渐降低,多样性指数保持着小幅度的上升趋势,优势景观越来越不明显。向海自然保护区湿地景观分布呈向西南方向递增;向海核心区湿地景观消退速率也明显快于缓冲区;1960年向海自然保护区核心区内湿地景观梯度区域占了总核心区面积的80％,到2004年DI≥30区域所占比例减少到了45％,保护区湿地景观梯度值呈整体性下降,导致了保护区湿地生态系统功能下降趋势明显。人类活动干扰、气候逐年变暖、蒸发强烈、再加上霍林河上游供水不足导致向海保护区内霍林河河道逐渐干涸,是向海自然保护区景观格局变化的主要驱动因素,并导致河道周边湿地退化过程将向西南方向逐渐推进,因此加强人类活动的自我约束,合理地引用有限资源,加大保护区重要湿地的保护力度已迫在眉捷。