持续跑台运动对雌性大鼠长骨生长的影响

研究目的:为探讨持续跑台运动对快速生长期大鼠长骨生长的影响作用.研究方法:将16只5周龄雌性SD大鼠随机分为对照组和运动组,运动组大鼠进行每天一次,每周5天,为期9周的持续跑台运动.测定大鼠胫骨骨量、骨形态计量学和生物力学等方面的指标.研究结果:运动组大鼠胫骨长度、胫骨湿重、灰分重量、表观骨密度、灰分密度显著高于对照组,骨小梁体积、骨小梁平均宽度、皮质骨宽度、类骨质表面积、类骨质厚度和骨小梁数目显著高于对照组,骨小梁分离度和侵蚀表面积极显著地低于对照组,最大变形和弹性变形、弹性载荷显著地高于对照组.结论:9周的持续跑台运动能够促进胫骨的纵向生长、骨量的增加和骨中有机物质含量的增加,能够通过增加骨小梁数目,促进骨形成,抑制骨吸收,提高骨小梁骨量,并且能够改善长骨的力学特性,增强长骨对抗骨折的能力.     

大强度运动对去卵巢大鼠骨量的影响

成年ＳＤ大鼠去卵巢建立骨质疏松模型,用骨形态计量学方法,研究８周的跑台运动对大鼠胫骨近心干骺端松质骨骨量减少的影响。结果：去卵巢安静组大鼠骨量减少,骨形成增加,骨吸收增加,为高转换型的骨代谢。去卵巢后大强度运动与去卵巢安静组大鼠各项指标相比无显性差异。     

不同模式的跑台运动对生长期大鼠长骨骨矿含量和力学特性的影响

目的:探讨不同模式的跑台运动对大鼠长骨生长的影响,为少年儿童的健身运动处方提供参考;方法:将24只5周龄大鼠随机分为对照组、间歇跑台运动组和持续跑台运动组,运动组分别进行为期9周、每周5次的持续跑台运动和间歇跑台运动,后取大鼠后肢胫骨进行骨矿含量和三点弯屈实验;结果:持续跑台运动组大鼠胫骨湿重、干重、骨灰分重量及表观骨密度均显著高于对照组.运动组的灰分密度值非常显著地高于对照组,以上指标在两组间均无显著性差异.两组跑台运动大鼠的弹性载荷均显著高于对照组,持续跑台运动组的最大挠度和弹性挠度显著性地高于对照组和间歇跑台运动组;结论:经过9周的运动,中等强度的持续跑台运动能够显著提高大鼠胫骨的BMD和BMc,而大强度间歇跑台运动促进大鼠胫骨骨量累积的作用小于持续跑台运动.大强度间歇跑台运动对骨的韧性和刚性的改善作用显著小于中等强度的持续跑台运动.     

运动对去卵巢大鼠腰椎骨量影响的骨形态计量学研究

目的：探讨不同强度运动及运动与雌激素联合作用对去卵巢大鼠腰椎骨量的影响及机制.方法：80只3月龄雌性SD大鼠去卵巢分成：正常对照组（SHAM）、骨质疏松对照组（OVX）、雌激素对照组（OVX＋ES）、3个单纯运动组（低强度运动组（OVX＋EX1）、中等强度运动组（OVX＋EX2）、大强度运动组（OVX＋EX3））以及3个运动与雌激素联合组（低强度运动加雌激素组（OVX＋EX1＋ES）、中等强度运动加雌激素组（OVX＋EX2＋ES）、大强度运动加雌激素组（OVX＋EX3＋ES））,用骨形态计量学方法,研究8周的1h/day,5days/week低强度（8 m/min）、中等强度（18 m/min）和大强度（28m/min）跑台运动对大鼠第四腰椎（L4）松质骨骨量的影响.结果：（1）OVX组静态骨量指标由于骨吸收和骨形成的增加比SHAM组降低（P＜0.05）,补充雌激素各组骨量增加.（2）三种强度的单纯运动均能使腰椎骨量较骨质疏松对照组增多,各强度间静态指标差异无显著性意义,但运动强度与三个静态骨量指标呈现正相关关系.（3）三个运动和雌激素联合组静态骨量指标与各自强度的单纯运动组及雌激素对照组相比无增加.结论：低、中等和大强度的单纯运动均能对腰椎产生有益作用,三种强度的运动和雌激素联合在腰椎未能显示协同作用.     

大强度有氧间歇训练与心血管系统的健康

运动训练诱导心血管系统获得的益处具有强度依赖性。大强度有氧间歇运动优于低或中等强度的运动。运动的强度和可观测到VO2max存在着剂量效应相关。大强度有氧间歇运动获得益处是中等强度运动的2倍。心脏的形态和功能性指标检测表明大强度有氧间歇运动可能是诱导这些指标变化的必要条件。     

运动对去卵巢大鼠胫骨骨量影响的骨形态计量学研究

目的：探讨不同强度运动及运动与雌激素联合作用对去卵巢大鼠胫骨骨量的影响与机制。方法：80只3月龄雌性SD大鼠去卵巢分成：正常对照组（SHAM）、骨质疏松对照组（OVX）、雌激素对照组（OVX＋ES）、3个单纯运动组（低强度运动组（OVX＋EX1）、中等强度运动组（OVX＋EX2）、大强度运动组（OVX＋EX3））以及3个运动与雌激素联合组（低强度运动加雌激素组（OVX＋EX1十ES）、中等强度运动加雌激素组（OVX＋EX2＋ES）、大强度运动加雌激素组（OVX＋EX3＋ES）），用骨形态计量学方法，研究8周的1h／day，5days／week低强度（8m/min）、中等强度（18m/min）和大强度（28m/min）跑台运动对大鼠胫骨近端（PTM）松质骨骨量的影响。结果：（1）OVX组骨量由于骨代谢增加比SHAM组降低（P〈0.05），而补充雌激素后骨丢失减少。（2）单纯运动对骨量的影响：与OVX组比较，OVX＋EX1组和OVX＋EX2组胫骨的骨吸收减少（P〈0.05）、骨形成增加、骨量增加（EX2比EX1增加更多），OVX＋EX3与OVX组差异无显著性意义。（3）3个联合组均比雌激素对照组和各自强度的单纯运动组骨量增多（P〈0.05）。结论：去卵巢大鼠胫骨对运动的反应与是否补充雌激素有关，激素和运动在减少骨量丢失中具有协同作用。     

大强度持续跑训练对发育期大鼠腓肠肌外侧头肌纤维形态学影响的研究

通过观察在发育期雄性大鼠分别经过3周、6周和9周的大强度持续跑训练后,其腓肠肌外侧头肌纤维的面积与非训练对照组的不同,探讨大强度持续跑训练对不同发育阶段雄性大鼠腓肠肌外侧头肌纤维的形态学影响。     

不同方式的运动对生长期大鼠骨代谢及其相关激素的影响

研究目的:为探讨不同方式的运动对生长期大鼠长骨生长的影响,以为少年儿童的健骨方案提供理论参考.研究方法:将4周龄SD大鼠24只,根据体重随机搭配分成对照组、间歇运动组和持续运动组,每组8只,运动组分别进行为期9周的持续跑台运动和间歇跑台运动,测定血浆骨代谢指标和血浆GH、IGF-Ⅰ和E<,2>及肝组织中IGF-Ⅰ的含量.研究结果:两运动组大鼠血浆ALP水平、肝脏IGF-Ⅰ水平均极显著高于对照组,间歇运动组和持续运动组的血浆IGF-Ⅰ水平分别极显著和非常显著地高于对照组,两组间无显著性差异.间歇运动组血浆GH和E<,2>水平分别显著和非常显著性地高于对照组,并皆显著高于持续运动组.研究结论:9周间歇运动和持续运动运动皆可促进长骨的骨生成作用,提高肝组织中IGF-Ⅰ的生成和血浆IGF-Ⅰ的水平.间歇跑台运动对和青春生长发育相关的骨代谢系统调节因子的作用大于持续跑台运动.     

大强度运动对大鼠心肌缺血缺氧改变的影响

目的:探讨大强度运动状态下心肌缺血缺氧改变的特点及其机制.方法:通过对大鼠进行8周递增负荷跑台训练建立大强度训练动物模型,采用HE染色和缺血缺氧染色显示大鼠心肌组织形态结构改变和缺血缺氧改变.结果:大强度运动大鼠心肌组织形态结构发生改变并存在明显的缺血缺氧改变.结论:大强度运动对心肌造成较严重的缺血缺氧损伤,在运动训练中应加强对心脏的医务监督,积极预防由于大强度运动造成的心肌损伤.     

大强度间歇运动骨骼肌分子适应机制

大强度间歇运动可能代表一个独特的运动方式,充分认识大强度间歇运动诱导骨骼肌分子适应机制非常助于制定相关的训练方法。大强度间歇运动特征为短暂的间歇性肌肉收缩。当前研究表明大强度间歇运动诱导骨骼肌的表型变化可能和传统耐力训练一致。但不同运动方式激活信号途径可能存在信号间交互方式、前反馈和后反馈调节等。因此,尚需大量的研究证实。     

Effects of intermittent sprint and plyometric training on endurance running performance

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare the effects of intermittent sprint training and plyometric training on endurance running performance.MethodsFourteen moderately trained male endurance runners were allocated into either the intermittent sprint training group (n = 7) or the plyometric training group (n = 7). The preliminary tests required subjects to perform a treadmill graded exercise test, a countermovement jump test for peak power measurement, and a 10-km time trial. Training included 12 sessions of either intermittent sprint or plyometric training carried out twice per week. On completion of the intervention, post-tests were conducted.ResultsBoth groups showed significant reduction in weekly training mileage from pre-intervention during the intervention period. There were significant improvements in the 10-km time trial performance and peak power. There was also significant improvement in relative peak power for both groups. The 10-km time trial performance and relative peak power showed a moderate inverse correlation.ConclusionThese findings showed that both intermittent sprint and plyometric training resulted in improved 10-km running performance despite reduction in training mileage. The improvement in running performance was accompanied by an improvement in peak power and showed an inverse relationship with relative peak power.     

Effects of high-intensity intermittent running exercise in overweight children

Abstract

This study examined the effects of a 6-week intermittent exercise training, at different intensities, on body composition, functional walking and aerobic endurance in overweight children. Forty-eight overweight children (age: 10.4 ± 0.9 years) were randomly assigned to either intervention or control group. Lower and higher intensity intermittent exercise groups (LIIE and HIIE) performed intermittent running three times a week. LIIE performed more intervals at a lower intensity [16 intervals at 100% of individual maximal aerobic speed (MAS), 8 minutes in total], and HIIE performed fewer intervals at a higher intensity (12 intervals at 120% of MAS, 6 minutes in total). Each interval consisted of a 15-second run at the required speed, followed by a 15-second passive recovery. After 6 weeks, HIIE had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher percentage reduction in sum of skinfolds (i.e. calf and triceps), and significantly (p < 0.05) fewer steps during the functional obstacle performance, as compared with LIIE and control group. Significant improvement (p < 0.05) was found in intermittent aerobic endurance for HIIE as compared to the control group. Higher intensity intermittent training is an effective and time-efficient intervention for improving body composition, functional walking and aerobic endurance in overweight children.     

中长跑大强度训练的科学性研究

通过献资料法对中长跑大强度训练的必要性与科学性进行分析，认为大强度训练是当今中长跑训练一个突出的特点，它对提高中长跑的运动成绩具有十分重要的作用，并对大强度训练在实际训练应注意的问题提出了个人的观点。     

剧烈运动对大鼠血浆嘌呤核苷酸代谢的影响

观察大强度运动对大鼠血浆嘌呤核苷酸代谢的影响.大鼠进行大强度运动,运动后血浆尿囊素、次黄嘌呤和肌苷的浓度均比运动前的浓度显著升高（P＜0.01）.提示大强度运动导致大鼠骨骼肌中的腺嘌呤核苷酸丢失.     

Influence of cold-water immersion on indices of muscle damage following prolonged intermittent shuttle running

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of cold-water immersion (cryotherapy) on indices of muscle damage following a bout of prolonged intermittent exercise. Twenty males (mean age 22.3 years, s = 3.3; height 1.80 m, s = 0.05; body mass 83.7 kg, s = 11.9) completed a 90-min intermittent shuttle run previously shown to result in marked muscle damage and soreness. After exercise, participants were randomly assigned to either 10 min cold-water immersion (mean 10°C, s = 0.5) or a non-immersion control group. Ratings of perceived soreness, changes in muscular function and efflux of intracellular proteins were monitored before exercise, during treatment, and at regular intervals up to 7 days post-exercise. Exercise resulted in severe muscle soreness, temporary muscular dysfunction, and elevated serum markers of muscle damage, all peaking within 48 h after exercise. Cryotherapy administered immediately after exercise reduced muscle soreness at 1, 24, and 48 h (P < 0.05). Decrements in isometric maximal voluntary contraction of the knee flexors were reduced after cryotherapy treatment at 24 (mean 12%, s _x  = 4) and 48 h (mean 3%, s _x  = 3) compared with the control group (mean 21%, s _x  = 5 and mean 14%, s _x  = 5 respectively; P < 0.05). Exercise-induced increases in serum myoglobin concentration and creatine kinase activity peaked at 1 and 24 h, respectively (P < 0.05). Cryotherapy had no effect on the creatine kinase response, but reduced myoglobin 1 h after exercise (P < 0.05). The results suggest that cold-water immersion immediately after prolonged intermittent shuttle running reduces some indices of exercise-induced muscle damage.     

Influence of cold-water immersion on indices of muscle damage following prolonged intermittent shuttle running

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of cold-water immersion (cryotherapy) on indices of muscle damage following a bout of prolonged intermittent exercise. Twenty males (mean age 22.3 years, s = 3.3; height 1.80 m, s = 0.05; body mass 83.7 kg, s = 11.9) completed a 90-min intermittent shuttle run previously shown to result in marked muscle damage and soreness. After exercise, participants were randomly assigned to either 10 min cold-water immersion (mean 10 degrees C, s = 0.5) or a non-immersion control group. Ratings of perceived soreness, changes in muscular function and efflux of intracellular proteins were monitored before exercise, during treatment, and at regular intervals up to 7 days post-exercise. Exercise resulted in severe muscle soreness, temporary muscular dysfunction, and elevated serum markers of muscle damage, all peaking within 48 h after exercise. Cryotherapy administered immediately after exercise reduced muscle soreness at 1, 24, and 48 h (P < 0.05). Decrements in isometric maximal voluntary contraction of the knee flexors were reduced after cryotherapy treatment at 24 (mean 12%, s(x) = 4) and 48 h (mean 3%, s(x) = 3) compared with the control group (mean 21%, s(x) = 5 and mean 14%, s(x) = 5 respectively; P < 0.05). Exercise-induced increases in serum myoglobin concentration and creatine kinase activity peaked at 1 and 24 h, respectively (P < 0.05). Cryotherapy had no effect on the creatine kinase response, but reduced myoglobin 1 h after exercise (P < 0.05). The results suggest that cold-water immersion immediately after prolonged intermittent shuttle running reduces some indices of exercise-induced muscle damage.     

Effects of treadmill running and fatigue on impact acceleration in distance running

The effects of treadmill running on impact acceleration were examined together with the interaction between running surface and runner's fatigue state. Twenty recreational runners (11 men and 9 women) ran overground and on a treadmill (at 4.0 m/s) before and after a fatigue protocol consisting of a 30-minute run at 85% of individual maximal aerobic speed. Impact accelerations were analysed using two lightweight capacitive uniaxial accelerometers. A two-way repeated-measure analysis of variance showed that, in the pre-fatigue condition, the treadmill running decreased head and tibial peak impact accelerations and impact rates (the rate of change of acceleration), but no significant difference was observed between the two surfaces in shock attenuation. There was no significant difference in acceleration parameters between the two surfaces in the post-fatigue condition. There was a significant interaction between surface (treadmill and overground) and fatigue state (pre-fatigue and post-fatigue). In particular, fatigue when running overground decreased impact acceleration severity, but it had no such effect when running on the treadmill. The effects of treadmill running and the interaction need to be taken into account when interpreting the results of studies that use a treadmill in their experimental protocols, and when prescribing physical exercise.     

Effects of a minimalist shoe on running economy and 5-km running performance

The purpose of this study was to determine if minimalist shoes improve time trial performance of trained distance runners and if changes in running economy, shoe mass, stride length, stride rate and footfall pattern were related to any difference in performance. Twenty-six trained runners performed three 6-min sub-maximal treadmill runs at 11, 13 and 15 km·h^?1 in minimalist and conventional shoes while running economy, stride length, stride rate and footfall pattern were assessed. They then performed a 5-km time trial. In the minimalist shoe, runners completed the trial in less time (effect size 0.20 ± 0.12), were more economical during sub-maximal running (effect size 0.33 ± 0.14) and decreased stride length (effect size 0.22 ± 0.10) and increased stride rate (effect size 0.22 ± 0.11). All but one runner ran with a rearfoot footfall in the minimalist shoe. Improvements in time trial performance were associated with improvements in running economy at 15 km·h^?1 (r = 0.58), with 79% of the improved economy accounted for by reduced shoe mass (P < 0.05). The results suggest that running in minimalist shoes improves running economy and 5-km running performance.     

跳跃训练对模拟失重大鼠骨密度和骨代谢指标的影响

目的:通过尾部悬吊模拟后肢失重模型,研究在尾部悬吊期间进行跳跃训练对大鼠骨密度和骨代谢的影响,为宇航员骨质流失的防治提供方法参考.方法:7周龄Wistar雄性大鼠24只,随机分为3组,每组8只,即正常对照组(CON),模拟失重组(SUS)和模拟失重+跳跃训练组(JUM).通过后肢悬吊的方法制备大鼠后肢模拟失重模型,悬吊和跳跃周期均为3周,3周的干预结束后,测试各组大鼠右侧股骨骨密度和血清骨代谢指标血钙、碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b.结果:与CON组大鼠相比,SUS组大鼠骨吸收指标血钙(Ca2+)和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b (TRACP5b)水平均显著增加(P＜0.01),骨形成指标血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和骨钙素(BGP)水平显著降低(P＜0.05),骨密度显著下降(P＜0.01);与SUS组大鼠相比,JUM组大鼠骨吸收指标血钙(Ca2+)和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b (TRACP5b)水平显著降低,骨形成指标血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和骨钙素(BGP)水平显著增加,骨密度显著升高(P＜0.01).结论:尾部悬吊模拟后肢失重可导致大鼠骨吸收作用增强,骨形成作用降低,骨密度下降.而在模拟失重期间进行跳跃训练可有效抑制大鼠骨吸收和增强其骨形成,从而有效抑制尾部悬吊大鼠骨密度的下降.     

间歇性低氧运动对大鼠骨骼肌线粒体自由基代谢的影响

为探讨低氧以及运动对肥胖和正常大鼠骨骼肌线粒体脂质过氧化、抗氧化能力的影响。将100只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组（40只）和肥胖造模组（60只），并从造模成功的大鼠中挑选40只，随机分为肥胖常氧安静组、肥胖常氧运动组、肥胖低氧安静组和肥胖低氧运动组（每组10只）。正常对照组随机分为正常常氧安静组、正常常氧运动组、正常低氧安静组、正常低氧运动组，每组10只。第4周末次低氧运动后24h左右进行采样，采样前所有大鼠禁食过夜，取后肢骨骼肌洲#肠肌、股四头肌）匀浆提取线粒体。测定肥胖组大鼠以及正常组大鼠骨骼肌线粒体MDA含量及SOD活性。结果：（1）正常组大鼠骨骼肌线粒体SOD活力明显高于造模组大鼠（P〈0．01）；正常组大鼠骨骼肌线粒体MDA含量低于造模组大鼠，但没有统计学意义。有氧运动组大鼠骨骼肌线粒体SOD活力高于安静组，而MDA含量则低于安静组，但无统计学意义。（2）低氧安静组大鼠骨骼肌线粒体SOD活力明显高于常氧安静组（P〈0，01）；MDA含量低于常氧安静组，但无统计学意义。（3）低氧运动组大鼠骨骼肌线粒体SOD活力明显高于常氧运动组（P〈0．05），MDA含量则低于常氧运动组，但无统计学意义。结果表明，肥胖鼠机体的抗自由基能力比正常鼠差，而运动和低氧刺激能改善这种状况；4周的有氧运动以及低氧刺激使机体的抗氧化能力增强，自由基清除能力提高；运动和低氧刺激相结合能使机体的抗氧化能力和自由基清除能力更强。