Advances in Statistical Methods for Substance Abuse Prevention Research

The paper describes advances in statistical methods for prevention research with a particular focus on substance abuse prevention. Standard analysis methods are extended to the typical research designs and characteristics of the data collected in prevention research. Prevention research often includes longitudinal measurement, clustering of data in units such as schools or clinics, missing data, and categorical as well as continuous outcome variables. Statistical methods to handle these features of prevention data are outlined. Developments in mediation, moderation, and implementation analysis allow for the extraction of more detailed information from a prevention study. Advancements in the interpretation of prevention research results include more widespread calculation of effect size and statistical power, the use of confidence intervals as well as hypothesis testing, detailed causal analysis of research findings, and meta-analysis. The increased availability of statistical software has contributed greatly to the use of new methods in prevention research. It is likely that the Internet will continue to stimulate the development and application of new methods.     

Safety Protocols for Adolescent Substance Use Research in Clinical Settings

PurposeResearch involving adolescent risk behaviors must balance data confidentiality with participant safety when risky behaviors are revealed. This report details a safety protocol and reports the experience of two contemporaneous studies that used it with variant safety thresholds.MethodsWe developed a safety protocol for research with adolescent patients and used it in two concurrent studies of adolescent patients, aged 14–18 years. Study “PC” recruited participants from a primary care adolescent medical clinic (N = 490), and Study “SP” recruited participants from subspecialty pediatric clinics (N = 434); both studies involved a similar self-administered assessment of health behaviors. The protocol sets thresholds for clinical intervention (positive safety flags) for past 3-month heavy alcohol consumption (Study PC: 10 or more drinks and Study SP: “binge-”level drinking), illicit drug use other than marijuana and alcohol in combination with a substance other than marijuana, and sets a positive screen for depression. We examined the rates of positive safety flags in both protocol settings, used significance testing to describe demographic differences between participants with and without positive flags in both studies, and described clinician experiences with protocol implementation.ResultsIn studies PC/SP, .6%/8.8% of participants were flagged for heavy alcohol consumption, respectively; .2%/0% for illicit drug use, 2.2%/.7% for combination substance use, and 14.9%/4.8% for depression. Some clinicians found managing positive flags challenging, although both studies completed recruitment on time and without serious adverse events.ConclusionsThe protocol was feasible in clinical settings. The findings and experiences documented in this report could be useful for future protocols.     

门诊患者突发意外事件应急防御安全指标体系构建

目的 构建门诊患者突发意外事件应急防御安全指标体系。方法 研究小组通过理论分析、文献回顾、半结构式访谈构建指标体系框架,邀请来自北京、上海、广东、浙江、山东、湖南等省市19名专家进行两轮咨询以筛选指标,运用层次分析法计算各级指标权重。结果 形成了包含5项一级指标、13项二级指标、57项三级指标的门诊患者突发意外事件应急防御安全指标体系。两轮咨询专家积极系数分别为86.4%和100%,第二轮咨询专家权威系数为0.85,第二轮咨询专家协调系数为0.169。三级指标权重在0.004 4～0.046 0之间。结论 构建的门诊患者突发意外事件应急防御安全指标体系具有一定科学性和实用性,可用于门诊患者突发意外事件应急防御安全管理实践。     

机场X射线行李包检查系统辐射检测与安全评价

目的检测某机场X射线行李包检查系统辐射,并进行辐射安全性评价和放射性豁免分析。方法使用451PX巡测仪对X射线行李包检查系统按国家标准规范进行检测。结果71台不同型号的X射线行李包检查系统空气比释动能率均以行李包出口侧(0·38μGy/h)、入口侧(0·33μGy/h)为高,最高值达到1·92μGy/h,其次为工作人员操作位(0·15μGy/h),其余各点基本接近本底。估算每位工作人员年辐射剂量最大值约为0·43mSv/a。X射线行李包检查所增加的集体有效剂量约为0·003人·Sv/a。结论正常工作状态下,使用机场X射线行李包检查系统不会对安检工作人员和旅客产生辐射危害,但不能对其予以放射性豁免。     

Exploring Fish Bioassay of Textile Dye Wastewaters and Their Selected Constituents in Terms of Mortality and Erythrocyte Disorders

Acute (4 day) and short-term (7 day) toxicity studies (at 1/5th and 1/10th of LC₅₀) of textile dye wastewaters and their selected ingredients (azo dye methyl red and heavy metals Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn) were made on a freshwater fish Gambusia affinis under laboratory conditions. LC₅₀ value was found to be the lowest in four cases, and the EC₅₀ value for reduction in erythrocyte counts in the remaining four tests. Thus, the reduction in erythrocyte counts to the 50% level was similar in sensitivity to fish mortality. The short-term toxicity studies revealed significant disorders in erythrocyte morphology (poikilocytosis) and its counts to be the better indices for toxicity monitoring in the absence of fish mortality.     

安全文化研究方向与方法

介绍了安全文化的概念、起源及发展过程,根据目前世界上安全文化的研究及应用情况,总结概括了安全文化的主要研究方向,并通过大量文献回顾的方式列举了研究的主要方法.     

Strategies for Ensuring Use of Needs Assessment Findings: Experiences of a Community Substance Abuse Prevention Program

This article offers specific strategies for ensuring utilization of needs assessment findings. It is designed to help prevention specialists, community planners, program evaluators, and involved citizens maximize their efforts in developing community services by tying those services closely to community needs. Program evaluators who completed a broad-based community needs assessment commissioned by their organization, found that the organization had gone ahead in developing programs and saw the needs assessment findings as unrelated to their ongoing activities. Far from being unique, this situation is common in organizations where participants feel an urgency to get programs under way to address widespread community problems.     

水质处理器卫生安全性试验方法探讨

目的：探讨水质处理器卫生安全性试验方法，方法：对采用活性炭，铜锌合金（KDF）和分子筛为吸附材料并以聚丙烯（PP）棉，中空纤维和微孔膜为过滤材料的水质处理器以纯水分别连续冲洗15，30，45和60min后均再经纯水浸泡24h后的浸泡水浊度，pH值，溶解性总固体（TDS）和化学耗氧量（COD）的变化，又观察了经1h纯化冲洗后分别再经5、15、24、48、72h 和1周的纯水浸泡后浸泡水上述4项指标的变化。结果：连续冲洗15和30min水样之间，30和45min水样之间上述4项指标差异有显著性（P＜0．05），45和60min水样之间差异无显著性，浸泡5和15h水样之间，72h和1周水样之间差异有显著性（P＜0．05），15－72h水样之间差异均无显著性，结论：水质处理器卫生安全性试验适宜的冲洗和浸泡时间应分别为≥45min和24h。     

微生物农药的安全性研究

为了解微生物农药的安全性,通过对苏云金杆菌,增产菌,白僵菌,棉铃虫核型多角体病毒,茶小卷叶娥颗粒体病毒,苜蓿银纹夜蛾颗粒体病毒５种微生物农药的安全性评价,认为单纯微生物农药没有化学农药意义上的急,慢性毒性,所试微生物对哺乳动物不致病,无生殖毒性和致突变作用,是安全的。     

纳豆激酶胶囊毒理学安全性评价

目的评价纳豆激酶胶囊的安全性。方法依据食品安全性毒理学评价程序和方法进行急性毒性试验、遗传毒性试验(Ames试验、骨髓细胞微核试验及小鼠精子畸变试验)和30 d喂养试验。结果纳豆激酶胶囊小鼠经口MTD>8.0 g/kg.BW,属实际无毒级;Ames试验、骨髓细胞微核试验及小鼠精子畸变试验结果为阴性;30 d喂养试验各项指标检测均未观察到异常变化。结论在本实验条件下,纳豆激酶胶囊是安全的。